Compatible Blood Research Articles

Cibinetide Protects Isolated Human Islets in a Stressful Environment and Improves Engraftment in the Perspective of Intra Portal Islet Transplantation

During intra-portal pancreatic islet transplantation (PITx), innate immune reactions such as the instant blood mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) cause an immediate loss of islets. The non-hematopoietic erythropoietin analogue cibinetide has previously shown islet-protective effects in mouse PITx. Herein, we aimed to confirm cibinetide’s efficacy on human islets, and to characterize its effect on IBMIR. We cultured human islets with pro-inflammatory cytokines for 18 hours with or without cibinetide. ATP content and caspase 3/7 activity were measured. Dynamic glucose perfusion assay was used to evaluate islet function. To evaluate cibinetides effect on IBMIR, human islets were incubated in heparinized polyvinyl chloride tubing system with ABO compatible blood and rotated for 60 minutes to mimic the portal vein system. Moreover, human islets were transplanted into athymic mice livers via the portal vein with or without perioperative cibinetide treatment. The mice were sacrificed six days following transplantation and the livers were analyzed for human insulin and serum for human C-peptide levels. Histological examination of recipient livers to evaluate islet graft infiltration by CD11b+ cells was performed. Our results show that cibinetide maintained human islet ATP levels and reduced the caspase 3/7 activity during culture with pro-inflammatory cytokines and improved their insulin secreting capacity. In the PVC loop system, administration of cibinetide reduced the IBMIR-induced platelet consumption. In human islet to athymic mice PITx, cibinetide treatment showed an increased amount of human insulin in the livers and higher serum human C-peptide, while histological examination of the livers showed reduced infiltration of pro-inflammatory CD11b+ cells around islets grafts compared to the controls. In summary, Cibinetide protected isolated human islets in a pro-inflammatory milieu and reduced IBMIR related platelet consumption. It improved engraftment of human islets in athymic mice. The study confirms that cibinetide is a promising agent to be used in clinical PITx.

Ethical Issues and Management of Fetal Hemolytic Anemia Caused by Anti-Rh17 in a Multipara with Rare –D– Phenotype

Background: The development of allo-anti-Rh17 (anti-Hr0) in a –D– phenotype whose red blood cells (RBCs) lack CcEe antigens is most likely triggered by transfusion, transplantation, or pregnancy. Gene conversion is the predominating factor in generating RHD-CE-D and RHCE-D-CE hybrids like –D–. Methods: We report here immunohematological and obstetrical data from 2 of the 5 pregnancies of a 24-year-old woman presenting with the –D– phenotype with anti-Rh17. Blood group typing, antibody screening, antibody differentiation, direct antiglobulin test (DAT), and antibody titers were performed by routine gel technology and tube testing. Additionally, molecular genetic analysis was performed. Fetal surveillance was done by sonographic evaluation of the fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA-PSV). Results: Blood group typing showed O, C-c-D+E-e- and the DAT was negative. DNA sequencing revealed homozygosity for an RHCE-D(3–9)-CE null allele. Anti-Rh17 titers in the fourth pregnancy remained between 1:8 and 1:128, and no signs for a fetal anemia were observed. However, in the fifth pregnancy, the antibody titers increased up to 1:4,096. Signs of moderate fetal anemia were detected and cesarean section was performed at 34 + 6 weeks of gestation. The newborn presented with hemolytic anemia (cord blood hemoglobin [Hb] = 8.5 mg/dL). She received 2 compatible (small) packed RBC concentrates, phototherapy, and intravenous immunoglobulins. Conclusion: Our case shows that the risk for hemolytic complications increases with the number of pregnancies of sensitized women. Only people who also lack CcEe antigens are compatible as donors. The role of such rare donors as lifesavers, their freedom, and voluntariness conflict with the urgent need for compatible blood.

Directed Donation: Special Considerations and Review for Contemporary Clinical Practices.

Background: Directed blood donation is defined as the donation of blood or its components for the purpose of transfusion into a specified individual. Directed blood donation holds historic significance, and although practices as of 2021 encourage voluntary, nonrenumerated blood donations, public interest in directed donation remains. Requests to discuss the risks and benefits of directed donations are a common inquiry for transfusion medicine, transplant, and hematology/oncology professionals. This narrative review discusses the history of directed donation and summarizes directed donation considerations in the context of modern transfusion practices.Methods: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed for published literature on the topic of directed blood donation and gathered information about its benefits and potential harms with respect to the variety of products used in transfusion medicine.Results: The drawbacks of directed donation include transfusion-transmitted infection risk, alloimmunization risk, increased transfusion-associated graft vs host disease risk, decreased expediency in treatment, and increased administrative burdens. However, a role remains for directed blood donation in specific patient populations, such as individuals with rare blood types or immunoglobulin A deficiencies, because of the difficulties in finding compatible blood for transfusion.Conclusion: Clinicians should consider the risks and benefits when discussing directed blood donations with patients and family members.

Genotyping of Eight Human Platelet Antigen Systems in Serbian Blood Donors: Foundation for Platelet Apheresis Registry

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the allele and genotype frequencies of 8 human platelet antigen (HPA) systems among blood donors from the Blood Transfusion Institute of Serbia and to compare them with published studies. These data would be useful to establish the basis for a platelet apheresis donor registry. Material and Methods: Seventy-two unrelated male platelet apheresis/blood donors from Serbia were typed for 8 HPA systems (HPA-1 to HPA-6, HPA-9, and HPA-15) via the FluoGene method, based on polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific amplification (PCR-SSP; PCR using sequence-specific primers) with fluorometric signal detection. Allele and genotype frequencies were estimated by direct counting and compared to the expected genotype frequencies according to the Hardy-Weinberg principle. The transfusion mismatch probability was calculated for every HPA specificity. Results: The allele frequencies were: HPA-1a, 0.868; HPA-1b, 0.132; HPA-2a, 0.917; HPA-2b, 0.083; HPA-3a, 0.611; HPA-3b, 0.389; HPA-5a, 0.903; HPA-5b, 0.097; HPA-9a, 0.993; HPA-9b, 0.007; HPA-15a, 0.472; and HPA-15b, 0.528. For HPA-4 and HPA-6 only allele a was detected. Discussion: The HPA allele frequencies of European populations showed no significant differences in comparison with our results. Statistically significant differences were revealed in comparison with some populations of non-European origin. In the tested donors no HPA-2 bb genotype was detected, but we found 1 donor with the rare HPA-9b allele. The biggest transfusion mismatch probability in the Serbian population is for systems HPA-15 (37.4%) and HPA-3 (36.2%), which means that more than a third of random transfusions could cause mismatch in these systems. This study was enabled by the introduction of molecular HPA typing, and it provides initial results of the HPA allele and genotype frequencies in the population of blood donors in Serbia. They will be used to provide a compatible blood supply on demand for treating patients with alloimmune thrombocytopenic disorders. The successful implementation of PCR-SSP with fluorometric signal detection could be further complemented in the future by the introduction of high-throughput methods, which will largely depend on the available financial resources.

ABO, RH, and KEL1 Antigens, Phenotypes and Haplotypes in Southwestern Saudi Arabia.

Over the past years, the vast majority of blood grouping research in Saudi Arabia has been noted to be mainly focusing on ABO and D antigens. Consequently, knowledge on other clinically significant antigens regarding the RH and KEL blood group systems is required. Therefore, an experimental study using serotyping of ABO antigens, five main antigens (D, C, c, E and e) of the RH blood group system and the KEL1 antigen of the KEL blood group system will be carried out. A total number of 3,563 blood samples obtained from Saudi volunteer blood donors in Jazan Province were investigated. The following antigens were included in this study: A, B, AB, O, and D type (D VI) and C, c, E, e, and KEL1 antigens. Moreover, RH phenotypes and haplotypes were also determined. Serological analysis was performed using ID System gel cards. DiaClon ABO/D + Reverse grouping and DiaClon Rh subgroups + K were used. Statistical analysis was used to determine the frequency of all antigens, phenotypes, and RH haplotypes. Regarding the ABO blood group system, observations were as follows: A, 29.44%; B, 10.44%; AB, 1.15%; and O, 58.97%. Antigens of RH blood group systems demonstrated as follows: D, 93.32%; C, 70.97%; E, 18.91%; c, 75.38% and e, 97.95%. The frequency of KEL1 antigen is 4.54%. The frequencies of RH haplotypes are as follows: Dce, 0.0078; DCe, 0.4723; DcE, 0.2736; DCE, 0.0051; dce, 0.2410; dCe, 0; dcE, 0.0001; and dCE, 0. We established the frequencies of ABO, RH, and KEL1 antigens in Jazan Province of Saudi Arabia. In addition, RH phenotypes and haplotypes were determined. This blood donor screening may help provide compatible blood units for transfusion and patient safety. Therefore, this might be recommended to other provinces of Saudi Arabia to investigate the prevalence of these antigens for better transfusion practice.

The Screening and Identification of Atypical Red Cell Antibodies by Simultaneous LISS/Coombs and NaCl/Enzyme Gel Methods Prior to Blood Transfusion

Background: In this retrospective study, we measured the frequency of unexpected antibodies in the blood by Nacl/enzyme gel method or LISS/Coombs method and compared the result and frequency of identification in patients with a history of gestation or blood transfusion. Aims and Objectives: To detect unexpected/atypical red cell antibodies by simultaneous LISS/Coombs and NacL/enzyme gel methods prior to blood transfusion. Materials and Methods: Atypical antibody screening has done in all patients with the history of recurrent blood transfusion or history of gestation by commercially available red cell panel (ID–Dia panel, Diamed–ID Micro Typing System). Results: A total of 30 patients were screened for the presence of atypical antibody. Out of 30 patients, 1 (3.33%) patient showed the presence of alloantibody in the serum. The alloantibody identified was of anti-Lewis system. Conclusion: Screening for the presence of alloantibodies in patients is important to provide compatible blood and avoid adverse transfusion reactions.

A case of hyperhaemolysis syndrome in a pregnant Chinese woman with β‐thalassemia during perinatal transfusion

To report a case of hyperhaemolysis syndrome (HHS) that occurred during perinatal blood transfusion in a pregnant Chinese woman with β-thalassemia to deepen the understanding of HHS and the risk of transfusion therapy for patients with thalassemia. Most HHS cases occur in people with sickle cell disease. So far, no cases of HHS have been reported in the Chinese population. Here, we report a pregnant Chinese women with β-thalassemia experiencing HHS. The patient received ABO- and RhD-matched red blood cell transfusion from six blood donors in four perinatal transfusions. Haemoglobinuria and lower haemoglobin levels compared to those before transfusion were observed after each transfusion, and the lactate dehydrogenase was consistently elevated. The blood samples were collected at different time points during the hospitalisation for direct antiglobulin test (DAT), antibody screening test and acid elution test. The antigens of six blood donors were identified, and the cross-matching tests were repeated using the blood sample of the patient with specific irregular antibodies after the last transfusion. The DAT of the patient was negative for anti-IgG and positive (1+) for anti-C3d, and no red blood cell antibodies were detected in the eluent before, between and after transfusions. Before and between transfusions, blood samples were negative for red blood cell irregular antibodies, whereas IgM anti-P1 and IgG anti-Jka were detected in blood samples the next day after the last transfusion. In the six donors, two were negative for P1 and Jka , one was positive for P1 and negative for Jka , and three were negative for P1 and positive for Jka . The tentative cross-matching tests using the indirect antiglobulin method in saline showed that only agglutination occurred in the blood samples of the patient collected after last transfusion and the three Jka -positive blood donors. The clinical manifestations and laboratory test results suggested that HHS occurred in this patient with β-thalassemia after each transfusion. Clinicians should be aware that HHS can occur with compatible blood transfusion.

Donation testing and transfusion transmissible infections

Donation testing and transfusion transmissible infections

Experimental Competitive Bone Marrow Transplant Assays.

Hematopoietic stem cells have the ability to produce all blood cells. When hematological malignancies occur, transplant of compatible blood or bone marrow cells from a healthy donor to the patient is an efficient solution to restore normal hematopoiesis. Bone marrow transplant in a mouse model is often used to study HSC function and capacity to repopulate an irradiated recipient. This protocol details the different steps of a competitive bone marrow transplant experiment, beginning with total body irradiation of the recipient mice; preparation and administration of the donor and competitor bone marrow samples; peripheral blood analysis to follow reconstitution posttransplant; and finally, the analysis of recipient bone marrow and secondary transplants to evaluate long-term HSC function. Different formulas used to establish transplant efficiency are explained. All the steps are discussed in detail, including tips, variations, and alternative procedures with their advantages and disadvantages.

Genotyping of blood groups in alloimmunized patients with β-thalassemia major by T-ARMS-PCR and multiplex-aso-pcr

IntroductionBeta-thalassemia major is a severe hemolytic anemia requiring life-long blood transfusion. Planned random donor blood transfusion is associated with alloimmunization against incompatible antigens. Determination of the minor blood group systems phenotype or genotype, and administration of the compatible blood components can significantly reduce the rate of alloimmunization.The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of alloimmunization, and genotype/phenotype characteristics of the minor blood groups systems in patients with β-thalassemia major. Material and methodsThis study was conducted on 1147 β-thalassemia major patients. Initially, antibody screening and antibody identification were performed. Then, phenotyping and genotyping for the Rh, Kell, Kidd, and Duffy blood groups were done in alloimmunized patients using monoclonal antibodies and Multiplex-Allele Specific Oligonucleotide-Polymerase Chain Reaction (Multiplex-ASO-PCR) and Tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system–PCR (T-ARMS-PCR), respectively. Any phenotype/genotype discrepancy was assessed by direct sequencing. ResultsNinety-seven (8.5 %) out of 1147 patients had alloantibodies against the minor blood group antigens (44 males, 45.4 %, and 53 female, 54.6 %). The most common alloantibodies were against the RH (n: 47, 48.5 %), and the Kell (n: 23, 23.7 %) blood groups systems. Twenty-three (2.1 %) genotype/phenotype discrepancies out of 1067 tests, including 9 in the Rh (9.3 %), 8 in Duffy (34.8 %), and 6 in Kidd (26.1 %) blood groups were detected. No discrepancy was found in the Kell blood group system. Direct sequencing revealed that the results of molecular methods were correct. ConclusionMultiplex-ASO-PCR and T-ARMS-PCR molecular methods are fast, reliable and cost-benefit molecular methods for the minor blood group genotyping in multi-transfused β-thalassemia major patients.

Genotyping analysis of the MNS blood group system of thalassemia patients with alloantibodies in Iran

BackgroundSerological methods are unreliable for accurate determination of blood group antigens in multi-transfused thalassemia patients. The MNS blood group system has five high-frequency antigens. Many studies demonstrated that some antibodies including anti-S, anti-s, and anti-U may cause acute and delayed transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. This study aimed to determine the genotype of the MNS blood group in thalassemia patients with alloantibodies by molecular methods. Material and methodsIn this study, 104 blood samples from thalassemia patients were collected. The blood group phenotype for M, N, S and s antigens was determined by the tube hemagglutination method. MNS blood group genotyping was performed using PCR-SSP and DNA Sequencing methods. ResultsAll patients were genotyped with a total of 6 pairs of primers. Discrepancies between genotype and phenotype were observed in 22 patients with S/s alleles and 2 patients with M/N alleles, however, there was full accordance between the results of SSP-PCR and DNA sequencing. The frequency of MNS blood group alleles was determined as follows: 25 % MNSs, 23 % MNss, 21 % MMSs, 9% MMSS, 9% MMss, 8% NNss, 2%MNSS, and NNSS, NNSs, MM genotypes at 1% each. ConclusionIn conclusion, molecular genotyping is more reliable than serological methods in multiple transfusion patients and can lead to a more compatible blood unit for transfusion in these patients.

PREVALENCE OF IRREGULAR RED CELLANTIBODIES IN HEALTHY BLOOD DONORS ATTENDING A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN SOUTH INDIA

Introduction: Red cell antibodies that are found normally in human serum are considered naturally occurring and those are anti A and anti B. All other antibodies directed against RBC antigens are considered “unexpected or irregular". Aim: This study is aimed to evaluate the prevalence of the anti-red blood cell antibodies among healthy blood donors. Material and Methods: Antibody screening and identification was done using commercially available 3 cell and 11 cell reagent cells (0.8% Surgiscreen, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics Limited, USA and Low ionic Strength Saline Ortho Bliss with AHG Cassettes) in antihuman globulin phase. Results: A total of 36,684 donors were screened for the presence of irregular erythrocyte antibodies. Among these donors, twenty donors showed presence of alloantibodies in their serum (0.054%). Most frequent alloantibodies identified were from Lewis blood group system. The results showed statistically a higher prevalence of RBC alloantibodies in males than in females. Conclusion: Screening for presence of alloantibodies in donor blood is important to provide compatible blood products and to avoid transfusion reactions.

Two Patients Found to Have Anti-E Antibodies during Emergency Surgery Who Suffered Due to Inability to Quickly Secure Compatible Blood

Two Patients Found to Have Anti-E Antibodies during Emergency Surgery Who Suffered Due to Inability to Quickly Secure Compatible Blood

Regional Report on Organ Transplantation in Trinidad and Tobago.

Regional Report on Organ Transplantation in Trinidad and Tobago.

A day in the life of a biomedical scientist

Andrew Paluszkiewicz is a biomedical scientist at Nottingham University Hospital Trust (NUH) working in the haematology and blood transfusion departments, which provides a 24/7 service to patients. The two departments perform a vast array of routine and specialized tests to aid the monitoring and diagnosis of conditions such as anaemia, leukaemia, sickle cell disease, haemophilia and other bleeding and clotting conditions, while also providing compatible blood components and products. This is achieved by identifying patients’ blood groups and detecting and identifying clinically significant antibodies that could cause a transfusion reaction, and potentially death, if incompatible units are transfused.

Importância das técnicas imunohematológicas no processo de hemotransfusão

A Terapia Transfusional resulta na transfusão de componentes específicos do sangue, dos quais o paciente necessita repor, opondo-se a utilização de sangue total. Este procedimento visa o beneficio de vários pacientes, e a otimização dos estoques dos bancos de sangue. A presença de anticorpos antieritrocitários no soro de pacientes podem ocasionar reações hemolíticas. É extremamente necessária a identificação desses anticorpos para a busca de hemocomponentes compatíveis e consequentemente a prevenção de reações transfusionais. O objetivo deste trabalho é de descrever a importância das técnicas imunohematológicas pré transfusionais no processo de transfusão de hemocomponentes. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica de caráter qualitativo que se baseia na produção científica a partir de estudos já publicados. A decisão de transfundir um paciente deve considerar os riscos e benefícios e avaliar se há realmente necessidade de uma hemotransfusão. A avaliação ocorre através dos valores de hemoglobina (para transfusões de concentrado de hemácias) e valores de plaquetas (para transfusões de concentrado de plaquetas) e os aspectos clínicos do paciente. A introdução de testes laboratoriais e uma melhor triagem dos doadores reduziram significativamente as taxas de mortalidade e riscos de infecções relacionadas a este procedimento e as complicações mais frequentes atualmente são relacionadas a causas não infecciosas. Pacientes que realizam transfusões sanguíneas com frequência podem sensibilizar-se, produzindo aloanticorpos, devido à presença de antígenos antieritrocitários presentes nas bolsas de sangue transfundidas. Esses pacientes apresentam um risco maior no desenvolvimento de reações transfusionais, por isso, a importância das técnicas imunohematológicas pré transfusionais que tem como função principal rastrear a presença de anticorpos irregulares nos receptores e encontrar bolsas compatíveis para a hemotransfusão, diminuindo o risco de reações transfusionais e aumentando a segurança do paciente.

Main erythrocyte antigens involved in the alloimmunization process

Erythrocyte alloimmunization occurs when an individual produces antibodies to antigens on the donor's red blood cell, which the immune system identifies as a foreign element to the organism. It represents one of the greatest risks faced by patients undergoing transfusion therapy, reducing the possibility of finding compatible red blood cells in future transfusions. The immune system of the human being has the ability to recognize what is proper to its genome from what is not proper, being able to stimulate an immune reaction against foreign substances. Upon contact with different antigens present in the donor red blood cell, the recipient of the blood may trigger an immune response by generating antibodies against nonself antigens due to sensitization, such as post-pregnancy or primary transfusion, which may trigger lysis of transfused red blood cells. Exposure to large numbers of nonself antigens may lead to the formation of alloantibodies causing intra- or extravascular haemolytic transfusion reaction. Polytransfused patients are more likely to develop alloantibodies, approximately 1% for each transfused unit. This percentage may be higher in sickle cell patients (36%), thalassemia patients (10%) and people with myelo and lymphoproliferative diseases (9%).

Intrapartum Management of Sickle Cell Anemia With Rare Antibody and Minimal Blood Availability

Sickle cell disease (SCD) can pose serious maternal and fetal risk in pregnancy. Transfusion, both during and outside of pregnancy, can improve patient morbidity and mortality but carries risk of alloimmunization, complicating future management. This case describes a 29-year-old gravida 1, para 0 woman with sickle cell anemia and rare red blood cell alloantibody (anti-Rh46) who presented with severe vaso-occlusive crisis at 29 weeks with hemoglobin of 7.6 g/dL. Only one unit of compatible blood existed in the country. Planning for transfusion with least-incompatible blood was made. She ultimately underwent cesarean section at 31 weeks and 2 days for abnormal fetal testing. This case highlights that blood products should be utilized judiciously because their adverse effects, like alloimmunization, can increase patient morbidity and mortality. J Med Cases. 2020;11(6):157-159 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3479

Utilising red cell antigen genotyping and serological phenotyping in sickle cell disease patients to risk-stratify patients for alloimmunisation risk.

Alloimmunisation and haemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) can occur in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) despite providing phenotype-matched red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. Variant RBC antigen gene alleles/polymorphisms can lead to discrepancies in serological phenotyping. We evaluated differences between RBC antigen genotyping and phenotyping methods and retrospectively assessed if partial antigen expression may lead to increased risk of alloimmunisation and HTRs in SCD patients at a tertiary centre in Canada. RBC antigen phenotyping and genotyping were performed by a reference laboratory on consenting SCD patients. Patient demographic, clinical and transfusion-related data were obtained from a local transfusion registry and chart review after research ethics board approval. A total of 106 SCD patients were enrolled, and 91% (n = 96) showed additional clinically relevant genotyping information when compared to serological phenotyping alone. FY*02N.01 (FY*B GATA-1) (n = 95; 90%) and RH variant alleles (n = 52, 49%; majority accompanied by FY*02N.01) were common, the latter with putative partial antigen expression in 25 patients. Variability in genotype-phenotype antigen prediction occurred mostly in the Rh system, notably with the e antigen (kappa: 0.17). Fifteen (14.2%) patients had a history of alloimmunisation, with five having HTR documented; no differences in clinical outcomes were found in patients with partial antigen expression. Genotype/extended-phenotype matching strategies may have prevented alloimmunisation events. We show a high frequency of variant alleles/polymorphisms in the SCD population, where genotyping may complement serological phenotyping. Genotyping SCD patients before transfusion may prevent alloimmunisation and HTRs, and knowledge of the FY*02N.01 variant allele increases feasibility of finding compatible blood.

Erythrocyte Phenotyping in ABO, RH and Kell Blood Group Systems in the Donor and Recipient of Blood Products at the Yaounde University and Hospital Center

In order to prevent post transfusion alloimmunization, it is essential to give recipients compatible blood products. However in countries with limited income, blood grouping is limited to the ABO system and to the D antigen of the Rhesus system; however, there are other immunogenic antigens such as C, c, E, e and K to name a few. This should be the reason why a retrospective study by Tayou et al. at the blood bank of the University Hospital Center (CHU) of Yaoundé in 2009 on the erythrocyte phenotype in the donor and recipient of blood product only reported to us that data relate to the erythrocyte blood group system ABO and the Rh 1 antigen. We therefore found it expedient to carry out erythrocyte phenotyping in the ABO, RH and KELL blood group systems in the donor and recipient of blood products at the CHU of Yaoundé.
 A descriptive, transversal and prospective study was carried out at the blood bank of the CHU of Yaoundé over 6 months, from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. It was interested in the donor-recipient couples of blood within which the recipient was a patient hospitalized at the CHU. Laboratory analyses of donor and recipient blood samples have allowed us to have the phenotypes in the ABO, RH, and KELL blood group systems.
 In the ABO system, the phenotypes obtained were 4: A1, A1B, B and O at 27.27%, 2.27%, 13.64% and 56.82% respectively among donors and 31.82%, 2.27%, 13.64% and 52.27% among recipients. In addition, from the Rhesus system, there were 5 phenotypes in donors: D + C + E + c + e +, D + C + E-c + e +, D + C-E + c + e +, D + CE-c + e +, DCE-c + e + respectively at 2.27%, 11.36%, 9.09%, 75.00% and 2.27% and in recipients 4 phenotypes, namely: D + C + E + c + e +, D + C-E + c + e +, D + CE-c + e +, DCE-c + e + at 15.91%, 27.27%, 54.55% and 2.27% respectively. In the KELL system, the K antigen was present in 4.55% of donors and 2.27% of recipients. An antigen supply from the donor to the recipient was evaluated at 6.82% for C, 4.54% for E, 2.27% for K and 2.27% for K, C, E at the same time. This gave us an estimate of the average risk of alloimmunization at 15.9%.
 Erythrocyte phenotyping would therefore be of major benefit during blood transfusion and would considerably prevent the risks of alloimmunization.