Company Claims Research Articles

Notification of Circumstances Likely to Give Rise to a Claim versus the and Effectiveness of Pursuing Claims under D&O Insurance Contracts

Before concluding a D&O insurance contract, insurers request information about circumstances which are likely to give rise to a claim or proceedings against the insured in the future. Moreover, the insurance contract may impose an obligation on companies to notify the insurer of certain events that will become apparent after the conclusion of the contract. This article attempts to explain how the occurrence of the above circumstances affects the cover under D&O insurance contract with regard to claims that a company may bring against its directors and officers. The complexity of the relationship between entities covered by insurance and the structure of the insurance based on the claims-made trigger may exert certain influence on the effectiveness of the company's claims against directors and officers under insurance contract. Therefore, the article discusses only selected aspects related to the above-mentioned questions, i.e. the company's duty to inform the insurer about circumstances known before and after the conclusion of the insurance contract, as defined in Articles 815 and 818 of the Polish Civil Code, the risk of rendering the D&O insurance contract ineffective under Article 806 of the Polish Civil Code, in relation to known circumstances that occurred before the conclusion of the contract and, finally, the risk of limitation of claims under the insurance contract where the insurer has been notified of circumstances that may give rise to a claim or proceedings in the future.

Legal Mechanism: Foreign Brand Claims Against Potentially Geographical Indications of Indonesia

International community has recognized the superiority and quality of original Indonesian products, as a result, some native Indonesian products are claimed by foreigners as their trademarks, for example Gayo Arabica Coffee and Toraja Coffee. Indonesia in providing protection is a bit behind in seeing the potential of its own region. The research problem is to examine the juridical claims of foreign companies against products with potential Indonesian Geographical Indications, and the settlement mechanism based on Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications. Research method used is normative juridical with a statute approach. Claim of foreign companies against products with the potential for Indonesian Geographical Indications is the use of Intellectual Property Rights without rights, based on the MUI Fatwa decision, this is an injustice that is unlawful. The legal settlement mechanism for foreign brand claims against products with potential Indonesian Geographical Indications based on Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Marks and Geographical Indications is dependent on the violation of the claim, whether the party making the claim is in good faith or not. If at the time a sign is applied for registration as a Geographical Indication, a sign is used in good faith, the party can still use it for a period of two years, but if there is no good faith, it can take the mechanism of filing a lawsuit in the form of an application for compensation against the User of the Geographical Indication without rights.

ESG Certifications Gain Momentum in the Industry

Responsibly sourced gas (RSG), differentiated natural gas (DNG), independently certified gas (ICG)—these are some of the terms energy professionals might be hearing or reading about lately. As the international community sets itself upon a path to net-zero emissions as part of the fight against climate change, natural gas is seen as a great enabler of the energy transition to nonemitting sources. Experts believe natural gas could help drastically reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by replacing coal—when burned, it emits about half the carbon dioxide (CO2) compared to coal. However, that comes with a caveat: The assumption of lower emissions from natural gas holds true only when the issues of methane leaks and flaring are addressed. Methane is a very potent GHG. Its global warming potential (GWP), defined as a GHG’s ability to trap heat in the atmosphere compared to CO2, is more than 80 on a 20-year timespan, as shown in the figure. In other words, a single molecule of methane can trap 80 times more heat than an equivalent molecule of CO2. Luckily, methane dissipates from the atmosphere much more quickly than CO2. Its GWP goes down to 28 in a 100-year timespan and so on. This phenomenon presents a great opportunity for the oil and gas industry to drastically reduce overall emissions that are typically reported on a CO2-equivalent basis, while improving operations. After all, methane emissions represent leaks of a valuable commodity that could otherwise be sold. So, while regulators across the globe are coming up with ever more stringent methane policies, some industry participants opt to showcase their good performance in more proactive ways. One such way is by getting their production certified via voluntary certification programs. Currently, there are four main voluntary certifications tailored to the oil and gas industry that have at least some kind of methane emissions requirements. - Project Canary’s TrustWell - The MiQ Standard - Equitable Origin’s EO100 Standard for Responsible Energy Development - S&P Global Platts/Xpansiv Methane Performance Certificate (MPC) Independent Energy Standards Corporation (IES) was the original developer of the TrustWell certification and its origins date back to 2016. IES subsequently merged with Colorado-based continuous emissions monitoring company Project Canary in August 2020. TrustWell certification evaluates data points within 24 operational categories covering such aspects as environmental programs, spill prevention, waste management, emergency response, and well integrity. This certification is often paired with Canary-manufactured methane-continuous-monitoring sensors, although the company claims to be technology-agnostic. The TrustWell Low-Methane Verified Attribute covers the methane emissions aspects of the certification such as the requirement for methane intensity to be below a certain level and leak detection and repair requirements, among others. TrustWell was a pioneering certification framework with first certificates issued in 2018. Since then, many companies have certified at least some of their assets with TrustWell. Among them are Southwestern Energy, Range Resources, Flywheel Energy, Antero Resources, Seneca Resources, and others. The MiQ Standard was created and is maintained by MiQ, a not-for-profit partnership between RMI (formerly the Rocky Mountain Institute) and SYSTEMIQ, a global sustainability consultancy. MiQ started working on its standard in 2019 and, after several rounds of stakeholder reviews, the first MiQ certificates covering upstream onshore production were issued in late 2021.

Urban flood damage claim analyses for improved flood damage assessment

Urban flood damage leads to major costs for private house owners, insurance companies, and water and wastewater utilities. Analysis of flood damage claims can be used to improve the understanding of the details of flood damage characteristics and reasons for drainage system failures. However, few studies have used data of this kind to investigate urban flood characteristics. We examined 3113 damage claim cases over 30 years (1992–2019) for the city of Malmö, Sweden. We quantified the distribution and frequency of both major and minor flood damages over this period. Our analysis showed that most floods occur in August, but we could not find any significant trend in the count of damage claims between 1992 till 2019. The main drivers of flood damages were rainfall and failure mechanisms in the drainage system. In total, 24.5% of properties suffered from repeated flood damages, 44% originating from combined sewer system connection and 17% from the separated sewer system. This highlights the importance of sewer system types in flood damage claims. In addition, there was an uneven claim count between insurance companies and owners per event. About 42% of insurance company claims were not accompanied by the owner's deductible claims. Our results highlight the need to further investigate the reason behind this difference and ways for better future planning to minimize the damage from flood events.

Effect of Consumer Skepticism on Consumer Intention in Purchasing Green Product

The image of environmentally friendly products is often seen as bad, consumer doubt that environmentally friendly products are really made with environmentally friendly raw materials. This attitude is known as consumer skepticism (doubt) towards products with an environmentally friendly label. Consumer skepticism occurs because product advertisements contain confusing information as well as consumer insecurity about the raw material for products that the company claims are environmentally friendly. The aims of this study aims to determine the effect of consumer skepticism on green purchase intention. This study uses a theoretical approach to consumer behavior control and attitude, perceived value and environmental consciousness associated with consumer intentions to buy green products in Bandar Lampung. The study was conducted on April until June 2020. The sample in this research were consumers who had been buying green product. The research sample was calculated using the Lemeshow method, with a margin of error of 5%, the minimum number of samples was 236 samples. The analysis tool used is regression model. The results of this study are the reduction of consumer skepticism about the intention to buy due to the use of social media to promote green products. Meanwhile, the influence of consumer value perceptions and environmental awareness will increase on the purchase intention of green products. The implication of this research is that companies must pay attention to communication about green products that are produced so as to reduce consumer doubt. Another impact if consumers consume green products will lead to environmentally friendly perceptions and attitudes.

An Investigation on Humanoid Robots with Biped Locomotion and Walking

Human figures move, speak, and perform actions through certain features, such as sensors and actuators. Android is a humanoid robot that looks like a human, while Ginoids look like female humans. Human figures function through certain features. Arts, the UK-based designer and creator of anthropological robots, recently posted a video on YouTube showing one of the most vivid works with sensors that can sense their environment. Amega, a robot, has been shown to create incredible human-like facial expressions, and in fantasy systems, the human figure is used to represent amazing creatures such as a dwarf, cub, cub. gnome, Halfling, goblin, Troll, orc or an ogre, and Bigfoot Actuators are the motors responsible for the robot's movement. Humanoid robots are designed to mimic the human body. Although with different structures, they use accelerators that act like muscles and joints. The actuators of humanoid robots can be electric, pneumatic or hydraulic. Well, almost. Recently, the UK-based robotics company Engineering Arts showcased its Artificial Intelligence (AI) anthropology robot Amega, which is almost bizarre. Anthropology robots, on the other hand, did not reach the target. Following humans in form and ambiguous function. They have very specific roles - More than just being a "do it all" assistant. Our own TUG mobile robots and the robot's Ramba are prime examples of humanoid robots, with many features such as flexible flexibility, law enforcement and motion redundancy. The humanoid robot assists working people by ensuring their care and complete safety. Such robots also work in factories and can perform repetitive tasks without any mistakes. Honda Motor Corporation's Asimov is known as the most sophisticated robot in the world due to its human appearance and ability to walk and climb stairs. Amega is a humanoid robot from the British company Engineering Arts. The company claims to be introducing 20 years of innovation in motion and natural gestures, with the ability to use sophisticated AI.

Effect of IQOS introduction on Philip Morris International cigarette sales in Spain: a Logarithmic Mean Divisa Index decomposition approach

ObjectivePhilip Morris International, has already introduced its heated tobacco product, IQOS, in many countries and marketed it on the grounds that it is a less harmful alternative to health. The company claims that its intention is for its brand's traditional cigarette smokers to replace these with IQOS has rarely been independently tested. MethodUsing time series data from September 2016 to June 2020, we analyze whether Heets sales have been accompanied by an improvement in the position of Philip Morris International in the market or if they have merely replaced lost sales of the rest of the brands sold by that tobacco company. ResultsSales of traditional cigarettes of all the brands marketed by PMI have been replaced by IQOS since the introduction of this heated tobacco product in Spain. Almost all of the variations observed in IQOS sales are due to the positioning of this product as a substitute for the range of traditional cigarettes marketed by Philip Morris International. ConclusionsAs there is still no consensus that HTPs are explicitly less harmful to health, health authorities must control messages suggesting improved health outcomes thanks to HTP usage when compared to traditional cigarettes. Such messages could generate a false sense of security and lead to an increase in the consumption of tobacco. In Spain Heets in a category that has a lower tax burden than the category of traditional cigarettes. Tax authorities must consider this migration and the impact this may have on tax collection.

A critical evaluation of promotional drug literatures available with prescribers at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Gujarat, India

Background: Promotional literature provided by the pharmaceutical companies is one of the important marketing strategies to prescribe. Many of these literatures do not follow ethical guidelines and contain biased and irrelevant information that may cause irrational prescribing. So we did this study with an aim to check the credibility, reliability and authenticity of the PDLs available with prescribers.Methods: Promotional drug literatures were analyzed based on various parameters and guidelines provided by world health organization. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel.Results: A total 395 promotional drug literatures were analyzed and very few of them fulfilled the ethical criteria for drug promotion. Most of them focused on providing information about generic name, brand name manufacture company name and claims about efficacy. Few of them focused on safety of drugs as less information provided about adverse reaction, precaution and drug-drug interaction. Many of them contain space occupying unnecessary pictures.Conclusions: It can be concluded that the majority of the promotional advertisements that were given to the prescribers do not follow ethical guidelines and were not able to improve rational prescribing but only have commercial benefits.

Clear aligners brands and marketing claims: An overview of available information on the web

Abstract Objectives To investigate the current commercially available clear aligners related to brands, companies, Google trends, and marketing claims presented on their official websites. Materials and methods A search was conducted in October 2020 to identify the relevant web-based information, using three languages (English, Chinese, and Korean) and search terms “clear aligner”, , , and in four search engines (Google, Bing, Baidu, and Naver) to identify current clear aligner companies. Each company website was reviewed and assessed for its marketing claims. Results A total of 75 clear aligner brands were identified and included in the study, and 280 claims from their official websites were analysed. Most (70.7%) of the companies made claims regarding “aesthetics”, 66.7% made claims regarding “increased comfort”, 58.7% made claims regarding “shorter treatment time”, and 56.0% of the companies made claims regarding “superior material”. Other claims were made regarding their “novel technology”, “superior hygiene”, “tracking Apps”, “remote monitoring”, and “reduced in-office visits”. Of these marketing claims, only 4.5% cited references supporting the company’s website claims; however, the references were mainly derived from internal company research. Conclusions Using three languages (English, Chinese, and Korean), 75 different brands of clear aligners were currently found online. Most of the marketing claims from the clear aligner companies’ official websites were not referenced to quality scientific studies. Clinicians and patients should critically appraise the content of company claims and advertisements.

Het station als historisch gelaagd landschap: continuïteit of trendbreuk?

The railway station as a historically layered landscape: continuity or trend break? During the 21st century, many major railway stations in the Netherlands were redeveloped. The national railway company (ns) claims to have found a method of redevelopment. The aim of this method is to create a recognizable identity for railway stations. The cultural history of railway station landscapes seems to have been largely neglected in many cases. Two of these major redevelopment projects are the railway stations of Zwolle and Tilburg. The redevelopment of the Zwolle station is a good example of how designers can approach the identity of a railway station by identifying the cultural history and many layers of the railway landscape. In Tilburg, on the other hand, the cultural history of the station is not taken into account in the redevelopment. This article aims to make clear that by using the method of ‘landscape biography’, the many layers of historical station landscapes can be used in redevelopment projects to create recognizable identities.

AstraZeneca opens new R&D base

Still riding high from its success in providing millions of vaccines against COVID-19, AstraZeneca has notched another major milestone with the official opening of its new R&D headquarters in Cambridge, England. Named the Discovery Centre, the ring-shaped glass-and-concrete building contains 16 massive labs—totaling 19,000 m 2 of lab space, enough to accommodate over 2,200 scientists. AstraZeneca will move 2,100 of its UK-based scientists, most of whom are currently scattered around Cambridge, into the center next year. The center cost $1.3 billion to build. When fully outfitted, it will feature advanced robotics, high-throughput screening, and artificial intelligence technologies to support the development of next-generation medicines, including those based on nucleotides, antibody-drug conjugates, and cell therapies. Its design features include ground-source heat pumps and rainwater harvesting, which the company claims will make it the world’s most sustainable drug R&D center. The center’s location on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus means AstraZeneca scientists will

Effects of CSR Messages on Apparel Consumers’ Word-of-Mouth: Perceived Corporate Hypocrisy as a Mediator

This study focused on understanding how (mis)match between a company's corporate social responsibility claims as indicated in their mission and the activities it actually undertakes to meet its CSR goals leads to consumers’ corporate hypocrisy and how consumers’ CSR-CA beliefs moderate the relationship between the two. Using the Moral Responsibility Theory of Corporate Sustainability as a framework, this research analyzed the difference in corporate hypocrisy between consumers with high versus low CSR-CA tradeoff beliefs. In addition, we examined the impact of consumers’ corporate hypocrisy on their negative word-of-mouth intention and how participants’ injunctive norm impacts the relationship between the two. A sample of 538 adult US consumers were recruited for an online experimental study. The study extends the findings of MCRS and also provides implications for apparel businesses.

Recalling the moral dimension: Transnational labour interests and corporate social responsibilities

AbstractThe near‐exclusive privileging of the rational‐strategic action framework in employment relations shapes debate on the intersection of employment relations with claims for corporate social responsibilities (CSRs). Employment relations scholarship and trade unions are readily disposed to regard company claims regarding CSR as strategic market response. Prospects for widening the scope of debate come into view through further engagement with a moral turn in socio‐economic scholarship and greater public salience of demand for sustainable development. This article investigates the moral dimension and its invocation by labour and management actors. It contends that moral ideations and motivations are under‐recognized yet play an inherent part in employment relations. It draws particular attention to the moral dimension of transnational actors' interests and efforts in the negotiation, enactment and sustaining of Global Framework Agreements.

Focus on lasers, imaging, microscopy, and nanoscience

Focus on lasers, imaging, microscopy, and nanoscience

Forget throat swabs: Dutch company claims its breathalyzer can help sniff out COVID-19

Forget throat swabs: Dutch company claims its breathalyzer can help sniff out COVID-19

Focus on analytical equipment, spectroscopy, and spectrometry

Focus on analytical equipment, spectroscopy, and spectrometry

144 Lack of correspondence between commercial genetic test variants for type 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy and a histopathologic diagnosis in Quarter Horses

A diagnosis of type 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM2) in Quarter Horse-related breeds (QH) is currently based on the absence of the glycogen synthase 1 ( GYS1) mutation causing type 1 PSSM (PSSM1) and presence of aggregates polysaccharide in myofibers. Recently, genetic tests for PSSM2 have been offered by a commercial company based on variants in the genes myotilin (termed P2), filamin C (P3) and myozenin 3 (P4). The company claims these variants are associated with PSSM2 as phenotyped by clinical signs without regard to muscle histopathology. The purpose of this study was to compare genotype and allele frequencies of commercial test variants (P variants) in MYOT (P2; rs1138656462), FLNC (P3a; rs1139799323 and P3b; rs1142918816) and MYOZ3 (P4; rs1142544043) between Quarter Horses diagnosed with PSSM2 by muscle histopathology and healthy Quarter Horse controls with normal muscle histology (periodic acid Schiff's stain). DNA was isolated from hair bulb, buffy coat, whole blood or muscle tissue samples. Primers were designed and genotyping performed using pyrosequencing. Genotypes at each locus (homozygous reference vs. heterozygous, homozygous alternate) were compared between PSSM2 (n = 54, 7.6 ± 4.2 y) and control horses (n = 121, 9.8 ± 5.7 y) using a Fisher's exact test ( P ≤ 0.05). There was no significant association between any P locus and a histopathological diagnosis of PSSM2. Minor allele frequencies (cases/controls) were: 20%/27% (P2), 13%/10% (P3a), 11%/9% (P3b)/and 11%/10% (P4). The P2 variant was present in 48% of control and 33% of PSSM2 Quarter Horses. In conclusion, the P2, P3a, P3b and P4 commercial test variants appear to be relatively common variants in Quarter Horses not associated with a diagnosis of PSSM2 established by muscle biopsy.

Analysis of Promethee II Method Determines The Best Cooking Oil Ayam Penyet Cindelaras Rantauprapat

Cooking oil is a liquid oil made from processed plant and animal fats widely used in frying. People frequently use cooking oil to process food in order to make fried food more savoury and delicious. Every cooking oil company claims to have the best and healthiest product on the market. Cholesterol-free and contains omega 3 and 9 and vitamins A, D, and E. Decision support systems are computer programs that can solve problems based on a set of criteria. Promethee is a method used to assess the order in multi-criteria studies (priority). Simplicity, openness, and continuity are essential aspects. Promethee's parameters expected and governed by the use of partnership benefit over competitors. To users with the best substitute cooking oil breakdown, the decision support system uses the Promethee II approach. The Promethee II Template and the MCDM Model also have guidelines. Sanco oil was found in the Outrangking results, specifically Outrangking Flow 0.96, which was rated first as the best cooking oil.

Forensic analysis of private browsing mechanisms: Tracing internet activities

Forensic analysts are more than ever facing challenges upon conducting their deep investigative analysis on digital devices due to the technological progression. Of these are the difficulties present upon analyzing web browser artefacts as this became more complicated when web browser companies introduced private browsing mode, a feature aiming to protect users’ data upon opening a private browsing session, by leaving no traces of data on the local device used. Aiming to investigate whether the claims of web browser companies are true concerning the protection private browsing provides to the users and whether it really doesn’t leave any browsing data behind, the most popular desktop browsers in Windows were analyzed after surfing them regularly and privately. The results shown in this paper suggest that the privacy provided varies among different companies since evidence might be recovered from some of the browsers but not from others.

Focus on lasers, imaging, microscopy, and nanoscience

Focus on lasers, imaging, microscopy, and nanoscience