Abstract The improvement of the accuracy and real-time performance of sector traffic flow prediction is of great significance to air traffic management decision-making. Sectors operate under complex spatial structures and time dimensions. Some neural network methods adopt sequence order to gradually transmit information, which makes it difficult to achieve complete parallel training. Not only does it take too long to train, resulting in low training efficiency, but it is also easy to lose the effective correlation information of long sequence data. To this end, a sector traffic flow prediction method based on attention-improved graph convolutional transformer (AGC-T) network is proposed to improve the current traffic prediction problem for sectors. First, the graph structure information and historical traffic data of the sector are input into the graph convolutional network improved based on the attention mechanism to fully capture the spatial relationship with sectors as nodes. Combined with the transformer’s multi-head self-attention mechanism, it can directly focus on the sequence data at any position without gradually transmitting information. Not only does it improve efficiency through parallel training, but the encoder-decoder structure can also mine the information features in the traffic data, focus on the traffic data features of key nodes and more accurately predict sector traffic. Finally, the operation traffic data of sectors in typical areas in central and southern China are taken as an example to analyse the model. The results show that compared with other prediction models, the AGC-T model $RSME$ , $MAE$ and ${R^2}$ are 45.16%, 46.78% and 2.63% higher than the GCN model in the 15-min single-day traffic prediction task, and 41.74%, 35.27% and 1.20% higher than the GRU model. In the single-week traffic prediction task, $RSME$ , $MAE$ and ${R^2}$ are 37.12%, 40.54% and 3.55% higher than the GCN model, and 35.15%, 35.17% and 0.65% higher than the GRU model, respectively, showing better prediction performance. This study will help air navigation service providers (ANSP) to make sector traffic predictions more accurately, thereby implementing more scientific and reasonable traffic management measures.

Introduction: The lateral ankle ligaments are the most common to get involved in ankle sprains and problems related to ankle instability, and a precise knowledge of the morphological features of these ligaments would be highly beneficial for diagnosis and treatment. Aim: To describe the attachments, and mean dimensions of the lateral ankle ligament complex. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, from March 2022 to 2023. A total of 56 embalmed cadavers donated for teaching purposes were dissected to evaluate the lateral ankle ligaments. The three lateral ankle ligaments, namely Anterior Talofibular (ATFL), Calcaneofibular (CFL), and Posterior Talofibular (PTFL) were identified. Their positions with respect to external bony landmarks were defined. The morphology of the ligaments, their site of attachments, length, and width were documented. The stretching of the ligaments and their orientation with the longaxis of the fibula with dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot was noted. The morphological observations were presented in percentages. Assuming the numeric measurements of the morphometric analysis to be normally distributed, the data were summarised in mean and standard deviation. Results: The ATFL was found to consist of two bands in 32 (57.14%) ankles and a single band in 24 (42.86%) ankles. The CFL was cord like in 38 (67.9%) ankles and was single banded in 18 (32.1%) ankles. The lateral talocalcaneal ligament was observed to reinforce CFL in four ankles. The mean length of ATFL, CFL and PTFL were 19.24±2.31 mm, 28.16±3.56 mm, 25.03±3.53 mm, respectively and the mean width were 8.21±1.52 mm, 5.25±1.10 mm, 7.56±1.25 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The detailed anatomical knowledge would be vital in diagnosis and arthroscopic reconstruction of the injured ankle ligaments In the era of minimally invasive surgeries, the study findings would be promising for clinical practice and research.

Weierstrass fractal drums – I – A glimpse of Complex Dimensions

This case uses the COVID-19 crisis experience to consider the complex dimensions of crisis and the impact of that complexity on crisis leadership. The case challenges students to consider how this, and other, crises are catalytic events that unleash social, political, and economic forces for which school and district leaders must prepare.

Abstract Teachers are at the front line of climate change education (CCE), working to integrate its complex environmental, social and ethical dimensions into their classroom practice. Yet little is known about the barriers to and enablers of implementing interdisciplinarity within CCE. This study investigates Finnish secondary school teachers’ perspectives on interdisciplinary CCE, examining how their practices are shaped by access to resources, training and institutional support. Drawing on the ecological model of teacher agency, we conduct a mixed-methods analysis from a national survey of 243 teachers. The findings reveal a strong commitment to locally relevant and ethically informed CCE, as well as an increased interest in activities in outdoor environments, research-based resources and drama-based resources. On the other hand, an increased disinclination to introducing new content and resources highlights the persistence of structural, epistemological, and ideological barriers. Teachers report relying heavily on self-directed learning and growing interdisciplinary fatigue due to fragmented support systems. These dynamics reveal a need for academic–school collaborations that move beyond top-down implementation and towards the creation of accessible, adaptable knowledge. This study contributes to emerging debates about how to foster critical interdisciplinarity in CCE by centring the voices and agency of educators.

This article examines the complex legal and policy dimensions of the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA), focusing on its implementation in Slovenia. Although the AIA is a binding regulation directly applicable in all EU Member States, its hybrid nature—part legal mandate, part policy guideline—creates interpretative and practical challenges, especially for national administrative authorities. Using a three-stage methodology (normative analysis, expert survey, and focus group discussions), the study examined how Slovenian authorities perceive the AIA’s legal character, scope of application, and implementation obligations. Respondents included both institutional (ministries) and operational (tax and social services) authorities. While most recognised the formal status of the AIA as law, significant discrepancies were found in terms of awareness and readiness. Operational authorities such as the Centre for Social Work often viewed the AIA as a guideline rather than a binding regulation. Knowledge of related EU legislation (e.g., GDPR, Digital Services Act) varied from authority to authority, which impacted implementation strategies. The findings reveal three critical gaps: legal misinterpretation, institutional readiness, and actual application. Despite a shared understanding of the importance of the AIA, implementation measures, such as training, clear role definitions, and inter-agency collaboration, were insufficient or delayed. In addition, the authorities did not sufficiently recognise their role and the need for national coordination. The study concludes that effective implementation of the AIA requires not only legal clarity, but also structured action plans, sustained intergovernmental cooperation, and practical support mechanisms. These findings are especially relevant for smaller EU states, where legal formalism and limited resources hinder policy implementation. Slovenia’s experience serves as a cautionary tale and a learning opportunity for other Member States grappling with the multi-level governance of AI regulation.

The thermal coal supply chain serves as core infrastructure for ensuring the safe and stable supply of electricity in China. Effective risk management and control of this supply chain are therefore critical to national energy security and socio-economic development. However, the thermal coal supply chain involves multiple complex risk dimensions, including cross-regional multi-entity coordination, a complex network structure, and a dynamic policy environment. Traditional risk analysis methods often fall short in depicting the concurrent events and dynamic propagation characteristics inherent to such a system. This necessitates systematically investigating the thermal coal supply chain within the Coal–Electricity Joint Venture (CEJV) operational framework, which primarily involves equity-based consolidation and long-term contractual coordination between coal producers and power generators, to comprehensively analyze its critical risk factors and transmission mechanisms. Initially, based on the integration of coal-fired power joint operation policy evolution and industry characteristics, 28 risk factors were identified across three dimensions: internal enterprise, external environment, and overall structure. These encompassed production fluctuation risks, thermal coal transport process risks, and insufficient supply chain flexibility. A dynamic behavior model for the thermal coal supply chain was constructed by analyzing the causal relationships among these risk factors, based on the operational processes of each link. Utilizing Petri net simulation technology enables a quantitative analysis of supply chain risks, facilitating the identification of bottleneck links and potential risk points. Through model simulation, 18 key risk factors were determined, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing supply chain resilience within CEJV enterprises. The limitations of traditional methods in dynamic process modeling and industrial applicability were addressed through a Petri net-based methodology, thereby establishing a novel analytical paradigm for risk management in complex energy supply chains.

LLM-DQR: Large language model-based automated generation of data quality rules for electronic health records.

Metal matrix composites, particularly those reinforced with nanoparticles, are garnering increasing interest across academic and industrial sectors. For their potential to be fully realized in upcoming applications, an in-depth understanding of their machinability is crucial. This study introduces a pioneering method for constructing simulation models, culminating in the development of a chip simulation model that incorporates real nanoscale dimensions, apt for nanoparticles within composite materials. Subsequently, an experimental methodology is applied to ascertain the validity of the cutting simulation model concerning stress distribution, chip formation, and surface morphology. The findings affirm the simulation model's efficacy, providing nuanced insights into the cutting mechanisms of SiO 2 nanoparticle-reinforced metal matrix composites through the lens of finite element analysis. The novelty of this research fills the gap that the random disturb of nano-scale particles that same as realistic content of nanocomposites via Finite Element Analysis (FEA) process.

The study was conducted to determine the relationship between spirituality and the quality of life among women with breast cancer. This study utilized descriptive correlational research and a purposive sampling technique that involved women with breast cancer. Patients with breast cancer from particular breast cancer societies and organizations in Manila made up the sample. A total of 123 participants were included in the study. The Spiritual Index of Well-Being (SIWB) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire were used to collect the needed data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to determine the relationship between spirituality and quality of life among women with breast cancer. A high level of spirituality and quality of life were found among the participants. Overall, the mean score of the SIWB among the participants was 4.48 (±0.670), while the quality of life score was 62.6 (±10.9). A significant negative correlation was found between spirituality and quality of life (r=-0.127, p=0.031), while significant positive correlations were noted between quality of life and self-efficacy (r=0.683, p<0.001) and life schemes or meaning in life (r=0.704, p<0.001). Although spirituality and quality of life had a negative correlation, the subscales of self-efficacy and life scheme had high positive correlations, indicating the complex dimensions of spirituality. In addition to providing coping strategies, spirituality offers patients the emotional, social, and existential support they need to deal with the unknowns of illness.

Complex fractal dimensions, defined as poles of appropriate fractal zeta functions, describe the geometric oscillations in fractal sets. In this work, we show that the same possible complex dimensions in the geometric setting also govern the asymptotics of the heat content on self-similar fractals. We consider the Dirichlet problem for the heat equation on bounded open regions whose boundaries are self-similar fractals. The class of self-similar domains we consider allows for non-disjoint overlap of the self-similar copies, provided some control over the separation. The possible complex dimensions, determined strictly by the similitudes that define the self-similar domain, control the scaling exponents of the asymptotic expansion for the heat content. We illustrate our method in the case of generalized von Koch snowflakes and, in particular, extend known results for these fractals with arithmetic scaling ratios to the generic (in the topological sense), non-arithmetic setting.

Effective communication of legal rights is fundamental to justice, yet many vulnerable populations remain excluded due to systemic, linguistic, cognitive, or technological barriers. This paper examines the complex dimensions of vulnerability and examines how marginalized individuals, including those with low literacy, communication disabilities, or limited language proficiency, struggle to access justice. Drawing from international conventions, behavioral science, legal advocacy, and technological innovation, the paper highlights strategies such as peer modeling, digital platforms, community engagement, and adaptive legal training. Case studies, particularly involving immigrant and refugee women, demonstrate the dire consequences of miscommunication or exclusion from legal systems. Policy recommendations emphasize the necessity of inclusive frameworks, training for legal professionals, and culturally sensitive outreach. Ultimately, improving communication of legal rights demands a multidisciplinary approach that acknowledges and addresses the intersecting forms of disadvantage that perpetuate legal invisibility for vulnerable groups. Keywords: Vulnerable populations; legal rights; access to justice; communication strategies; legal advocacy; disability rights; legal literacy; community engagement.

ABSTRACTBased on the dimensional splitting method (DSM) and an improved complex variable element‐free Galerkin (ICVEFG) method, the complex variable dimension coupling method (CVDCM) is proposed to analyze 3D inhomogeneous transient heat conduction problems. The original 3D governing equation is split into a collection of 2D forms by the dimensional splitting method (DSM), and the discrete equation of the 2D problem is derived via the ICVEFG method. The splitting direction is then treated by using the finite element method (FEM), while the time‐dependent term in the governing equation is handled by the finite difference method (FDM). Finally, the numerical solution formula is obtained. To verify the accuracy of the CVDCM, the ratio of the L2 norm to the true value is used as the relative error. The convergence of the proposed method is demonstrated by increasing the number of nodes and meshes. Five numerical examples of transient inhomogeneous heat conduction problems with spatially varying material properties (density, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity) are solved using the CVDCM; the results show that the proposed method achieves good convergence and achieves higher accuracy compared to the dimension coupling method (DCM) and the improved element‐free Galerkin (IEFG) method in five examples.

In this article, we first establish a recollement related to projectively coresolved Gorenstein flat (PGF) complexes. Secondly, we define and study PGF dimension of complexes, we denote it PGF( X ) for a complex X . It is shown that the PGF( X ) is equal to the infimum of the set {sup A | there exists a diagram of morphisms of complexes A ← G → X , such that G → X is a special PGF precover of X and G → A is a PGF almost isomorphism}.

This review critically evaluates Farm Crime: An International Perspective by Joseph F. Donnermeyer, a groundbreaking monograph that expands the scope of criminological inquiry into the often-overlooked domain of rural and agricultural crime. Drawing on international case studies and a robust theoretical framework, Donnermeyer explores the complex social, economic, and environmental dimensions of crimes affecting farming communities worldwide. The review highlights the book’s contributions to rural criminology, its innovative use of grey literature, and its call for context-specific policy and policing responses. While acknowledging limitations in regional representation and intersectional analysis, the review affirms the monograph’s value as a foundational text for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers addressing crime in rural settings.

ABSTRACTThis article develops a multidimensional approach to capture the multiple dimensions of welfare states around the world. We know a lot about why we need to take the multidimensional character of welfare states seriously. There is, however, no consensus in the literature on which dimensions to focus on. Nor is there agreement among welfare state researchers on how to bring them together in a single framework. We aim to advance the literature by developing a framework based on the key dimensions of overall size, coverage, programmatic composition, and generosity. We bring them together in the study of a middle‐income country, Turkey, to capture multiple dimensions of the same welfare state. To do this, we analyse data on social spending and social rights in a complementary way. For social spending, we rely on the OECD's Social Expenditure Database. For social rights, we rely on original data on Turkey that we generated for three social rights databases: Social Citizenship Indicator Program (SCIP), Comparative Welfare Entitlements Dataset 2 (CWED 2), and Social Assistance and Minimum Income Protection Interim Dataset (SaMip). We aim to make three main contributions. First, we develop a multidimensional framework to provide a holistic analysis of welfare state development. Second, we introduce an original dataset on social rights in Turkey. Third, we highlight the value of our multidimensional approach by helping resolve hot button issues on welfare state change in post‐1980 Turkey. We conclude that this multidimensional approach is capable of effectively capturing the complex dimensions of contemporary welfare states.

In this paper the concept of homological dimension hd ( a , X ) of a complex X is introduced and some computations of hd ( a , X ) are provided. Also the invariant sup L Λ a ( X ) is investigated and its upper bound is given by hd ( a , X ) . Finally, we study the magnitude of complexes and obtain some (in)equalities about mag R X , mag R RHom R ( X , Y ) and mag R ( X ⊗ R L Y ) for certain complexes X , Y .

ABSTRACT This essay critically examines Dan Greenwood’s Effective Governance and the Political Economy of Coordination. Greenwood’s book offers a compelling framework for evaluating government policy, drawing insights from the Austrian and Bloomington schools of political economy. His central argument is that governance is more effective at “steering” markets toward broad goals rather than directly providing goods and services. He builds this case on Hayekian concepts of complexity and dispersed knowledge, proposing a qualitative, stakeholder-focused approach to assess “coordinative effectiveness.” This review argues that Greenwood's analysis does not fully grapple with the dual problems of “radical dissonance” and “radical uncertainty.” Radical dissonance refers to the existence of opposing and often irreconcilable societal values and interests, while radical uncertainty points to the fundamental unpredictability of future outcomes. These issues, we contend, challenge the very possibility of achieving a neutral institutional framework to justify such steering. Any institutional design, including one based on general rules, inevitably has distributional consequences and creates path dependencies, making it a site of conflict as well as coordination. The review explores how these problems affect both first-order policy choices and second-order decisions about institutional rules, questioning whether widely shared principles for shaping market patterns can ever be truly established. Despite these criticisms, Greenwood's work is a uniquely successful and provocative contribution that bridges disparate literatures and stimulates crucial dialogue on the complex dimensions of governance.

We study an \mathrm{SL}(2, \mathbb{Z})SL(2,ℤ) symmetry of a variant of BCOV theory in three complex dimensions. Using conjectural descriptions of twists of superstrings in terms of topological strings, we argue that this action can be thought of as a version of S-duality that preserves an \mathrm{SU}(3)SU(3)-invariant twist of type IIB supergravity. We analyze how \mathrm{SL}(2, \mathbb{Z})SL(2,ℤ) acts on various deformations of the holomorphic-topological twist of 4-dimensional \mathcal{N}=4𝒩=4 supersymmetric gauge theory, which come from residual supertranslations and superconformal symmetries, and are of relevance to geometric Langlands theory and gauge-theoretic constructions of the Yangian.

Weak Gorenstein flat module is a strictly extended version of Gorenstein flat modules. We introduce the notions of weak complete flat resolution and weak Gorenstein flat dimension of complexes, and prove that the subcategory of weak Gorenstein flat modules is a Frobenius category under some mild conditions. Based on these, some new characterizations of the finiteness of Gorenstein global dimension of rings are given.