Primary School Completion Research Articles

Uticaj sociodemografskih faktora i dužine trajanja bolesti na adherencu pacijenata sa arterijskom hipertenzijom

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization defines patient adherence as the willingness to adapt its behavior (in terms of therapy, diet, lifestyle, and diagnostic procedures) to the recommendations agreed with the healthcare provider. Objective. The study aimed to determine the impact of socio-demographic factors and length of elevated blood pressure on the adherence of patients with arterial hypertension. METHOD: The study was performed as a cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 170 patients, 88 (51.8%) women and 82 (48.2%) men, with a mean age of 58 ± 7.9 years. In addition to the general questionnaire, the study used the Adherence in Chronic Diseases Scale. RESULTS: Statistically significantly higher adherence was found in subjects aged 60-69 years and participants in the study with arterial hypertension for more than 15 years (p<0.05). Subjects with completed primary school had statistically significantly lower adherence (p<0.05). Place of residence, employment status and gender of the respondents did not show a statistically significant influence on the adherence of the respondents (NS). CONCLUSION: It uses the age, educational status and duration of arterial hypertension in the adherence of examination statistics. Place of residence, employee status and gender of respondents do not show a statistically significant impact.

A nyíregyházi Huszár- és Keleti lakótelepi vizsgálatok – a kutatás módszertana és a minta néhány alapvető jellemzője

A tanulmány a Nyíregyházán végzett lakótelepi kutatások módszertani leírását tartalmazza. A két vizsgálati helyszín, a Huszár lakótelep és a Keleti lakótelep földrajzi elhelyezkedésének, sajátosságainak bemutatását a kutatás során alkalmazott kérdőív főbb blokkjainak ismertetése követi. A vizsgálati mintát a területi megoszlás, majd a főbb szociodemográfiai mutatók mentén írjuk le. A két helyszínen összesen 271 háztartás megkérdezésére került sor kérdezőbiztosok segítségével. A válaszadók 69%-a nő, 31%-a férfi, az átlagéletkor 43,5 év volt és kiemelhető az általános iskolai végzettség nagy aránya. A válaszadók legnagyobb része a kérdezés idején élettársi kapcsolatban élő hajadon vagy nőtlen volt. Kutatói becslés szerint az adatfelvétel a nyíregyházi Huszártelep lakosságának 25-35%-át fedte le. A két településrész között nem jelezhető statisztikai különbség a nem, a kor, az iskolai végzettség, a családi állapot és a gazdasági aktivitás mutatóinak tekintetében.

Nível de conhecimento sobre diabetes e perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes diabéticos atendidos no Hospital Electro Bonini de Ribeirão Preto/SP

Avaliamos o perfil epidemiológico e o conhecimento dos pacientes com diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus (DM) atendidos em ambulatórios na cidade de Ribeirão Preto – SP. Trata-se de um estudo de pesquisa básica, de campo, quantitativa, transversal, observacional e descritiva, realizada por entrevista estruturada. O instrumento da pesquisa foi constituído de um questionário, com perguntas objetivas. A amostra total foi composta de 191 participantes. Quanto ao grau de escolaridade, apenas 13,1% apresentaram curso superior, 63,9% cursaram apenas o ensino fundamental e 23% o ensino médio. Em relação ao tempo de doença, 22 tiveram o diagnóstico há menos de um ano, 62 entre 2-5 anos, 43 entre 6-10 anos e 64 há mais de 10 anos. Identificamos quanto às consultas pela oftalmologia, que 54% faz avaliação anual, 22% semestral, 12% procuram o oftalmologista somente quando têm queixa visual e 12% relataram ter feito apenas consulta. Sobre as complicações que o DM pode ocasionar, 3,1% relataram impotência sexual, 8,3% infarto agudo do miocárdio, 16,3% falência renal, 15,2% amputação de membros e 57,1% cegueira. Em relação a perguntas sobre o autocuidado, um elevado percentual de pessoas não o realiza de forma adequada. Em conclusão, a maioria dos pacientes, apesar do acompanhamento multidisciplinar, apresentou pouco conhecimento sobre o DM e suas complicações. Para que haja aderência adequada ao tratamento e se possam evitar as complicações relativas ao diabetes, é fundamental a disseminação da informação a respeito da doença e cuidado adequado

Anaemia among men in India: a nationally representative cross-sectional study

Population-based studies on anaemia in India have mostly focused on women and children, with men with anaemia receiving much less attention despite anaemia's adverse effect on health, wellbeing, and economic productivity. This study aimed to determine the national prevalence of anaemia among men in India; how the prevalence of anaemia in men varies across India among states and districts and by sociodemographic characteristics; and whether the geographical and sociodemographic variation in the prevalence of anaemia among men is similar to that among women to inform whether anaemia reduction efforts for men should be coupled with existing efforts for women. In this cross-sectional study, we analysed data from a nationally representative household survey carried out from January, 2015, to December, 2016, among men aged 15-54 years and women aged 15-49 years in all 29 states and seven Union Territories of India. Haemoglobin concentration was measured using the portable HemoCue Hb 201+ (HemoCue AB, Ängelholm, Sweden) and a capillary blood sample. In addition to disaggregating anaemia prevalence (separately in men and women) by state and age group, we used mixed-effects Poisson regression to determine individual-level and district-level predictors of anaemia. 106 298 men and 633 305 women were included in our analysis. In men, the prevalence of any anaemia was 23·2% (95% CI 22·7-23·7), moderate or severe anaemia was 5·1% (4·9-5·4), and severe anaemia was 0·5% (0·5-0·6). An estimated 21·7% (20·9-22·5) of men with any degree of anaemia had moderate or severe anaemia compared with 53·2% (52·9-53·5) of women with any anaemia. Men aged 20-34 years had the lowest probability of having anaemia whereas anaemia prevalence among women was similar across age groups. State-level prevalence of any anaemia in men varied from 9·2% (7·7-10·9) in Manipur to 32·9% (31·0-34·7) in Bihar. The individual-level predictors of less household wealth, lower education, living in a rural area, smoking, consuming smokeless tobacco, and being underweight and the district-level predictors of living in a district with a lower rate of primary school completion, level of urbanisation, and household wealth were all associated with a higher probability of anaemia in men. Although some important exceptions were noted, district-level and state-level prevalence of anaemia among men correlated strongly with that among women. Anaemia among men in India is an important public health problem. Because of the similarities in the patterns of geographical and sociodemographic variation of anaemia between men and women, future efforts to reduce anaemia among men could target similar population groups as those targeted in existing efforts to reduce anaemia among women. Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

Obstacles of economic reform in the Kurdistan region of Iraq

The economic and political conditions for the period (2003-2014) were an appropriate opportunity for an economic reform movement, but the existence of obstacles led to the waste of economic resources, which did not help in the construction of infrastructure for the Kurdistan Region, causing the failure to provide public services for the current and future generation, but was wasted on salaries Fictional privileges and random appointments were more than half of the class of peasants and skilled workers who did not complete primary school, which weighed on the budget and disrupted the market movement, causing increased import-to-supply ratios. The granting of privileges and jobs to the unworthy has left the government unable to make payments to new graduates, increasing unemployment rates over time.Hence, the research will try, despite the lack of sources and the difficulty of obtaining data related to the re-evaluation of the economic reform movement in the Kurdistan Region, through discussion of the problem of the concept of economic reform, to prove the concept of comprehensiveness, when perpetuating and scrutiny, and focus on the obstacles to reform, and the relationship of these Economic reform cannot succeed in isolation from other related reforms. Economic reform aims to address mistakes, reduce poverty and unemployment, and secure services and jobs that are Wyatt political action, and high levels of poverty and unemployment rates are often one of the political and administrative errors results.

The burden of clinically significant symptoms of common and severe mental disorders among adults in Vietnam: a population-based cross-sectional survey

BackgroundVietnam has limited evidence about the burden of common and severe mental disorders among adults to inform policy. The aim of this paper was to estimate the prevalence of common and severe mental disorders among adults and factors associated with them in Vietnam.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional household survey among people aged at least 16 years in Thanh Hoa and Ben Tre provinces which are nationally representative of the North and the South of Vietnam. The World Health Organization Self-Reporting Questionnaire 24 was used to screen for clinically significant symptoms of common and severe mental disorders at the individual level. Household characteristics were obtained in face-to-face interviews with the household heads. A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to identify associated factors of the common and severe mental disorders.ResultsAmong 611 households which included 1528 adults, the point prevalence of clinically significant symptoms was 14.4% for common mental disorders and 8.2% for severe mental disorders after weighting by age groups. Common mental disorders were associated with social factors including lived in a Northern rather than a Southern province, disadvantaged household economic status, in which a family member(s) misused alcohol, the family lacking links to social organisations able to provide instrumental support, and the individual not having completed primary school. Severe mental disorders had fewer associations with social factors compared to common mental disorders, but were associated with living in the Northern province, disadvantaged household economic status, family violence and being older than 50 years.ConclusionsThe prevalence of clinically significant symptoms of common and severe mental disorders among adults in Vietnam was higher than in high income countries and had a strong association with household characteristics. The result indicates that a community-based approach to reduce household risk factors and to provide instrumental support might be an effective strategy to alleviate the burden of mental health problems in Vietnam.

The impact of a conditional cash transfer programme on education outcomes beyond school attendance in Argentina

ABSTRACTWe estimate the impact on education outcomes of the Universal Child Allowance (AUH), a conditional cash transfer programme launched in Argentina in 2009. Evidence from previous works suggests a significant positive impact on attendance rates at the beginning of the school year. In this paper we contribute over and above those previous findings by addressing the effects on other education outcomes. Based on a difference-in-difference analysis, we find that the AUH may be held responsible for significant improvements on intra-year dropout rates and primary school completion rates, while the analysis highlights heterogeneous effects across age groups and gender.

The Influence of Family Wealth and Parent Education Level on Students� Reading Literacy

This study aims to examine the influence of family background factors in terms of family wealth and parent education levels on students reading performance in Indonesia. The study utilises secondary data from the OECDs Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015 for Indonesia, in which 6513 students participated. This also specifically highlights the analysis of family wealth and parent education levels in possibly predicting the students reading literacy in Indonesia. In analysing the data, a quantitative approach was used which utilised statistically different analysis such as t-test, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, correlation and multiple linear regression analysis using WesVar version 5.1 software.The result found there were significant different reading scores between students from different family wealth and parent education levels. The students from high family wealth performed better than they with middle and low wealthy. Likewise, the children with highly educated mother and father had high scores than students whose parents had low and did not complete primary school. Moreover, the result of correlation and regression analysis revealed that all predictor variables, WEALTH, MISCED and FISCED, significantly associate and predict better reading literacy performance of 15-year-old students in Indonesia for PISA 2015 survey. Therefore, the implications of the study highlight opportunities to reform educational policies through data and evidence.

Изучение интенсивности физиологических проявлений школьного стресса в условиях малокомплектной начальной школы

Изучение интенсивности физиологических проявлений школьного стресса в условиях малокомплектной начальной школы

Intergenerational Human Capital Spillovers: Indonesia’s School Construction and Its Effects on the Next Generation

We analyze the effects of increased access to education in one generation on human capital outcomes in the next generation. Using longitudinal data, we exploit the geographical and cohort variations in exposure to a massive primary school construction program in the 1970s in Indonesia. We show that the school building project increases primary school completion rates among both men and women. We find that children whose mothers were exposed to the school building project score higher on the national primary school examination, suggesting the importance of maternal education in the intergenerational transmission of human capital.

Lusting, learning and lasting in school: sexual debut, school performance and dropout among adolescents in primary schools in Karonga district, northern Malawi.

Age at sexual debut is known to have implications for future sexual behaviours and health outcomes, including HIV infection, early pregnancy and maternal mortality, but may also influence educational outcomes. Longitudinal data on schooling and sexual behaviour from a demographic surveillance site in Karonga district, northern Malawi, were analysed for 3153 respondents between the ages of 12 and 25 years to examine the association between sexual debut and primary school dropout, and the role of prior school performance. Time to dropout was modelled using the Fine and Gray survival model to account for the competing event of primary school completion. To deal with the time-varying nature of age at sexual debut and school performance, models were fitted using landmark analyses. Sexual debut was found to be associated with a five-fold increase in rate of subsequent dropout for girls and a two-fold increase in dropout rate for boys (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] of 5.27, CI 4.22-6.57, and 2.19, CI 1.77-2.7, respectively). For girls who were sexually active by age 16, only 16% ultimately completed primary schooling, compared with 70% aged 18 or older at sexual debut. Prior to sexual debut, girls had primary completion levels similar to those of boys. The association between sexual debut and school dropout could not be explained by prior poor school performance: the effect of sexual debut on dropout was as strong among those who were not behind in school as among those who were overage for their school grade. Girls who were sexually active were more likely to repeat a grade, with no effect being seen for boys. Pathways to dropout are complex and may differ for boys and girls. Interventions are needed to improve school progression so children complete primary school before sexual debut, and to improve sex education and contraception provision.

The Distributional Effects of Early School Stratification - Non-Parametric Evidence from Germany

Whether early school stratification is conducive or detrimental to scholastic performance has been subject to controversial debates in educational policy and science across many countries. We exploit a unique exogenous variation in Lower Saxony, Germany, where performance based tracking was preponed from grade 7 to grade 5 in 2004, i.e. with the completion of primary school. In particular, we measure the long-run effects of this reform on PISA achievement test scores based on a difference-in-differences setup. In order to disentangle average from distributional achievement effects, we complementarily rely on a changes-in-changes framework. Our results indicate that preponed school tracking increased test scores at the upper tail of the skill distribution and lowered test scores at the lower tail of the skill distribution, compensating each other on average.

Challenge and Drivers of Over-Enrollment in the Early Years of Primary School in Uganda

Consistent over-enrollment, together with low official repetition rates, in the early years of school indicates inaccurate reporting of repetition, which may mask the reasons for low primary school completion. Actual repetition rates may be higher and pose issues for teachers through overcrowding of classrooms and issues for governments through inefficient education systems. This research explores repetition rates of students in Primary 1 in Uganda and considers the implications for efficiency and quality of education for the early years of school. The sample comprised 1440 students in Primary 1 classrooms in 120 schools. Interviews were conducted with 1318 caregivers of randomly selected students and 1439 teachers of the same students, and official records from 118 schools were examined to compare age and repetition rates. Findings showed that caregiver- and teacher-reported repetition is much higher than officially reported by schools; that repetition is strongly linked to non-attendance in pre-primary schooling; and that caregivers reported more over-age students, fewer target-age students, and more under-age students than official school records. Policy implications include the need for dialogue around repetition rates and the possible efficiency effects of less-costly, pre-primary education on the total primary schooling cycle.

KAJIAN KARAKTERISTIK SOSIAL EKONOMI MASYARAKT DI NAGARI SUNGAI SARIAK KECAMATAN VII KOTO KABUPATEN PADANG PARIAMAN

Abstract his study aims to find out the Social Economy Society in the nagari Sungai Sariak VII Koto district Padang Pariaman viewed from: 1) Social interaction in the community nagari Sariak River district VII Koto Padang Pariaman. 2). Community income in nagari Sungai Sariak subdistrict VII Koto Padang Pariaman. 3). Education community d in nagari Sungai Sariak district VII Koto Padang Pariaman. 4). Public health in the nagari Sungai Sariak subdistrict VII Koto Padang Pariaman .. Type of research used is descriptive. The sample of this research is all head of family living in nagari Sungai Sariak sub district VII Koto Kabupaten Padang Pariaman.91KK. The instrument used in this study is a questionnaire or questionnaire. Data analysis using percentage formula. The results of this study found: 1). Social interaction of community in nagari Sungai Sariak sub district VII Koto Regency of Padang Pariaman in general have good. 2) .The income of the community in the Sariak River village of VII Koto of Padang Pariaman Regency is still insufficient because of the income they earn less so it is difficult for them to fulfill their daily needs. 3). Community education in the nagari Sungai Sariak subdistrict VII Koto Padang Pariaman District still a lot of education is still low as just finished primary school and did not even complete primary school. 4). Public Health in the nagari Sungai Sariak subdistrict VII Koto Padang Pariaman regency, a disease commonly suffered by the public in general is the flu and cough.

Socioeconomic position and self-rated oral health in Brazil: results of the Brazilian National Health Survey

The study analyzed self-rated oral health in the Brazilian adult population according to socioeconomic status (region of residence, schooling, income, and social class), exploring the variables with the greatest sensitivity to measure the association. The study sample included 59,758 individuals 18 years or older who participated in the Brazilian National Health Survey in 2013, a population-based household survey. Self-rated oral health (teeth and gums) was analyzed as positive, fair, or negative. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Percentage of agreement and kappa values were calculated to compare the values obtained with the regression models and the expected values. Self-rated oral health was positive in 67.4%, fair in 26.7%, and negative in 5.9%. After adjustment, the odds of negative self-rated health were significantly higher in individuals with per capita household income up to one minimum wage, or approximately USD 270/month (OR = 4.71; 95%CI: 2.84-7.83), without complete primary schooling (OR = 3.28; 95%CI: 2.34-4.61), in the social class devoid of assets (OR = 3.03; 95%CI: 2.12-4.32) and residents of Northeast Brazil (OR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.19-1.89). Various indicators of socioeconomic status influence self-rated oral health, but per capita household income, schooling, and social class accounted for the largest gradient in self-rated oral health in Brazilian adults in 2013.

Femicides in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

Femicide is the intentional killing of a woman or girl on account of her gender. The term allows differentiating crimes of gender violence from murders of women in other circumstances. The aim of this study is to characterize femicides, sometimes called feminicides, that occurred in 2015 in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. The information was obtained from death certificates of city residents whose underlying cause of death had been classified as external cause. Semi-structured interviews were held by applying the verbal autopsy method, and femicides were classified as: intimate partner, non-intimate partner, and by connection. In the year 2015 there were 582 deaths from external causes, 185 of which were homicides, and 26 (14.1%) of the latter were females. Of these, 19 were classified as femicides. Victims' mean age was 31.5 years (standard deviation 7.18). The majority of the women were white (47.4%), had complete primary schooling (52.6%), single (63.2%), and with children (84.2%). The deaths generally occurred by highly violent mechanisms in the form of physical and sexual aggression. The murders were perpetrated in the victim's domicile with cold steel weapons or firearms, with extreme violence, motivated mainly by the victim's desire for separation, jealousy, and misunderstanding with the aggressor. The mortality coefficient for femicide was 3.2 per 100,000 women in 2015, corresponding to one death for every 31,250 women that year. The study's results show that femicide in Campinas is the main category of murders of women. The consequences of this type of violence are enormous in terms of human rights violations.

Interprovincial differences in labour force distribution and utilization based on educational attainment in Indonesia, 2002–2015

AbstractIntroducing an employment variable with five levels of educational attainment per capita and employing inequality decomposition, this study addresses three questions. How does labour force vary by education and provinces? How does labour force utilization vary by education and provinces? What are the potential causes of differences? We find that the no‐primary‐education group is more endowed in less‐developed provinces and allocated most unequally among education groups across provinces, despite past universal primary education policies. The senior‐secondary‐education group with the largest labour share is a growing concern due to the lower employment rate and largest interprovincial inequality.

Is free pre-primary education associated with increased primary school completion? A global study

While global enrollment in primary education has increased significantly particularly since it became a target of the United Nations “Education for All” initiative and one of the Millennium Development Goals, primary completion rates have remained virtually unchanged since 1999. Evidence from studies of individual programs in a range of countries suggests that enrollment in pre-primary education can improve school readiness and achievement in primary school, and therefore, potentially raise primary completion rates. As research has also found that provision of free education is associated with higher enrollment, we hypothesize that provision of free and compulsory pre-primary education will be associated with higher primary school completion rates. Further, we hypothesize that free pre-primary education will have the largest impact where completion rates have been lowest. Using a database of quantitative, globally comparable measures of national provision of free pre-primary education we created, and data from UNESCO’s Institute for Education Statistics, we analyze the 104 nations with complete data. We conduct multivariate quantile regression analyses. We find that, controlling for national income and level of urbanization, provision of at least 1 year of free and compulsory pre-primary education is associated with a nearly 10 percentage point increase in primary school graduation rates for countries at the median and a 12 percentage point increase in rates for primarily low- and lower-middle-income countries at the lower end of the distribution.

The impact of primary school investment reallocation on educational attainment in rural China

In this paper, we analyze how removing village-level primary schools and effectively merging these into larger township-level schools has affected educational attainment in rural China. We employ individual and village-level information from the China Household Ethnic Survey (CHES) which covers regions intensively affected by the removal campaign. We find a negative effect of school removals on primary school and junior high school completion rates. However, we also find positive effects on educational attainment beyond junior high school for those students who began their education in the new merged primary schools. This effect can be attributed to resource pooling and higher teacher quality in the new schools. The adverse effects are more severe for girls, especially if new schools did not provide boarding and are located far away from student residences, and also for children whose parents have low educational attainment, thus exacerbating gender inequality and intergenerational transmission of education inequality.

Education obstacles and family separation for children of migrant workers in Thailand: a case from Chiang Mai

ABSTRACTThe measured rate of primary school completion in the East Asia and Pacific region has exceeded 100%, but aggregate statistics inadequately reflect the experience of migrants, who are harder to count than sedentary populations. For Thailand several studies have found enrolment rates among migrant children to be very low, but the sparse evidence amid differences in geography and industrial sector means this pattern may not be universal. The present article reports a study which focuses in more depth on a particular migrant community in order to show relevant dynamics with greater specificity and clarity. It finds a higher enrolment rate than in the previous studies of migrants in Thailand, but also shows how many such children fail to complete their primary education through being placed in classes lower than the normal grade for their age. In this community the benefits accrued from school enrolment were therefore limited compared with the costs, resulting in family separations as some children were left in the home country and some entered employment early. In the 15–17 year age range, girls rather than boys were separated from the parental home.