Comparative Analysis Of Patterns Research Articles

The Evolution of Embryogeny in Seed Plants and the Developmental Origin and Early History of Endosperm

For almost a century, the formation of endosperm from a second and distinctive fertilization event has been viewed as a unique feature of flowering plants. However, until recently, the evolutionary origin of this unique embryo-nourishing entity remained a mystery. Based upon comparative developmental analysis of reproduction among basal angiosperms and their closest extant relatives, the Gnetales (Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia), it is possible to construct an explicit hypothesis of the events that led to the evolutionary establishment of double fertilization and endosperm. The formulation of this historical record is derived entirely from and dependent upon the determination of reproductive features that are likely to have characterized the common ancestors of angiosperms and Gnetales. Current evidence is most congruent with the concept that a process of double fertilization first evolved in a common ancestor of the Gnetales and angiosperms. Initially, however, the second fertilization product was diploid and yielded a supernumerary embryo. Subsequent to the divergence of the angiosperm lineage from its closest relatives (which include the Gnetales), modification of the development of the supernumerary embryo (derived from the second fertilization event) led to the establishment of an embryo-nourishing endosperm. Comparative analysis of patterns of embryogeny within Gnetales and angiosperms establishes that embryo development in the ancestors of flowering plants (with a rudimentary process of double fertilization) was ab initio cellular, and not free nuclear, as had previously been assumed. Thus, it is likely that the earliest flowering plants displayed an ab initio cellular pattern of endosperm development, whose expression was inherited from that of the supernumerary embryo of the ancestors of flowering plants.

Studies in the Types of Food in Kitakyushu City (Part II)

In the survey of the food intake in a community the statistical analysis is necessary, not by judging intuitionally.This is the results that the comparative analysis of Pattern of Numericus has been done statistically on the food intake at the four districts in Kitakyushu City.1) The similarity indexes among the four districts were rather high. The food intake patterns in every districts were similar to Yahata pattern.2) As compared the similarity of food intake pattern in each district with the desirable food intake pattern in Japan in 1975, it was found that the similarity index was 0.94572 in Kokura, 0.94406 in Moji, 0.92438 in Wakamatsu, and 0.91663 in Yahata. Its figures were rather low. It showed that the contents of intake were still poor, and it must be taken good care of.3) It was found from the subtrahend similarity index against the Japanese standard pattern in 1975 that the greatest factor which made pattern similarity decrease at three districts-Moji, Wakamatsu and Yahata-was the dairy products.The similarity index except dairy products was 0.98886 in Moji, 0.98293 in Wakamatsu and 0.97430 in Yahata.The main element that made the pattern similarity decrease in Kokura to the standard was soy beans and the products of soy beans. If these foods was removed, its similarity would be high (0.97239)4) The elements which made each pattern resemble to the Japanese standard pattern were corn and other vegetables.It is considered that these elements were not so important.Therefore, it is desirable that the more concrete nutrition improvement will be done at the prefectures where have the lower nutrient intake than the Japanese standard.

Comparative Analysis of Patterns of Compliance with Supreme Court Decisions

Political scientists until recently have ignored the study of the process involved in complying with Supreme Court decisions. As Richard M. Johnson (1967: 4) has stated, to neglect such studies “is to neglect an indispensable segment of the total judicial process.” Despite the increasing awareness of the importance of this aspect to the judicial process, there are still almost no studies which attempt a comparative analysis of patterns of compliance with or resistance to Supreme Court decisions.