Complete Mediation Research Articles

Effects of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Styles and the Use of Enabling and Coercive Managerial Control Systems in Creative thinking

This study aims to analyze the effects of leadership styles and the use of a management control system on creative thinking. Descriptive research was carried out using a survey with 215 mid-level managers from the Brazilian textile industry and hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. Results show that transformational leadership is significantly related to divergent thinking and enabling and coercive approaches. Moreover, transactional leadership is significantly related to convergent thinking, besides coercive and enabling approaches. The enabling approach exerts complete mediation in the relationships between transformational leadership and divergent thinking, as well as the coercive approach mediates between transactional leadership and convergent thinking.

An innovation potential and organizational performance: an integrative role of company’s dynamic capabilities

AbstractThe restaurant business plays a crucial role in the food economy and, like many industries, faces numerous challenges due to the rapid pace of change, driven by consumer trends and shifting demographics. In response to the pressure on businesses to adapt to these changing circumstances, new restaurant concepts, organizational structures and technologies have emerged in the hope of finding methods that are more agile during unpredictable times. The development of dynamic capabilities is a critical issue for both academics and practitioners, as it can enhance competitive advantages and improve organizational performance. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of dynamic capabilities on innovative potential and organizational performance. Through a literature review and the dynamic capability view, a theoretical model is proposed. This model was validated using the PLS-SEM technique, based on responses from 143 restaurants across eight of the largest Russian cities. The results indicate that dynamic capabilities related to the value proposition serve as a complete mediator in the relationship between a company's innovative potential and its performance in a highly volatile context. The proposed theoretical model is both unique and effective, demonstrating high explanatory power. This study enriches the existing literature on dynamic capabilities by addressing empirical research gaps and elucidating the mechanisms through which dynamic capabilities influence organizational performance.

Impact of entrepreneurial orientation and ESG on environmental performance: moderating impact of digital transformation and technological innovation as a mediating construct using Sobel test

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of dimension of dynamic capabilities such as Entrepreneurial orientation (EO), technological innovation (TIN), and digital transformation (DT) and dimension of Stakeholder environment, society, and governance (ESG) practices on environmental performance (EP) in the handicraft industry. This study also investigates the mediating impact of dynamic capabilities such as Technological innovation (TIN) and Entrepreneurial orientation between ESG and EP and has applied the Sobel test. This study also checks the moderating impact of Digital transformation (DT) on EP through TIN. The Sobel test is most suitable for mediation analysis, whether partial or complete mediation. For this study, exploratory research methods , convenience sampling, and tools used a 5-point Likert scale. Therefore, the study was well suited to this type of experimental research, since it used the PLS–SEM path coefficient algorithm and PCA analysis software to examine several correlations simultaneously. A total of 150 respondents participated in this survey who were artisan’s new entrepreneurs and firm owners in the handicraft industry. Because of their outsized influence on emissions worldwide and consumption of resources, businesses worldwide have a responsibility to ensure environmental stability while also working to improve their practices to improve the craft industry as part of the small industry. These findings prove that by adopting ESG principles and Entrepreneurial orientation, the impact of technological innovation supports the environment's performance. The development of eco-friendly goods and procedures, the enhancement of craft productivity, and the evolution of sustainable development strategies are all greatly aided by digital transformation, technological innovation handicraft business environmental sustainability in the face of the escalating difficulties brought on by climate change. For verification and exploration of entrepreneurial orientation, technological innovation, Environmental performance, and environmental social and governance (ESG), this study is supported by the Dynamic capability theory (DCT), stakeholder theory, and especially ESG criteria. The research shows that firms' environmental performance can be significantly improved by emphasizing ESG factors and embracing technological advancements and entrepreneurial orientation.

Impact of Access to Electricity and Socio-Economic Environment on Poverty Reduction: An Empirical Study on Myanmar

Previous studies have identified the importance of access to electricity and the socio-economic environment for poverty reduction, but the comprehensive interplay and synergistic relationships between them remain unclear. Using data collected from Myanmar, this study establishes and tests conceptual models to explore the paths from access to electricity and socio-economic environment to capability and income poverty reduction. The results of structural equation modeling show that capability poverty reduction acts as a complete mediator between access to electricity and income poverty reduction, and plays a partial mediating role between socio-economic environment and income poverty reduction. Analysis of fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis demonstrates that lack of electricity is a key barrier impeding poverty alleviation efforts. Moreover, five effective configurations of poverty reduction factors are identified for Myanmar by considering the heterogeneity of different regions. This indicates that individual factors could not ensure a highly effective poverty reduction and different factors need to be appropriately configured for achieving the synergistic effects. These findings contribute to practical insights into poverty reduction policy making and sustainable development for developing countries.

Mediating effect of oxidative stress on blood pressure elevation in workers exposed to low concentrations of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX).

To investigate the mediating effect of oxidative stress on the relationships between low-concentration benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) exposure and blood pressure in workers. A cross-sectional study involving 841 workers from a petroleum refining enterprise in Hainan, China, was conducted. Among the workers, 615 workers were exposed to low-concentration BTX, and 216 workers were in the control group. S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA), hippuric acid (HA), and methyl hippuric acid (MHA, including the three isomers 2-MHA, 3-MHA, and 4-MHA) were measured in the urine of workers via high-performance liquid chromatography‒tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to assess the internal BTX burden. Oxidative stress markers, blood pressure, and their correlations were analysed in both the exposed and control groups of workers. Mediation analysis was used to investigate the potential role of oxidative stress in the relationship between BTX exposure and blood pressure. The concentrations of BTX at the sampling points in the enterprise were all below the limits stipulated in China's national occupational health criteria: occupational exposure limits for hazardous agents. With respect to the internal burden of BTX, the concentrations of the benzene metabolite S-PMA, the toluene metabolite HA, and the xylene metabolites 3-MHA and 4-MHA in the urine samples in the exposure group were greater than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The correlation analysis results revealed that the concentration of the benzene metabolite S-PMA in workers' urine was positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (r = 0.265, P < 0.05). Compared with those in the control group, DBP was greater (β = 1.363, 95% CI 0.088 -2.639), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was lower (β = - 0.037, 95% CI - 0.060 to - 0.013), and the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was greater (β = 0.066, 95% CI 0.022-0.110) in the exposure group. Partial correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between DBP and MDA (rs = 0.115, P < 0.01). The results of the mediation analysis indicated that MDA was a complete mediator between low BTX exposure and DBP (P < 0.05). Occupational exposure to low concentrations of BTX elevates blood pressure and oxidative stress among workers. A positive correlation between DBP and MDA was observed, with MDA acting as a complete mediator between low-concentration BTX exposure and DBP elevation.

Self-confidence as a mediator in the relationship between executive functioning and depression among ICU survivors: a latent variable analysis

BackgroundExecutive dysfunction and depression are common among ICU survivors, yet the mechanisms linking these two factors remain poorly understood. Self-confidence has been implicated as a key mediator in the relationship between cognitive impairments and mental health outcomes. This study aimed to explore the mediating role of self-confidence in the association between executive functioning and depression in ICU survivors.MethodA provisional questionnaire was used in a cross-sectional study to assess quality of life in 395 adult ICU survivors, each with a minimum 72-h stay at one of three ICUs at a Swedish university hospital, six months to three years post-discharge. Responses to questions on executive function, self-confidence, and depression were analysed. Structural equation modelling and confirmatory factor analysis were employed to examine the mediating effect of self-confidence on the relationship between executive function and depression. Model fit was evaluated using established indicators. Reliability of the measures was assessed using McDonald’s Omega and Cronbach’s Alpha.ResultsA significant positive correlation was found between depressive symptoms and both diminished self-confidence (r = 0.80, p < 0.001) and poorer executive function (r = 0.55, p < 0.001). Additionally, a correlation was observed between reduced self-confidence and compromised executive function (r = 0.62, p < 0.001). Age was negatively associated with depression, self-confidence, and executive function, while male gender was positively correlated with higher self-confidence.Mediation analysis revealed that the effect of impaired executive function on depressive symptoms was fully mediated by diminished self-confidence (B = 0.45; 95% CI 0.34–0.59). The direct effect of executive function on depression became non-significant when self-confidence was included in the model (B = 0.07, p = 0.18), suggesting complete mediation. The overall model fit was satisfactory (CFI = 0.962; RMSEA = 0.075), highlighting the robustness of the mediation pathway.ConclusionsSelf-confidence mediates the relationship between executive function and depression among ICU survivors. Interventions aimed at enhancing self-confidence could mitigate depressive symptoms in the ICU survivor population. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings and further explore the causal pathways involved.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Ref# NCT02767180; Registered 28 April 2016.

Factors Affecting Reconsumption Intention in Herbal Medicine: Evidence from Indonesia

This study aims to investigate the mediating role of customer engagement on the effect of trust on reconsumption intention. This study was conducted on herbal medicine consumers in Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach involving 425 herbal consumers in Indonesia with purposive sampling techniques using criteria who are 18 years old and have consumed herbal medicine at least 2 times in the past month. Data analysis using covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) using AMOS application. The study found that trust had no significant effect on reconsumption intention. Customer engagement has a significant effect on reconsumption intention. Trust has a significant effect on customer engagement. Then, customer engagement acts as a complete mediation on the influence of trust on reconsumption intention in herbal medicine consumers in Indonesia. These results suggest marketers need to pay attention to engagement to increase reconsumption intention using consumer trust.

How Do Multiplicative and Relational Thinking Contribute to Multidigit Division?

Multiplicative thinking (MT), relational thinking (RT), and multidigit division are highly important for facilitating the transition from arithmetic to algebra in the middle grades. The present study analyzed the extent to which the contribution of MT to multidigit division was mediated by 472 fourth- and fifth-grade students’ RT and how their RT supported the use of multiple and clever shortcut strategies for multidigit division. The MT measurement instrument mapped the progression from additive to multiplicative thinking in two proficiency levels, and the RT measurement instrument operationalized the progression from understanding and using relationships between numbers to understanding and using relationships between terms in four proficiency levels. RT was a complete mediator of the impact of MT on multidigit division and had a particularly strong influence on the use of 10 × N patterns and advanced strategies, including shortcut strategies.

The Relationship between E-Health Literacy and Educational Participation Motivation among Elderly Individuals: The Chained Mediating Effects of Self-Identity and Social Capital.

Aims/Background In light of the increased utilization of digital technology among the elderly population, understanding the relationship between e-health literacy, self-identity, social capital, and educational participation motivation has become crucial. This study aims to investigate these relationships and explore the mediating effects of self-identity and social capital on the elderly population. By shedding light on these aspects, the study seeks to contribute to the existing knowledge base and inform intervention strategies to enhance the elderly individuals' overall well-being and engagement with digital health resources. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted in a sample consisting of 578 elderly participants. Data of the surveyed variables were analyzed. Mediating effect analysis methods were employed to explore the mediating roles of self-identity and social capital in the relationship between e-health literacy and educational participation motivation among the elderly individuals. Results The results revealed a significant positive correlation between e-health literacy, self-identity, social capital, and educational participation motivation among elderly individuals. Furthermore, self-identity and social capital were found to play significant mediating roles between e-health literacy and educational participation motivation. Specifically, self-identity and social capital acted as complete mediators, with a mediating effect value of 0.61, between e-health literacy and educational participation motivation. Additionally, the chained mediating effect of self-identity and social capital was also significant. Conclusion This study demonstrated that e-health literacy and educational participation motivation are closely intertwined, with self-identity and social capital acting as the mediators in this association, in the elderly population, providing valuable guidance for enhancing the health and quality of life and offering insightful references for the development and implementation of relevant policies.

예비유아교사의 창의적 마인드셋이 창의성을 매개로 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a growth mindset of creativity and a fixed mindset of creativity on life satisfaction, mediated by creativity among pre-service early childhood teachers. A survey was conducted with 224 pre-service early childhood teachers, and the results are as follows. First, a growth mindset of creativity positively influenced creativity, whereas a fixed mindset of creativity did not show a significant effect. Second, creativity among pre-service early childhood teachers positively affected life satisfaction. Third, the growth mindset of creativity did not have a direct impact on life satisfaction. However, lastly, the growth mindset of creativity had a significant indirect effect on life satisfaction through the complete mediation of creativity.

Structural basis of the human transcriptional Mediator regulated by its dissociable kinase module

The eukaryotic transcriptional Mediator comprises a large core (cMED) and a dissociable CDK8 kinase module (CKM). cMED recruits RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) and promotes pre-initiation complex formation in a manner repressed by the CKM through mechanisms presently unknown. Herein, we report cryoelectron microscopy structures of the complete human Mediator and its CKM. The CKM binds to multiple regions on cMED through both MED12 and MED13, including a large intrinsically disordered region (IDR) in the latter. MED12 and MED13 together anchor the CKM to the cMED hook, positioning CDK8 downstream and proximal to the transcription start site. Notably, the MED13 IDR obstructs the recruitment of RNA Pol II/MED26 onto cMED by direct occlusion of their respective binding sites, leading to functional repression of cMED-dependent transcription. Combined with biochemical and functional analyses, these structures provide a conserved mechanistic framework to explain the basis for CKM-mediated repression of cMED function.

Longitudinal pathways between parent depression and child mental health in families of autistic children

Abstract Autistic children and their parents are at risk for mental health problems, but the processes driving these connections are unknown. Leveraging three data cycles (spaced M = 11.76 months, SD = 2.77) on 162 families with autistic children (aged 6–13 years), the associations between parent–child relationship quality (warmth and criticism), child mental health problems, and parent depression symptoms were examined. A complete longitudinal mediation model was conducted using structural equation modeling. Father depression mediated the link between child mental health problems and father critical comments (β = −0.017, p = 0.018; CI [−.023 – −.015]). Father report of child mental health problems mediated the association between father depression and father critical comments (β = 0.016, p = 0.040; CI [0.003–0.023]) as well as the association between father positive remarks and father depression (β = −0.009, p = 0.032; CI [−0.010 – −0.009]). Additionally, father positive remarks mediated the connection between father depression and child mental health problems (β = 0.022, p = 0.006; CI [0.019–0.034]). No mediation effects were present for mothers. Findings highlight that the mental health of parents and autistic children are intertwined. Interventions that improve the parent–child relationship may reduce the reciprocal toll of parent and child mental health problems.

Relationship between punishment sensitivity and risk-taking propensity

Previous research has shown that, in both laboratory and real-world contexts, punishment sensitivity is associated with lower risk-taking propensity. The neural underpinnings of the association between punishment sensitivity and risk-taking, however, remain largely unknown. To address this issue, we implemented resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) methodologies to investigate the neural basis of their relationship in the current study (N=594). The behavioral results confirmed a negative association between punishment sensitivity and risk-taking propensity, which supports the hypothesis. The VBM results demonstrated a positive correlation between punishment sensitivity and gray matter volume in the right orbitofrontal cortex (ROFC). Furthermore, the results of the RSFC analysis revealed that the functional connectivity between ROFC and the right medial temporal gyrus (RMTG) was positively associated with punishment sensitivity. Notably, mediation analysis demonstrated that punishment sensitivity acted as a complete mediator in the influence of ROFC-RMTG functional connectivity on risk-taking. These findings suggest that ROFC-RMTG functional connectivity may be the neural basis underlying the effect of punishment sensitivity on risk-taking propensity, which provides a new perspective for understanding the relationship between punishment sensitivity and risk-taking propensity.

Can Omega-3 prevent the accidence of stroke: a mendelian randomization study

BackgroundThe lipid-lowering effects of Omega-3 fatty acids have been widely reported, yet their impact on ischemic stroke remains controversial. Reports on the protective effects of unsaturated fatty acids, such as Omega-6 and Omega-7, as well as saturated fatty acids in cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and ischemic stroke, are less frequent.ObjectivesThis study aims to identify fatty acids associated with blood pressure and ischemic stroke through Mendelian randomization. Besides, it seeks to determine whether specific fatty acids can prevent ischemic stroke by managing blood pressure and revealing the specific mechanisms of this action.MethodsThis research involved downloading relevant data from websites and extracting SNPs that met the standard criteria as instrumental variables. Simultaneously, the ‘MR-PRESSO’ package and ‘Mendelian Randomization’ package were used to eliminate confounding SNPs that could bias the study results. Then, inverse variance weighting and the weighted median were employed as primary analysis methods, accompanied by sensitivity analysis to assess the validity of the causal relationships. Initially, multivariable Mendelian randomization was used to identify fatty acids linked to blood pressure and the incidence of ischemic stroke. The causal link between certain fatty acids and the initiation of ischemic stroke was then investigated using bidirectional and mediator Mendelian randomization techniques. Stepwise Regression and the Product of Coefficients Method in mediator Mendelian randomization were utilized to ascertain whether specific fatty acids reduce ischemic stroke risk by lowering blood pressure.ResultsMultivariable Mendelian randomization analysis indicated a potential inverse correlation between Omega-3 intake and both blood pressure and ischemic stroke. Consequently, Omega-3 was selected as the exposure, with blood pressure and ischemic stroke-related data as outcomes, for further bidirectional and mediation Mendelian Randomization analyses. Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization revealed that Omega-3 significantly influences DBP (P = 1.01e-04) and IS (P = 0.016). It also showed that DBP and SBP significantly affect LAS, SVS, CES, IS, and LS. Mediator Mendelian Randomization identified five established mediating pathways: Omega-3-Diastolic blood pressure-Small vessel stroke, Omega-3-Diastolic blood pressure-Cardioembolic stroke, Omega-3-Diastolic blood pressure-Lacunar stroke, Omega-3-Diastolic blood pressure-Large artery atherosclerosis stroke, and Omega-3-Diastolic blood pressure-Ischemic stroke. Of these, four pathways are complete mediation, and one pathway is partial mediation.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that Omega-3 may indirectly reduce the incidence of ischemic stroke by lowering blood pressure. Thus, blood pressure modulation might be one of the mechanisms through which Omega-3 prevents ischemic stroke. In summary, incorporating an increased intake of Omega-3 in the diet can serve as one of the dietary intervention strategies for patients with hypertension. Additionally, it can act as an adjunctive therapy for the prevention of ischemic strokes and their complications.

Short-physical performance battery: complete mediator of cognitive depressive symptoms and diabetes mellitus in hemodialysis patients

ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the relationship between different dimensions of depressive symptoms and the presence of diabetes mellitus in hemodialysis patients. Additionally, the study sought to elucidate the mediating effect of physical performance on this association.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional multicenter study conducted between July 2020 and March 2023, involving 1024 patients from eight hemodialysis centers in Shanghai. Diabetes mellitus was based on a documented physician diagnosis and blood glucose tests. Physical performance and depressive symptoms were assessed using short-physical performance battery (SPPB) and the patient health questionnaire-9, respectively. Regression and mediation analysis were applied to statistical analysis.ResultsAmong the 1024 participants, 39.26% (n = 402) were found to have coexisting diabetes mellitus. Diminished SPPB scores (OR = 0.843, 95% CI = 0.792–0.897) and cognitive depressive symptoms (OR = 1.068, 95% CI = 1.011–1.129) exhibited significant associations with diabetes mellitus, while somatic depressive symptoms did not show a significant correlation. Notably, SPPB emerged as a complete mediator in the relationship between cognitive depressive symptoms and diabetes mellitus. The observed indirect effect of SPPB on this relationship was estimated at 0.038 (95% CI: 0.021–0.057).ConclusionThis study showed an association between diabetes mellitus and cognitive depressive symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis, with physical performance appearing to mediate the relationship between diabetes mellitus and depressive symptoms.

Utilization of the Lentera DESA Website in Blended Learning-Based Soil Fertility and Health Management Training in Yogyakarta

Knowledge of soil fertility and soil health management is essential, especially in Yogyakarta, where the soil fertility and health of rice fields are low. This study employed an experimental research design involving 715 farmers, with data collected in August 2022 and June 2023. The research explored the effectiveness of a blended learning training scheme, especially in the use of The Lentera DESA website. The primary objectives were to identify factors that are related to the use of the Lentera DESA website and to examine the correlation between the duration of watching training videos and farmers’ knowledge. Factor analysis was carried out using multiple linear and mediated regression analyses. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine whether there is a relationship between video viewing duration and increased knowledge. As a result, four factors directly relate to the use of the Lentera DESA website, namely re-login activity (P = 0.001), farmer age (P = 0.047), presence of info-session (P = 0.054), and smartphone ownership (P = 0.023). Mediated regression analysis revealed that re-login activity plays an essential role in increasing the utilization of the Lentera DESA website through both partial mediation and complete mediation. However, using the Lentera DESA website as an online training medium showed no significant correlation with increasing farmers knowledge of soil fertility and soil health management.

Exploring the link between parents' differentiation of self and children's externalizing behavior problems: the mediating role of need-supportive vs. need-frustrating parenting practices.

Externalizing behavior problems (EBPs) are common in children, with significant long-term impact on the child and family members. Parents, particularly mothers, of children with EBPs often experience heightened emotional distress. One crucial factor affecting parents' ability to manage this distress is their level of differentiation-of-self (DOS). Differentiated parents are more likely to engage in practices that meet their child's psychological needs, thus supporting the self-determination theory principles vital for a child's well-being. This study examined the impact of parental DOS on parenting practices and subsequently on the child's EBPs, exploring possible differences between mothers and fathers. Thirty-two mother-father dyads with children aged 6-14, diagnosed with EBPs participated. Parents completed the Differentiation of Self Inventory-Short Form, the Revised Parents as a Social Context Questionnaire, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to assess parental DOS, practices, and child's EBPs, respectively. Adjusted parallel mediation models examined the mediating role of parental practices in the relationship between parental DOS and a child's EBPs. While no direct link between parental DOS and child's symptoms was found, a complete mediation model indicated need-frustrating practices mediating between parental DOS and a child's EBPs, for both mothers and fathers. Additionally, fathers' need-supportive practices, but not mothers', were negatively associated with the child's symptoms. These findings highlight the interaction between parental traits, need-frustrating practices, and a child's psychopathology. Notably, fathers' supportive behaviors emerged as potential protective factors against child's EBPs, suggesting promising directions for future research and interventions targeting fathers.

The impact of differential pricing subject on consumer behavior

The escalating use of artificial intelligence in marketing significantly impacts all aspects of consumer life. This research, grounded in attribution theory and S–O-R theory, employs scenario-based experimental methods to simulate two distinct purchasing contexts. The aim is to investigate consumers' psychological and behavioral responses to AI-initiated pricing. Through SPSS analysis of variance and Bootstrap analysis, the mechanisms of influence of AI-initiated pricing on consumer behavior are tested, revealing the mediating variables of mind perception and consumer perceived ethicality, as well as the mediating variables of perceived enterprise control. Data were collected from Chinese customers to test the model of this study. A total of 841 valid questionnaires were analyzed using ANOVA and Bootstrap analysis with SPSS. The results show that: (1) Consumers exhibit higher repurchase and word-of-mouth recommendation behaviors and lower complaint and switching behaviors for AI-initiated pricing compared to marketers; (2) AI-initiated pricing leads to diminished mind perceptions and augmented ethical perceptions among consumers. Ethical perceptions serve as a complete mediator, while mind perceptions play a less significant mediating role; (3) Perceived enterprise control plays a moderating role in the impact of AI-initiated pricing on consumer behavior. That is, when consumers know that the enterprise can control pricing agents, AI-initiated pricing leads to lower repurchase and word-of-mouth recommendation behaviors, and higher instances of complaining and switching behaviors than humans.

Understanding connection to nature in Turkish middle school children: Personal factors and Nature's restorative effect

A connection to nature can be healing and restorative for children, especially when they are coping with psychological symptoms. Better understanding the essence of this connection and investigating the associated variables can, therefore, prove useful. This research consisted of three studies measuring the connection to nature among youth in Turkey's unique, non-Western context. In Study-1 (n = 214), the 14-item Connection to Nature Index (CNI) was tested with confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that the CNI was a valid and reliable instrument in the Turkish sample. Study-2 (n = 375) examined personal factors predicting children's connection to nature. Regression analysis showed that gender was a significant predictor of CNI. We also found that connection to nature increased as screen time decreased and the frequency of contact with nature increased. In Study 3 (n = 404), we found that hope and satisfaction with life acted as serial and complete mediators between CNI and psychological symptoms. Unlike the results of previous studies conducted in the West, this study highlights for the first time the importance of children's connection with the natural world in Turkey, an Eastern society.

청년 취업자의 진로성숙도와 진로의사결정의 관계에서 구직효능감이 지니는 매개효과

Despite the increasing complexity of career decision-making in modern workplaces, there remains a lack of discussion regarding career decision-making among youth employees. Therefore, this study focused on youth employees and assumed job search self-efficacy as a mediating variable influencing their career decisions. We examined whether job search self-efficacy mediates the relationship between career maturity and career decision-making. To achieve this, we compared the results of traditional mediation analysis, traditional mediation analysis with control variables, and causal mediation analysis using data from the Youth Panel 2021, consisting of 1992 youth employees. The analysis revealed consistent results of complete mediation in both traditional mediation analysis and traditional mediation analysis with control variables. Additionally, through causal mediation analysis, it was found that for the direct effects, both DE (0) and DE (1) were significant but showed opposite directions of influence. For the indirect effects, both IE (0) and IE (1) were significant in a positive direction. Based on these findings, implications for career decision-making among young job seekers were discussed.