Likelihood Of Compliance Research Articles

Do 360-Character Wireless Emergency Alert (WEA) Messages Work Better than 90-Character Messages? Testing the Risk Communication Consensus.

Based on early evidence, risk communication scholars have come to believe that longer (360-character maximum) mobile public warning messages generate more compliance than shorter (90-character maximum) messages. This study used an experimental design to test that premise. The study measured participants' (N = 481) likelihood of compliance in response to a mock Wireless Emergency Alert (WEA) message, as well as alternatives to immediate compliance: seeking additional information, taking non-recommended action, or ignoring the message. The study found that both longer and shorter messages generated relatively high levels of compliance, but longer messages did not generate higher levels of compliance. Rather than message length, risk personalization and hazard experience were stronger differentiators of WEA message response outcomes. Results included a moderation effect: Shorter messages produced slightly greater compliance than longer messages among people who reported lower levels of risk personalization. The study concluded that 90-character messages may be more effective than previously believed. Consequently, the authors recommend renewed focus on public safety communication related to risk personalization and hazard experience. (169 words).

Firearms and Extortions in Mexico, 2012 to 2021.

The study of firearm violence in Mexico has primarily focused on homicides and trafficking. Less attention has been given to understanding how firearms affect other crimes and facilitate criminal activity beyond drug markets. By analyzing two questions, this study explores the role of firearms in extortions perpetrated in Mexico from 2012 to 2021. Questions are: What is the likelihood of reporting extortions to the police if offenders exhibited firearms? What is the likelihood of compliance with demands when offenders are armed with firearms? We obtained data from Mexico's National Crime Victimization Surveys and analyzed 2,619 extortions reported from 2012 to 2021. To explore our research questions, we ran two binary logistic regressions. Our dependent variables were dichotomous (reported to police = 1, complied with demands = 1). The independent variables were weapon types (extortions involving firearms as the reference group). We controlled for victim demographics as well as crime characteristics. Our results indicate that 40% of these extortions (n = 1,058) were perpetrated with a firearm. Fifty-two percent of extortions were perpetrated by unarmed offenders (n = 1,348) and 8% (n = 213) were perpetrated with other weapons (no firearms). Models suggest that, when compared to extortions perpetrated by unarmed offenders or those exhibiting other weapons (no firearms), victims of extortions involving firearms are less likely to report these crimes to police, mainly because of fear of reprisal. Similarly, victims are more likely to comply with demands if offenders exhibit firearms. Findings highlight the role of firearms in criminal enterprises and support the need for a comprehensive policy agenda to address firearm violence in Mexico.

On the Determinants of Sanctions Effectiveness: An Empirical Analysis by Using Duration Models

Sanctions are a recurrent issue on the international scene that has gained relevance in recent decades. This article intends to approach this matter in an innovative way by analyzing the relative importance of sanctions’ types and objectives, besides target countries’ characteristics, on sanctions outcomes. Unlike most previous studies, we use more comprehensive data and a competing risk discrete-time hazard model to analyze the differences between sanctions termination by target compliance and sender capitulation. Our results show that the determinants for the two outcomes differ and that there are differences in the efficacy of sanctions according to their type and objective. We conclude that while higher levels of political volatility, democracy, and equality in target countries increase the probability of compliance, higher levels of democracy and globalization increase the probability of sender capitulation. Smart sanctions seem to be more effective at targeting compliance, as the likelihood of compliance is higher for financial and military sanctions than for trade. The likelihood of compliance also increases if the objective is to promote democracy and decreases if the objectives are policy, regime change, or terrorism. Instead, the probability of sender capitulation is higher for travel and trade sanctions and if the objective is to promote human rights.

Bycatch-neutral fisheries through a sequential mitigation hierarchy

Fisheries bycatch is the foremost threat to the conservation of many marine species. Evaluation of alternative bycatch management strategies can account for the relative strength of evidence, contribution to achieving objectives, costs to commercial viability, likelihood of compliance and tradeoffs from multispecies conflicts. This study describes benefits and limitations of a complementary approach of applying a sequential mitigation hierarchy to develop evidence-informed bycatch policy. Measures that avoid bycatch are considered before those that minimize catch risk. These are then followed by remediation interventions that reduce fishing mortality and sublethal impacts. Finally, direct, compensatory banking or in lieu fee-based offsets of residual impacts that were not possible to avoid, minimize and remediate can be implemented as a last resort. However, offset activities can be socioeconomically unjust, and some bycatch impacts are irreversible and cannot be offset. Air-breathing bycatch are exposed to a wide range of anthropogenic hazards across ontogenetic stages, presenting more options for offset conservation activities than fishes. Averted loss offsets, which avoid foregone losses predicted to occur had an intervention not occurred, implemented in combination with true offsets can achieve at least an equivalent gain and contribute to meeting broad, population- and species-level conservation objectives. Robust metrics are needed to determine equivalency, such as in relative reproductive value and population viability, between residual impacts and in-kind versus out-of-kind and on-site versus offsite offsets. Bycatch management strategies guided by a sequential mitigation hierarchy promise to achieve ecological and socioeconomic objectives, including going bycatch-neutral or bycatch-negative through a net biodiversity gain.

Internationalization, institutional pressures in foreign markets, and environmental sustainability

This study contributes to the internationalization processes and sustainability literatures by looking into how, when, and why companies respond differently to formal and informal institutional pressures in favor of environmentally friendly practices during international expansion processes. When companies enter new foreign markets or expand their sales into existing ones they can be subject to increased formal and informal pressures. I show, theoretically and empirically, that in these cases the informal pressures' tacit and experiential nature affects the timing and the likelihood of compliance with these pressures. First, compliance with informal pressures takes longer than for formal ones. Second, companies that cannot afford learning about informal pressures, because of resource constraints or a limited learning efficiency due to a narrow previous international experience, tend to forgo compliance with these pressures. Failure to comply with these pressures or to do so in a timely manner can have devastating consequences for internationalizing companies' legitimacy.

Tinea versicolor: an updated review.

Tinea versicolor is a common superficial fungal infection of the skin with various clinical manifestations. This review aims to familiarize physicians with the clinical features, diagnosis and management of tinea versicolor. A search was conducted in July 2022 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key terms "tinea versicolor" OR "pityriasis versicolor". The search strategy included all clinical trials, observational studies and reviews published within the past 10 years. Tinea versicolor is caused by Malassezia species, notably M. globosa, M. furfur and M. sympodialis. The condition is characterized by scaly hypopigmented or hyperpigmented macules/patches, primarily located on the upper trunk, neck and upper arms. The diagnosis is usually based on characteristic clinical features. If necessary, a potassium hydroxide preparation test can be performed to reveal numerous short, stubby hyphae intermixed with clusters of spores. Most patients with tinea versicolor respond to topical antifungal therapy, which has a better safety profile (fewer adverse events, fewer drug interactions) and lower cost compared to systemic treatment and is therefore the treatment of choice. Oral antifungal therapy is typically reserved for patients with extensive disease, frequent recurrences or disease that is refractory to topical therapy. Advantages of oral antifungal therapy include increased patient compliance, shorter duration of treatment, increased convenience, less time involved with therapy and reduced recurrence rates. On the other hand, oral antifungal therapy is associated with higher cost, greater adverse events and potential drug-drug interactions and is therefore not the first-line treatment for tinea versicolor. Long-term intermittent prophylactic therapy should be considered for patients with frequent recurrence of the disease. Selection of antifungal agents depends on several factors, including efficacy, safety, local availability, ease of administration, likelihood of compliance and potential drug interactions of the antifungal agent.

Updated Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Management of Onychomycosis.

Onychomycosis is the most common nail disease encountered in clinical practice and can cause pain, difficulty with ambulation, and psycho-social problems. A thorough history and physical examination, including dermoscopy, should be performed for each patient presenting with nail findings suggestive of onychomycosis. Several approaches are available for definitive diagnostic testing, including potassium hydroxide and microscopy, fungal culture, histopathology, polymerase chain reaction, or a combination of techniques. Confirmatory testing should be performed for each patient prior to initiating any antifungal therapies. There are several different therapeutic options available, including oral and topical medications as well as device-based treatments. Oral antifungals are generally recommended for moderate to severe onychomycosis and have higher cure rates, while topical antifungals are recommended for mild to moderate disease and have more favorable safety profiles. Oral terbinafine, itraconazole, and griseofulvin and topical ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer, efinaconazole 10% solution, and tavaborole 5% solution are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of onychomycosis in the United States and amorolfine 5% nail lacquer is approved in Europe. Laser treatment is approved in the United States for temporary increases in clear nail, but clinical results are suboptimal. Oral fluconazole is not approved in the United States for onychomycosis treatment, but is frequently used off-label with good efficacy. Several novel oral, topical, and over-the-counter therapies are currently under investigation. Physicians should consider the disease severity, infecting pathogen, medication safety, efficacy and cost, and patient age, comorbidities, medication history, and likelihood of compliance when determining management plans. Onychomycosis is a chronic disease with high recurrence rates and patients should be counseled on an appropriate plan to minimize recurrence risk following effective antifungal therapy.

Patient activation and its association with health indices among patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Background:Patient activation refers to patients’ independence in daily activities, involvement in the therapeutic process, and ability to manage their health. This study examined the association between the activation of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its effect on health indices.Objectives:To evaluate the association between the activation of patients with IBD measured by patient activation measure (PAM-13) questionnaire with disease activity and quality of life in IBD.Design:A retrospective cross-sectional study.Methods:This study included patients with Crohn’s Disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) followed at a large medical center in Israel, who were recruited during routine visits. They answered weekly questionnaires using a mobile smartphone application that included clinical and emotional disease parameters, including IBD control, quality of life [short IBD quality of life questionnaire (SIBDQ)], patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS-10) and PAM-13. Additional clinical parameters were collected from electronic medical records.Results:Among 201 patients (113 females) who responded to the questionnaires, 152 (75.6%) had CD and 49 (24.4%) UC. For PAM-13, 158 (79%) patients were at PAM-13 levels 3–4 (mean score: 68.5, range: 60.0–73.1) and 43 (21%) were at levels 1–2 (mean score: 45.2, range: 40.9–49.9). PAM-13 levels were correlated with IBD control (r = 0.19, p = 0.023), SIBDQ (r = 0.20, p = 0.010), and PROMIS-10 score (r = 0.24, p = 0.017).Conclusions:Our findings demonstrate the importance of patient activation and engagement in IBD. Knowledge of patient activation may enable caregivers to predict levels of self-care and the likelihood of compliance with health behavior recommendations.

The role of trust in risk communication: the Norwegian experience

Abstract Communication concerns giving and receiving information and ideas. In a public health context, risk communication also includes encouraging people to change their behaviour. During the COVID-19 epidemic, there has been a constant flow of information, but evidence has shown that not all forms of communication have the same effects on the general population. Risk communication only works well when the communication is based on trust between Those with the expertise Those with responsibility Those affected Listening to and understanding people's thoughts, worries and experiences is just as important as offering facts and advice. Transparency about what is known and about the unknowns, is essential, as is allowing for interim advice following new knowledge. In the Scandinavian countries, where the cultural context is fairly similar, research has shown the positive effect on trust, when displaying scientific disagreement and being transparent about discussions and debates among health authorities - and between health authorities and other professionals. Inviting the public to know when science does not as yet have an answer, has led to higher confidence in the authorities and higher likelihood of compliance with advice. Showing people why advice has changed and illustrating the scientific processes behind the advice given, make people understand the authorities' reasoning and increases trustworthiness, although it may be argued that this depends on a previous high level of trust in authorities. We draw from the experience of Norway, one of the most successful countries in continental Europe in containing COVID-19 impacts, to outline the importance of trust in developing a successful risk communication strategy.

Appellate Body Crisis at the World Trade Organization: View from India

There has been a crisis prevailing at the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since December 2019. The United States’ (US) refusal to allow the appointment of members to the WTO’s Appellate Body has disturbed the functioning of the entire WTO dispute settlement process. In order to mitigate the effects of this, the European Union (EU) has proposed a multi-party interim appeal arbitration agreement (MPIA) which has been joined by over twenty other WTO members. In the absence of rules-based dispute settlement, countries will most probably resort to bilateral negotiations. This will be prejudicial to the interests of developing countries that have consistently been disadvantaged during bilateral negotiations and fared better in proceedings with third-party adjudication. Though India has expressed concerns about the Appellate Body crisis, it has not joined the MPIA and has stated that it does not intend to do so either. This article explains why India would benefit from joining the MPIA especially given the disputes it has pending before WTO Panels. Joining the MPIA will help India avoid unilateral sanctions at the first instance and increase the likelihood of compliance by other WTO members that are a part of the MPIA. WTO, Appellate Body, India, dispute settlement, multilateralism, United States, European Union

In science we (should) trust: Expectations and compliance across nine countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The magnitude and nature of the COVID-19 pandemic prevents public health policies from relying on coercive enforcement. Practicing social distancing, wearing masks and staying at home becomes voluntary and conditional on the behavior of others. We present the results of a large-scale survey experiment in nine countries with representative samples of the population. We find that both empirical expectations (what others do) and normative expectations (what others approve of) play a significant role in compliance, beyond the effect of any other individual or group characteristic. In our vignette experiment, respondents evaluate the likelihood of compliance with social distancing and staying at home of someone similar to them in a hypothetical scenario. When empirical and normative expectations of individuals are high, respondents’ evaluation of the vignette’s character’s compliance likelihood goes up by 55% (relative to the low expectations condition). Similar results are obtained when looking at self-reported compliance among those with high expectations. Our results are moderated by individuals’ trust in government and trust in science. Holding expectations high, the effect of trusting science is substantial and significant in our vignette experiment (22% increase in compliance likelihood), and even larger in self-reported compliance (76% and 127% increase before and after the lockdown). By contrast, trusting the government only generates modest effects. At the aggregate level, the country-level trust in science, and not in government, becomes a strong predictor of compliance.

A88 PATIENT AND PHYSICIAN PERSPECTIVE OF TELE-HEALTH IN GASTROENTEROLOGY

BackgroundGiven the social distancing measures employed to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, tele-health has rapidly expanded and is now routinely used in new patient encounters and in follow up appointments across Canada.AimsTo determine the patient and physician perspective towards tele-health in a gastroenterology outpatient setting.MethodsAn anonymous voluntary online survey was distributed to patients who had previously undergone at least one tele-health visit in a tertiary care gastroenterology outpatient setting. A separate online survey was distributed to gastroenterologists practising across Canada.ResultsA total of 181 patients from British Columbia (59.8% female) completed the survey. The tele-health appointment was the first visit for 21.8% of patients. Appointments occurred by phone call alone (61.4%) or by video and audio software (38.6%) and started within 5 minutes of the scheduled time in 75% of visits. Patient satisfaction with the tele-health visit was high (8.54 on a scale of 0–10; 0 completely dissatisfied, 10 extremely satisfied; IQR 8–10). Most patients did not perceive a difference in likelihood of compliance compared to a non-tele-health visit (90.6%), were not concerned about the lack of physical exam during a tele-health visit (82.4%) and did not with-hold information they would have revealed in person (88.7%). After the COVID-19 pandemic, some patients would prefer tele-heath visits (39.2%), whereas others would prefer in office visits (28.5%) and the remainder were indifferent (32.3%). Post-pandemic, most patients would prefer tele-health for follow up visits (68.4%), over tele-health for all possible visits (27.9%) or no tele-health visits (3.8%).A total of 25 Canadian gastroenterologists (28.0% female; 60% academic practice, 40% community practice) completed a separate survey. Regarding the lack of physical exam in tele-health, 44% of physicians believed this did not affect the quality of their assessment, whereas some physicians believed it had either minimally (48%) or greatly (8%) impaired the quality of their assessment. Almost all physicians (96%) perceived that patients either appreciate tele-health as much as or more than in office visits.Post-pandemic, most physicians (96%) supported a hybrid model of both tele-health and in office visits. Appointments for follow up of benign endoscopic pathology results (96%), follow up visits (92%), consultations prior to endoscopy (76%) were deemed to be most appropriate for tele-health. Follow up of malignant pathology results (24%) and consultations for new patients (32%) were thought to be less appropriate for tele-health visits.ConclusionsPatient and physician satisfaction with tele-health in a Canadian outpatient gastroenterology setting is high. Most patients and physicians wish for tele-health to remain available in the post-pandemic setting.Funding AgenciesGastrointestinal Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia

Continued reduction in peritonitis rates in pediatric dialysis centers: results of the Standardizing Care to Improve Outcomes in Pediatric End Stage Renal Disease (SCOPE) Collaborative.

In its first 3 years, the Standardizing Care to Improve Outcomes in Pediatric End Stage Renal Disease (SCOPE) Collaborative demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the likelihood of compliance with a standardized follow-up care bundle and a significant reduction in peritonitis. We sought to determine if compliance with care bundles and low peritonitis rates could be sustained in centers continuously participating for 84 months. Centers that participated from collaborative launch through the 84-month study period and provided pre-launch peritonitis rates were included. Children on maintenance peritoneal dialysis were eligible for enrollment. Changes in bundle compliance were assessed using a logistic regression model or a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). Changes in average annualized peritonitis rates over time were modeled using GLMMs. Nineteen centers contributed 1055 patients with 1268 catheters and 17,247 follow-up encounters. The likelihood of follow-up compliance increased significantly over the study period (OR 1.05 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.07; p < 0.001). Centers achieved ≥ 80% follow-up bundle compliance by 28 months and maintained a mean compliance of 84% between 28 and 84 months post-launch. Average monthly peritonitis rates decreased from 0.53 (95% CI 0.37, 0.70) infections per patient-year pre-launch to 0.30 (95% CI 0.23, 0.43) at 84 months post-launch, p < 0.001. Centers participating in the SCOPE Collaborative for 84 months achieved and maintained a high level of compliance with a standardized follow-up care bundle and demonstrated a significant and continued reduction in average monthly peritonitis rates.

Microbial contamination in drinking water at public outdoor recreation facilities in New Zealand.

The aim of our study was to assess the presence and risk of waterborne pathogens in the drinking water of outdoor facilities in New Zealand and track potential sources of microbial contamination in water sources. A serial cross-sectional study with a risk-based sample collection strategy was conducted at 15 public campgrounds over two summer seasons (2011-2012 and 2012-2013). Drinking water supplied to these campgrounds was not compliant with national standards, based on Escherichia coli as an indicator organism, in more than half of the sampling occasions. Campylobacter contamination of drinking water at the campgrounds was likely to be of wild bird origin. Faecal samples from rails (pukeko and weka) were 35 times more likely to return a Campylobacter-positive result compared to passerines. Water treatment using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or a combination of filtration and UV irradiation or chemicals was more likely to result in water that was compliant with the national standards than water from a tap without any treatment. The use of filters alone was not associated with the likelihood of compliance. Providing microbiologically safe drinking water at outdoor recreational facilities is imperative to avoid gastroenteritis outbreaks. This requires an in-depth understanding of potential sources of contamination in drinking water sources and the installation of adequate water treatment facilities. Our study provides evidence that drinking water without treatment or filter-only treatment in public campgrounds is unlikely to comply with national standards for human consumption and extra water treatment measures such as UV irradiation or chemical treatment are needed.

Colorectal cancer screening: Choosing the right test

Colorectal cancer, the second most common type of cancer and cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, can largely be prevented by screening. The 2 most used methods in the United States are colonoscopy and fecal immunochemical testing (FIT). FIT is noninvasive but must be done yearly for optimal performance and, if positive, must be followed by colonoscopy. Colonoscopy is invasive, operator-dependent, and more expensive, but it can detect and remove polyps during the same procedure. The choice of test depends on patient preference, family history, and the likelihood of compliance.

Equality law obligations in higher education: reasonable adjustments under the Equality Act 2010 in assessment of students with unseen disabilities

Abstract8% of UK students have an ‘unseen disability’: a specific learning difficulty, autistic spectrum condition, or mental ill health. A department with 1000 students has, on average, 80 students with such unseen disabilities. These students have a variety of potential sources of legal redress if they consider a university has failed properly to accommodate their disability. The most plausible is a claim under the Equality Act 2010. We have experienced a lack of clarity in understanding the nature and extent of those Equality Act entitlements, and the corresponding obligations that fall upon universities, and their staff. These confusions occur in many contexts, but the one that is most important to students is their entitlements where assessments are concerned. We set out to explain the relevant law, and to consider how it applies to some, perhaps typical, unseen disabilities in the context of a range of approaches taken by universities in assessing their students. Our principal and important conclusion is that there is no ‘quick fix’ approach according to which someone may say that they are Equality Act compliant. However, there are several considerations which will increase (or decrease) the likelihood of compliance. In brief, these constitute: effective communication; procedures that secure individual decisions, rather than blanket policies or approaches; and what amounts to no more than good inclusive educational practice for all students.

Examining Mindlessness and Friendliness in the Evoking-Freedom Compliance-Gaining Technique

It was hypothesized that the enhanced compliance rate associated with the use of the “evoking-freedom” technique of compliance gaining may be explained by a causal model in which the use of the technique causes the target to perceive the requester as friendlier, which increases the target’s likelihood of compliance. A research question explored the extent to which targets of the evoking-freedom request had to recall hearing the key phrase for the effect to occur. These issues were examined using previously unreported measures from a larger data collection of a series of six studies in France, Romania, and Russia. Testing the mediation model with the combined sample (N = 720) produced weak fit. Yet the research question was affirmed: Among those exposed to the evoking-freedom phrase, targets who recalled the phrase complied more than those who did not.

Adherence Rates Between Once and Twice Daily Direct Oral Anticoagulants - Results of a Single University Pharmacy Cohort Study

INTRODUCTIONDirect oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been shown to have equal or superior efficacy and safety when compared to Vitamin K antagonists, and have become first line therapy for many disease processes. While both the once daily drug rivaroxaban and the twice daily drug apixaban have been shown to be highly effective anticoagulants, it is unknown if differences in their dosing frequency affects patient compliance and, consequently, the likelihood of anticoagulant failure. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the medication adherence rates of all individuals prescribed therapeutic rivaroxaban or apixaban over a one year period in our pharmacy.METHODSIn this retrospective cohort study, we obtained a list of all patients prescribed treatment dose rivaroxaban or apixaban from July 2015 to July 2016 (including the initial loading and maintenance dose) at our university-affiliated pharmacy. We excluded patients who received less than three separate refills or patients on prophylactic or decreased doses. Medication possession ratio for each individual was calculated based on refill dates and means were compared using an unpaired t-test.RESULTSDuring the study period, there were 756 therapeutically-dosed rivaroxaban or apixaban prescriptions. After excluding individuals who received fewer than three separate refills at our pharmacy (49.3%), 105 rivaroxaban refills and 278 apixaban refills were included (mean prescription size of 32.2 tabs for rivaroxaban and 65.7 tabs for apixaban). In the rivaroxaban group, the mean medication possession ratio across the cohort was 0.9321 (SD=0.1057). In the apixaban group, the mean medication possession ratio across the cohort was 0.9051 (SD=0.1467). The mean difference of the possession ratios was 0.0269 (95% confidence interval -0.0433 to 0.0971, p = 0.4472), thus there was no statistically significant difference in possession ratios between the study drugs.CONCLUSIONSAnalyzing our internal pharmacy data, we found that among individuals who filled at least three times, medication adherence was high and not dissimilar between the two groups. Thus, the likelihood of compliance does not appear to be dependent on dosing frequency. However, it should be noted that nearly half of patients filled fewer than three times at our pharmacy and were thus excluded. It is unclear whether these patients completed their prescribed course, discontinued the drug all together or elected to refill at an alternative location, but it is likely that this may have caused an overestimation of drug adherence. While larger studies are needed to further assess adherence between the two drugs, these findings are reassuring that medication compliance between rivaroxaban and apixaban are similar in those who continue the drug. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

For a dollar, would you…? How (we think) money affects compliance with our requests

Research has shown a robust tendency for people to underestimate their ability to get others to comply with their requests. In five studies, we demonstrate that this underestimation-of-compliance effect is reduced when requesters offer money in exchange for compliance. In Studies 1 and 2, participants assigned to a no-incentive or monetary-incentive condition made actual requests of others. In both studies, requesters who offered no incentives underestimated the likelihood that those they approached would grant their requests; however, when requesters offered monetary incentives, this prediction error was mitigated. In Studies 3–5, we present evidence in support of a model to explain the underlying mechanism for this attenuation effect. Studies 3 and 4 demonstrate that offering monetary incentives activates a money-market frame. In Study 5, we find that this activation reduces the discomfort associated with asking, allowing requesters to more accurately assess the size of their request and, consequently, the likelihood of compliance.

Implementation of standardized follow-up care significantly reduces peritonitis in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis

The Standardizing Care to improve Outcomes in Pediatric End stage renal disease (SCOPE) Collaborative aims to reduce peritonitis rates in pediatric chronic peritoneal dialysis patients by increasing implementation of standardized care practices. To assess this, monthly care bundle compliance and annualized monthly peritonitis rates were evaluated from 24 SCOPE centers that were participating at collaborative launch and that provided peritonitis rates for the 13 months prior to launch. Changes in bundle compliance were assessed using either a logistic regression model or a generalized linear mixed model. Changes in average annualized peritonitis rates over time were illustrated using the latter model. In the first 36 months of the collaborative, 644 patients with 7977 follow-up encounters were included. The likelihood of compliance with follow-up care practices increased significantly (odds ratio 1.15, 95% confidence interval 1.10, 1.19). Mean monthly peritonitis rates significantly decreased from 0.63 episodes per patient year (95% confidence interval 0.43, 0.92) prelaunch to 0.42 (95% confidence interval 0.31, 0.57) at 36 months postlaunch. A sensitivity analysis confirmed that as mean follow-up compliance increased, peritonitis rates decreased, reaching statistical significance at 80% at which point the prelaunch rate was 42% higher than the rate in the months following achievement of 80% compliance. In its first 3 years, the SCOPE Collaborative has increased the implementation of standardized follow-up care and demonstrated a significant reduction in average monthly peritonitis rates.