Competitive Women Research Articles

Marketing midwifery

Commercial marketing techniques are being used by health-care providers to identify potential consumers, measure their needs and desires, and to package the health-care service accordingly. Many medical centers have created marketing departments. In view of the increasing trend toward competition in women's health care delivery, it would behoove the CNM to recognize and utilize marketing tenets. This article proposes to serve as an introduction to basic marketing principles and to describe how they were used to advance a new maternity service.

Sex-Role Orientation, Defensiveness, and Competitiveness in Women

Women of differing sex-role orientations and levels of defensiveness played a PDG with a woman identified as either traditionally or career-oriented, but who was actually a confederate using a nonresponsive 60% cooperative strategy. To facilitate avoidance of competition, matrix values minimized the pull toward defection, and a third self-protective choice was provided as an alternative to unilateral cooperative sacrifice. Women rejecting the traditional feminine role consistently avoided competition, regardless of their level of defensiveness, and particularly when the other was similar in orientation. For women endorsing both traditional and career values, low defensiveness corresponded with avoidance of competition, while high defensiveness corresponded with competitive behavior, similar to that of traditionally oriented women. Both sex-role orientation and defensiveness demonstrated their usefulness as individual difference dimensions affecting the behavior of women in the PDG.

Personality Characteristics of Selected Groups of Women Educators

Abstract Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Inventory and a questionnaire were obtained from 236 women physical educators who were members of the Central Association of Physical Education for College Women and 180 women educators from other departments at the same institutions represented by the physical education group. Multiple discriminant analysis revealed women educators relative to women physical educators differed significantly on Q2+ (more self-sufficient), A+ (more outgoing), M+ (more imaginative), B+ (more intelligent), C— (less emotionally stable), and E— (less dominant), while women noncoaches differed from women coaches on M+ (more imaginative), F— (less enthusiastic), O— (more confident), H+ (more venturesome), A+ (more outgoing), and N+ (more shrewd). Questionnaire information indicated differences between the women educators and physical educators in educational background, age, marital status, and participation in all forms of activity at the high school and college level. The noncoaches differed from the coaches in the type of school at which they were employed, size of school at which employed, job responsibilities, academic rank, educational background, age, number of years teaching at the college level, participation in out-of-school activities as high school students, intercollegiate competition, availability of sports programs, and attitude toward competition for women.

What Do Men Really Think about Athletic Competition for Women?

What Do Men Really Think about Athletic Competition for Women?

On Intercollegiate Competition for Women

On Intercollegiate Competition for Women

Competition for Women in American Colleges and Universities: Report of the Committee on Competition of the National Association of Physical Education for College Women

Competition for Women in American Colleges and Universities: Report of the Committee on Competition of the National Association of Physical Education for College Women