Compatibility Factor Research Articles

From lock and key to molecular diplomacy: understanding pollen recognition and discrimination in brassicaceae.

Hybridization barriers in Brassicaceae play a pivotal role in governing reproductive success and maintaining speciation. In this perspective, we highlight recent advances revealing the intricate molecular mechanisms and the interplay among key players governing these barriers. Recent studies have shed light on the molecular mechanisms that govern hybridization barriers in Brassicaceae. The interplay between pollen coat proteins, stigmatic receptors, and signaling peptides plays a crucial role in determining the success of pollination. At the core of this system, autocrine stigmatic RALF peptides (sRALF) maintain the stigmatic barrier by activating the FERONIA (FER) and ANJEA (ANJ) receptor complex, triggering the RAC/ROP-RBOHD pathway and subsequent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. It is now established that incompatible pollen rejection is mediated by two parallel pathways: the FER-RAC/ROP-RBOHD pathway, which generates ROS, and the ARC1-mediated pathway, which degrades compatible factors required for pollen growth. Conversely, compatible pollen overcomes the stigmatic barrier through the action of pollen coat proteins (PCP-B) and paracrine pollen-derived RALF peptides (pRALF), which compete with autocrine sRALF for receptor binding, enabling successful pollen hydration and tube penetration. The "lock-and-key" mechanism involving sRALF and pRALF provides species-specific recognition of compatible pollen. These findings offer valuable insights into the molecular basis of hybridization barriers and open new possibilities for overcoming these barriers in interspecific and intergeneric crosses within Brassicaceae, with potential applications in plant breeding and crop improvement. Future research should focus on elucidating the evolutionary dynamics of these signaling pathways and exploring their manipulation for crop breeding purposes.

On the transition to the use of modern lubricants in systems of energy facilities

The analysis of turbine oils currently in use is given. The classifications for petroleum base oils according to the systems developed at JSC VNIINP and the American Petroleum Institute are presented. The transition from the operation of turbine oils of the first group to more advanced oils obtained on the basis of base oils of the second group and above is justified. The problems that may arise when replacing oils of the first group with modern oils in connection with the processes of mixing energy oils of various formulations are outlined. The mixing process is complicated by the compatibility factors of both the commercial products themselves and the additive compositions used, as well as possible contamination with oil sludge of lubricants in operation and possible contamination with water and mechanical impurities of the new energy oil at the delivery stage. The necessity of analyzing the possibility of mixing is explained both by the compatibility of the energy oils being tested and by the compatibility of the additive package used in them. A list of indicators is presented by which it is possible to judge the possible compatibility of the energy oils under consideration. The results of the compatibility analysis are presented. In modern foreign policy conditions, for the Russian Federation, there is a need to activate Russian developments and provide modern lubricants for a new generation of energy facilities. A possible solution to this issue, developed by the specialists of the NRU MPEI, is presented. A system for the production of oil distillate with subsequent production of base (group III) and commercial oil for high-ash initial coals of the brown coal and early black coal stages of coalification of coal basins closed for development is presented.

In-situ EBSD study of the active slip systems and substructure evolution in a medium-entropy alloy during tensile deformation

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) coupled with in-situ tensile loading is powerful for investigating the microstructural evolution of alloys. Thermo-mechanically treated f.c.c. medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) typically have high densities of annealing twin boundaries (ATBs), which can not only strengthen but also toughen the MEA via interacting with dislocations. However, the evolution of ATBs and other substructures in plastically-deformed MEA has not yet been revealed. Plastic deformation involving dislocation evolution, active slip systems, lattice rotation, boundary transformation, and grain subdivision in a polycrystalline MEA Ni41.4Co23.3Cr23.3Al3Ti3V6 was studied using in-situ EBSD. The slip was accompanied by heterogeneous lattice rotation among grains and within grains, where inhomogeneous plasticity was accommodated by geometrically-necessary dislocations (GNDs). Both GND and low-angled boundaries (LABs) densities substantially increased with progressive strain, which was mainly concentrated in sites approaching ATBs or grain boundaries (GBs). Located stress, lattice rotation, or curvature caused a loss in the coherence of ATBs, which resulted in integrity loss with increasing strain and promoted a decrease in density by 60 %. Further, lattice rotation incompatibility due to constraints from neighboring grains leads to grain fragmentation into various misorientated volumes, which were separated by LABs or high-angle boundaries (HABs). The grain orientation angle increased with progressive strain and crystallographic 〈111〉 orientation gradually spread toward a tensile direction. Slip systems with maximum Schmid factor were activated first at ε ≥ 3.9 %, which is almost the same with experimental slip traces. Both single slip and double slip occurred during plasticity, where straight slip traces tend to curve due to lattice curvature. Slip transfers are not only controlled by geometric compatibility factor, which can occur between some neighboring grains with low geometric compatibility factor but high Schmid factor.

Ascertaining the deformation accommodation of a novel Ti-652 alloy by tracking the evolution of slip traces and lattice strain

The exploration of slip modes in metallic materials during deformation has been long suffered from either insufficient statistical accuracy of slip trace analysis or limited spatial resolution by X-ray diffraction. In this work, a combination of slip trace analysis based on in-situ Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and lattice strain analysis supported by in-situ Synchrotron Radiation High-Energy X-ray Diffraction (SR-HEXRD) was employed to determine the deformation accommodation mechanisms of a new developed Ti-6Al-5Mo-2Sn-0.3Si-0.5 V (Ti-652) alloy. Different from conventional cases, it was surprisingly found that pyramidal (101̅1)α slip is easier to be initiated than prismatic (101̅0)α within α grains, resulting in the dominant slip modes evolving from prismatic <a> to pyramidal I <c+a>. In addition, in-situ EBSD results show that slip can transfer across grain boundary (GB) in counterintuitive situations with low geometric compatibility factor m′ of 0.5, or with GB misorientations in the range of θ≥24.5°, which are contractive to the slip transfer criterion in hcp structures. Further detailed crystallographic analysis revealed that specific slip transferred across GBs with 24.5°≤θ≤60° because of high Schmid Factor (SF) values, while with θ>60° slip transfer occurred by activating another slip systems. The accumulation of multi-mode slip dislocations induced by deformation accommodation with different phases was suggested to promote the formation of sub-GBs within the deformed parent grain. These findings provide insights of the slip behaviors and property tailoring in Ti alloys.

Achieving ZT > 1 in Cu and Ga Co-doped Ag6Ge10P12 with Superior Mechanical Performance and Its Fundamental Physical Properties toward Practical Thermoelectric Device Applications.

Recently, phosphorus-based compounds have emerged as potential candidates for thermoelectric materials. One of the key challenges facing this field is to achieve ZT > 1, which is the benchmark for thermoelectric device applications. In this study, it is demonstrated that the thermoelectric performance of environmentally friendly Ag6Ge10P12 is enhanced by co-doping Cu and Ga. The mechanical properties, coefficient of linear thermal expansion, work function, and compatibility factor are comprehensively clarified to provide guidelines for reliable device applications. The peak and average dimensionless figures of merit of Ag5.85Cu0.15Ge9.875Ga0.125P12 reach 1.04 at 723 K and 0.63 at 300-723 K, respectively, which are the highest values for phosphorus-based thermoelectric materials. The Young's modulus, Vickers microhardness, fracture toughness, and compressive strength of Ag5.85Cu0.15Ge9.875Ga0.125P12 are 132 GPa, 589, 1.23 MPa m1/2, and 219 MPa, respectively, which are superior to those of typical state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials. The remarkable thermoelectric and mechanical performance of Ag5.85Cu0.15Ge9.875Ga0.125P12 mean that it is a promising candidate for medium-temperature thermoelectric conversion. Ti, V, Rh, and Pt are suitable for electrodes without exfoliation under thermal expansion and with ohmic contacts to Ag5.85Cu0.15Ge9.875Ga0.125P12 in terms of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion and work function. Considering that the compatibility factor of Ag5.85Cu0.15Ge9.875Ga0.125P12 is approximately 2.8, half-Heusler, skutterudite, and magnesium silicide-stannide compounds are suitable n-type thermoelectric counterpart materials in thermoelectric devices. These insights will lead to the development of phosphorus-based thermoelectric materials toward practical thermoelectric device applications.

Copper Intercalation Effect on Thermoelectric Performance of Pristine Tin Selenide

AbstractPristine tin selenide (SnSe) and copper (Cu) doped SnSe single crystals are grown by direct vapour transport technique. The energy dispersive X‐ray, X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic analysis of grown crystals show preferred stoichiometry having a single phase othorhombic SnSe. The electrical conductivity of SnSe and Cu doped SnSe are 24.24 and 106.06 S m−1 at 310 K respectively which increase as temperature increases. Carrier concentration of grown single crystals are evaluated by the Hall effect. Lattice thermal conductivity of pristine SnSe is 0.61 W mK−1, that decreased by copper doping to 0.44 W mK−1 at 310 K and for both the crystals it shows decrement as temperature increases to 483 K. Seebeck coefficient of the grown SnSe and Cu doped SnSe are positive and obtained values are 536.44 and 492.90 µV K−1 respectively at 310 K that confirm the p‐type semiconducting nature. Power factor, Figure of merit and thermoelectric compatibility factor of grown pristine SnSe is 0.25 × 108 µV mK−2, 0.005 and 0.02 Volt−1 respectively and shows improvement in Cu doped SnSe, i.e., 0.08 × 108 µV mK−2, 0.017 and 0.07 Volt−1 respectively at 310 K. This shows Cu doping in SnSe makes it an effective thermoelectric device contender.

“Component flow” conditions and its effects on enhancing production of continental medium-to-high maturity shale oil

Based on the production curves, changes in hydrocarbon composition and quantities over time, and production systems from key trial production wells in lacustrine shale oil areas in China, fine fraction cutting experiments and molecular dynamics numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of changes in shale oil composition on macroscopic fluidity. The concept of “component flow” for shale oil was proposed, and the formation mechanism and conditions of component flow were discussed. The research reveals findings in four aspects. First, a miscible state of light, medium and heavy hydrocarbons form within micropores/nanopores of underground shale according to similarity and intermiscibility principles, which make components with poor fluidity suspended as molecular aggregates in light and medium hydrocarbon solvents, such as heavy hydrocarbons, thereby decreasing shale oil viscosity and enhancing fluidity and outflows. Second, small-molecule aromatic hydrocarbons act as carriers for component flow, and the higher the content of gaseous and light hydrocarbons, the more conducive it is to inhibit the formation of larger aggregates of heavy components such as resin and asphalt, thus increasing their plastic deformation ability and bringing about better component flow efficiency. Third, higher formation temperatures reduce the viscosity of heavy hydrocarbon components, such as wax, thereby improving their fluidity. Fourth, preservation conditions, formation energy, and production system play important roles in controlling the content of light hydrocarbon components, outflow rate, and forming stable “component flow”, which are crucial factors for the optimal compatibility and maximum flow rate of multi-component hydrocarbons in shale oil. The component flow of underground shale oil is significant for improving single-well production and the cumulative ultimate recovery of shale oil.

Influences of grain orientation on high-cycle fatigue performance of laser powder bed fused Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si alloy at room temperature and 500℃

The fatigue performance of titanium (Ti) alloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a crucial factor influencing the structural safety in service. The high-cycle fatigue (HCF) of LPBF Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si alloy at the room temperature and 500 °C was tested. Compared with the room-temperature samples, the fatigue strength of fatigue samples tested at 500 °C is reduced by about 55.8 % after 106 fatigue cycles. Crack initiation on the surface is mainly related to fatigue after fewer cycles under high stress, while interior cracks initiate after a longer fatigue life under low stress. Electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) was adopted to characterize the orientations of grains on the crack propagation paths and the activated slip systems. All prismatic oriented grains were found to activate prismatic slip systems, the activation of which achieves symmetric slips surrounding crack tips, forms ductile striations, and increases energy absorption during crack propagation. These characteristics are conducive to improved fatigue performance. About half of the basal oriented grains activate prismatic slip systems. These activated prismatic slip systems not only have a high Schmid factor (SF) but also need to have a high geometrical compatibility factor with slip systems activated by adjacent grains. The residual β phase and α phase are aligned according to the Burgers orientation relationship (BOR), so the β phase does not alter the direction of crack propagation. The results were used to predict the fatigue crack propagation paths in LPBF Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si alloy during loading along building and transverse directions were predicted. This, to some extent, provides a basis for comparing fatigue performance of LPBF Ti alloys in different directions.

In-situ investigation of coordinated deformation behavior of Ti-6242S alloy with duplex microstructure

In this work, the coordinated deformation behavior related to slip activation, slip transfer and microcrack growth of Ti-6242S alloy with duplex microstructure was investigated through the in-situ tensile testing. It was found that the deformation process of duplex microstructure can be divided into three stages: slip deformation, the formation of slip band and microcrack nucleation, crack propagation and fracture. And single slip was the dominant slip mode, and multiple slip was the auxiliary slip mode. During the initial tensile stage, the slip lines appearing within colony α were shallower than those within primary α owing to the hindering of α/β interface. The slips penetrated across the entire colony region by straight line. This was because there existed a Burgers orientation relationship between lamellar α and β layer, and the orientation of lamellar α was similar. Meanwhile, the common crystal plane between adjacent grains can still provide good condition for slip transfer when the grain boundary was greater than 15°. Moreover, the slip transfer between adjacent slip systems was more prone to occur when there existed good geometric compatibility and high Schmid factor of exit slip system, which provided coordinated deformation between adjacent grains and avoided stress concentration. However, due to the existence of incompatible deformation, the cracks were generated at the stress concentration areas and then grew along the grain boundary or localized slip band.

Analisis Produktivitas Alat Gali Muat dan Alat Angkut Pada Pengupasan Lapisan Tanah Penutup (Overburden) Di Pt. Cahaya Riau Mandiri Kabupaten Lahat Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

PT Cahaya Riau Mandiri is a company engaged in coal mining that operates in Lahat Regency, South Sumatra Province with an open pit mining system. PT Cahaya Riau Mandiri has a production target of 70,000 tons/month in one shift. The purpose of this study is to determine the actual production of excavating and hauling equipment and the compatibility factor in coal mining, knowing the obstacles to effective working time in overcoming work obstacles that can be avoided so that loss time can be reduced and the resulting production can be achieved according to the company's target. The research method used in this research is quantitative and the stages in the preparation of this writing start from literature study, field observation, field data collection, data processing, data analysis, discussion and conclusions and suggestions. Based on the research and calculations that have been carried out, it is obtained that the actual production of the Liugong CLG952E excavator digging and loading equipment is 46. 522, 30 tons / month and the Iveco 682 dump truck conveyance is 44. 525, 25 tons / month with a compatibility factor of 0, 56. The strategy that can be done in increasing production is to improve work barriers, filling factors, tool compatibility and circulation time by using the basic work reference from the company. After improving the work of the Liugong CLG952E excavator and Iveco 682 dump truck transport equipment, the production of the Liugong CLG952E excavator increased from 46. 522, 30 tons / month to 70. 068, 54 tons / month and the Iveco 682 dump truck transport equipment increased from 44. 525, 25 tons / month to 70. 048, 21 tons/month.

Stored energy density solution for TSV-Cu structure deformation under thermal cyclic loading based on PINN

TSV-Cu is widely used for chip interconnects, where high testing costs and complex crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) limit the research of its deep microplastic evolution process. Considering the stored energy density (SED) based on dislocation density and plastic work as a fatigue indicator factor (FIP), this paper proposes for the first time a physics-informed neural network (PINN) framework based on SED, which aims to achieve the solution of SED distributions quickly and efficiently to save computational time and cost. The grain orientation, geometrical compatibility factor, back stress, and effective plastic strain are taken into account as inputs to the PINN model. The total dislocation density is used as an indirect solution variable to construct the associated loss boundary terms, which results in the solution of the SED. The results of the two real EBSD tests show that the PINN model is able to accurately and sensitively predict the SED concentration distribution for different thermal cycle loadings, and maintains a high degree of agreement with the CPFE calculation results. Moreover, The superiority of PINN over other machine learning algorithms in terms of physical model interpretation and prediction accuracy is verified. These make it a reality for PINN to solve for the FIP distribution for the first time, and to accurately and quickly predict the location of crack initiation.

Tailoring thermoelectric performance of n-type Bi2Te3 through defect engineering and conduction band convergence

Bi2Te3, an archetypical tetradymite, is recognised as a thermoelectric (TE) material of potential application around room temperature. However, large energy gap (ΔEc ) between the light and heavy conduction bands results in inferior TE performance in pristine bulk n-type Bi2Te3. Herein, we propose enhancement in TE performance of pristine n-type Bi2Te3 through purposefully manipulating defect profile and conduction band convergence mechanism. Two n-type Bi2Te3 samples, S1 and S2, are prepared by melting method under different synthesis condition. The structural as well as microstructural evidence of the samples are obtained through powder x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopic study. Optothermal Raman spectroscopy is utilized for comprehensive study of temperature dependent phonon vibrational modes and total thermal conductivity ( κ ) of the samples which further validates the experimentally measured thermal conductivity. The Seebeck coefficient value is significantly increased from 235 μVK−1 (sample S1) to 310 μVK−1 (sample S2). This is further justified by conduction band convergence, where ΔEc is reduced from 0.10 eV to 0.05 eV, respectively. To verify the band convergence, the double band Pisarenko model is employed. Large power factor (PF) of 2190 μWm−1K−2 and lower κ value leading to ZT of 0.56 at 300 K is gained in S2. The obtained PF and ZT value are among the highest values reported for pristine n-type bulk Bi2Te3. In addition, appreciable value of TE quality factor and compatibility factor (2.7 V−1) at room temperature are also achieved, indicating the usefulness of the material in TE module.

Hybrid Machine Learning Approach for predicting E-wallet Adoption among Higher Education Students in Malaysia

In today’s digitised world, e-wallets have been sprouting thick and fast in Malaysia as they contribute significantly to expediting onlinetransactions. The E-wallet system is not only a mechanism for businesses to acquire profit but is also one of the most secure paymentoptions for customers, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the adoption of e-wallets among higher education students remains unfavourable, eliciting only minimal response. This study aims to analyse higher education students’ adoption of e-wallets using a hybrid machine learning method, combining clustering and decision trees. This approach provides deep insights into user behaviour, improving prediction accuracy and enabling personalised strategies for enhanced user experiences. It profiles and classifies students based on demographics and traits such as age, year of study, gender, frequency of use, future use intention, lifestyle compatibility, perceived trust, risk perception, convenience, and security factors. The analysis reveals the segmentation of the dataset into four distinct clusters, each characterised by shared attributes. These clusters are subsequently labelled descriptively and incorporated into the dataset. The dataset, now enriched with cluster information, serves as the foundation for constructing a decision tree model. The outcome of the decision tree indicates that Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 are hesitant towards e-payment. In contrast, Cluster 1 and Cluster 4 are more receptive despite security concerns, as e-wallets offer convenience despite lacking full trust, with security being a prominent concern amidst rising cyber threats. This study helps the Malaysian government and service providers promote cashless transactions and shape students’ financial independence based on their traits.

A Study of {10-12} Twinning Activity Associated with Stress State in Mg-3Al-1Zn Alloy during Compression

An eight-sided prism sample, obtained from a hot-rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet, was compressed at room temperature along the transverse direction to investigate the influence of local strain on twinning behavior using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements, hardness distribution, and metallographic observations. The octagonal surface of the sample was divided into distinct regions based on hardness distribution and metallographic observations. Combined analysis of the Schmid factor (SF) and the strain compatibility factor (m’) was employed to study twin variant selection. Basal on SF ratio distribution, the Schmid factor criterion, can predict over 75% of observed twin variants in regions A and D (normal stress samples). In contrast, 64% of twin variant selection behavior in region C (shear stress sample) can be effectively explained using a pure shear model. Twin variants with high strain compatibility factors may prefer activation to reduce stress concentration. The strain compatibility factor is more appropriate than the Schmid factor for analyzing the effect of local strain on the selection behavior of twin variants.

Virtual reality-based online learning system adoption: a research framework and empirical study

PurposeVirtual reality (VR) offers unprecedented immersion and interactivity in education, and working and learning from home have become the norm during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study empirically investigated the factors affecting the use of a VR online learning system (VROLS).Design/methodology/approachTo explore factors affecting users’ continuance behavioral intentions toward using VROLSs, a research framework was formed comprising factors that constitute benefits (i.e. pull factors) and costs (i.e. push factors); these factors included perceived value, flow and social influence. The data for this study were collected via online survey questionnaires. A total of 307 valid responses were used to examine the hypotheses in the research model, employing structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques.FindingsPerceived value, flow experience and the number of peers using VR primarily affect the decision to adopt a VROLS. The pull factors of spatial presence, entertainment and service compatibility, along with the push factors of complexity and visual fatigue, affect perceived value. Therefore, we conclude that perceived value is a primary factor positively influencing both flow experience and the decision to adopt the service.Originality/valueThis study contributes to a theoretical understanding of factors that explain users’ intention to use VROLSs.

Analysis of strain localization and slip transfer based on composite Schmid factor in TA19 titanium alloy

The correlation between slip behavior and strain localization was investigated through in-situ tensile experiment. The relationship between slip transfer and crystallographic orientation was analyzed using the composite Schmid factor (CSF), where CSF=mout+minm' (min and mout represent the Schmid factor (SF) of incoming and outgoing slip systems, respectively, m' is the geometric compatibility factor). The results show that for adjacent equiaxed α (αeq) grains without slip transfer, it will induce significant strain localization around αeq/αeq grain boundary due to the accumulation of massive dislocations on grain boundary. The initiation of secondary slip in αeq grain would exacerbate strain localization within the grain, as it promotes the dislocation pile-ups and entanglement. The slip behavior is largely related to the crystallographic orientation of the two adjacent αeq grains. Based on statistical analyses, for slip transfer, the slip system with the largest CSF is more likely to act as an easily initiated outgoing slip system. It can be attributed to that the CSF could reflect the synergistic effect of applied stress and the local shear stress induced by incoming slip system on the slip transfer behavior. However, with the increase of strain, some outgoing slip systems without the largest CSF can also be initiated, which may be associated with the complicated local stress state induced by the initiation of slip systems in multiple adjacent αeq grains before the initiation of outgoing slip system.

Analysis of the crack initiation and short crack propagation of laser cladding IN718 enduring fretting fatigue at 650 ℃

In order to reveal the behaviors of crack initiation and short fatigue crack propagation in laser cladding IN718 under high temperature conditions, very high cycle fretting fatigue (VHCFF) experiments were conducted at 650 ℃ with a transverse clamping force of P=400N and different axial stress loading conditions to obtain S_N data. The surface wear morphology and fracture morphology characteristics were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and white light interferometer. Additionally, the microstructure characteristics of grains in the short fatigue crack region were examined through electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD). Parameters such as equivalent grain size, grain elastic modulus, Schmid factor, geometric compatibility factor, twist angle, and tilt angle were considered in the analysis of the characteristics of fatigue crack initiation and propagation. The results indicate that fretting fatigue cracks tend to initiate on grains with higher Schmid factors, larger equivalent grain size, and lower grain elastic modulus on the fretting contact surface. Moreover, the short fatigue cracks tend to propagate along the grains with the microstructural features of the high Schmid factor, the geometric compatibility factor of m′>0.4, the twist angle of α<50°, and the tilt angle of β<50°.

A data-driven model on the thermal transfer mechanism of composite phase change materials

Phase change materials (PCMs) that are incorporated with highly conductive nanomaterials to fabricate composite phase change materials (CPCMs), received much focus as a promising energy strategy for latent heat storage and conversion systems, due to their excellent thermophysical properties such as oxidation resistance and large enthalpies of fusion. However, the correct prediction of the thermal conductivity of these CPCMs remains deficient, mainly due to the lack of knowledge on the microscopic heat transfer mechanisms between the nanofiller and matrix interphase. Herein, a data-driven, modified Maxwell model is proposed to determine the thermal conductivity of these CPCMs, using milled carbon fiber (MCF)-reinforced PCMs as validation. This new model incorporates the aspect ratio and morphology smoothness of MCFs and introduces compatibility factors for different types of PCM matrices, which are paraffin and polyethylene glycol (PEG) respectively. At filler loadings above 15 wt%, the theoretical model gave poorer forecasts (with an average prediction error of 0.075) due to the random agglomeration of MCF nanoparticles, which can obstruct the phonon pathway. Regardless, this model accurately estimated the thermal conductivities of MCF/PCMs up to 9 wt% and 11 wt% MCF loading, with percentage fit values being 0.983 and 0.996 for PEG and paraffin systems, respectively. This model also eliminates the limitations of existing models, that were only suitable for composites with low filler loadings (<5 wt%). Hence, this work provides a vital prediction guide for the thermal conductivity of commercial CPCMs.

Revealing the mechanism of ductility discrepancy between two 2205 duplex stainless steels containing layered and island austenite through in-situ experiment

A notable discrepancy in tensile ductility was observed between two 2205 duplex stainless steels (DSS) containing layered and island-like austenite microstructures. The deformation behavior of both DSS 2205 was compared through in-situ Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques. The results indicated that the microscopic deformation mechanism for both DSS 2205 was governed by dislocation slip. The observed tensile ductility disparity was attributed to differences in dislocation slip behavior. In DSS 2205 with island austenite, slip transfer and blocking across grain boundaries occurred simultaneously, which was determined by the geometrical compatibility factor (m') calculations of adjacent ferrite and austenite grains. This intensified plastic inhomogeneities and promoted non-Schmid dislocation slip behavior. While in layered austenite of DSS 2205, the activation of slip system strictly adhered to the principle of maximizing the Schmid factor. Multiple slip systems in the ferrite on {110} and {112} planes were activated, inducing cross-slip, which enhanced ductility. The better ductility of DSS 2205 featuring layered austenite compared to the counterpart was further explained by quantitative analysis of geometrically necessary dislocations (GND) distribution in both phases and kernel average misorientation (KAM) values during deformation.

Investigation of active slip modes via in-grain misorientation axis and strain compatibility of TA2 alloy during in-situ tensile deformation

Slip is an important mechanism to coordinate the deformation in metal materials. Grain boundary can hinder slip transfer, thus lead to strain concentration. This work focus on the law of slip coordination deformation, texture evolution and strain compatibility under different strains. Based on the electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique, the in-situ tensile tests of TA2 alloy were carried out at strain of 2 %, 4 % and 6 %, the activate law of slip under different strains was analyzed by the in-grain misorientation axes (IGMA) method and was verified by Schmid factor (SF). The relationship between grain orientation and strain compatibility at grain boundaries was discussed by calculating the geometric compatibility factor (m′). The results show that the multi-system slip coordination deformation at initial deformation, and the prismatic slip dominates the deformation as the increase of strain. The texture is preferentially distributed in the transverse direction (TD) as the deformation proceeds. The strain concentration is mainly related to the lack of effective plastic deformation mechanism to complete strain transfer at grain boundaries.