Compact Texture Research Articles

Transglutaminase-Catalyzed Glycosylation Improved Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Lentinus edodes Protein Fraction.

Lentinula edodes has high nutritional value and abundant protein. In order to develop and utilize edible mushroom protein, this study was designed to investigate the effects of TGase-catalyzed glycosylation and cross-linking on the physicochemical and functional properties of Lentinus edodes protein fraction. The results showed that within a certain time, glycosylation and TGase-catalyzed glycosylation decreased the total sulfydryl, free sulfydryl, disulfide bond, surface hydrophobicity, β-fold and α-helix, but increased the fluorescence intensity, random coil, β-turn, particle size and thermal stability. The apparent viscosity and the shear stress of the protein with an increase in shear rate were increased, indicating that TGase-catalyzed glycosylation promoted the generation of cross-linked polymers. In addition, the TGase-catalyzed glycosylated proteins showed a compact texture structure similar to the glycosylated proteins at the beginning, indicating that they formed a stable three-dimensional network structure. The flaky structure of proteins became more and more obvious with time. Moreover, the solubility, emulsification, stability and oil-holding capacity of enzymatic glycosylated Lentinus edodes protein fraction were significantly improved because of the proper TGase effects of glycosylation grafting and cross-linking. These results showed that glycosylation and TGase-catalyzed glycosylation could improve the processing characteristics of the Lentinula edodes protein fraction to varying degrees.

Effect of wetting–drying cycles on the desiccation of tailings pre-dewatered with super absorbent polymer

The main objective of this investigation is to understand the desiccation behaviour of fluid fine tailings (FFT) pre-dewatered with a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) with respect to wetting–drying cycles. Raw FFT (control) and pre-dewatered FFT with SAP were subjected to five cycles of wetting and six cycles of drying. Evaporation was found to be the dominant mechanism in the dewatering of raw FFT, as well as FFT pre-dewatered with SAP. In both cases, the suction developed in each drying cycle was eliminated temporarily by the succeeding wetting cycle. The minimum solids content within the column was found to be around 70%, which corresponded to a vane shear strength of 4.5 kPa. Based on the digital images of the surface, the crack intensity factors of the raw FFT and pre-dewatered FFT were calculated to be 26 and 14%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry analyses indicated that the FFT pre-dewatered with SAP after 25 days of evaporation in the second lift exhibited the most compacted texture. The solids content of the FFT pre-dewatered with SAP increased to 98% from an initial 50%. The SAP pre-dewatering method can significantly increase the shear strength of FFT subjected to wetting–drying cycles.

Impact of different preparation methods on the properties of brown rice flour and the cooking stability of brown rice noodles and the underlying mechanism: Microstructure, starch-protein distribution, moisture migration

Brown rice flour (BRF) and corresponding brown rice noodle (BRN) were prepared by different methods and the mechanism of impact of extruded rice bran on cooking stability of BRN was investigated. The particle size distribution, damaged starch content and pasting properties of BRFs were evaluated and the texture properties, microstructure and moisture distribution during cooking of BRNs were investigated. The average particle size and damaged starch of brown rice flour refilled with extruded rice bran (BRF-E) and brown rice flour refilled with nonextruded rice bran (BRF-NE) were obviously less than that of the brown rice flour by fully crushed brown rice (BRF-F). The peak viscosity (PV), setback viscosity (SV) and pasting temperature (PT) of BRF-E and BRF-NE were significantly higher than that of BRF-F. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed that the microstructure of BRN-E was most compact, which indicated that using BRF refilled with extruded rice bran to produce BRN could promote BRN formed a compact texture structure. Meanwhile, water migration and texture properties analysis demonstrated that BRN-E had better cooking stability and chewiness.

Evaluate the efficiency of contextual elements in reducing the vulnerability of urban historical fabrics based on passive defense principles

The main goal of passive defense is to create a set of principles and guidelines to increase human and financial security in times of crisis by immunization, and reduction of urban physical vulnerability. Therefore, the study and analysis of the historical context of a city as contextual architecture, based on the principles of passive defense, is crucial. This study uses descriptive-analytic research to study the physical, historical, and climatic characteristics of Yazd city as components of contextual architecture, using the DEA method to prioritize its important features based on passive defense principles. The results show that the criteria of “Compact texture”, “introversion”, “Narrow alleys and sunshade design in urban space” with the highest efficiency of 0.919, 0.865 and 0.824% were ranked first to third. The application of these principles makes it possible to firstly maintain the continuity of the past architectural form and secondly, prevent the city from harmful threats.

Unexpected morphological modifications in high moisture extruded pea-flaxseed proteins: Part I, topological and conformational characteristics, textural attributes, and viscoelastic phenomena

The present study aims at gaining a better understanding on the structuring mechanisms and textural attributes of pea protein isolate influenced by the addition of flaxseed protein concentrate (FPC) during high moisture extrusion. Overall results mainly indicated amended structure and significantly (P < 0.05) less compacted texture at 8% of FPC content. At controlled heating and shearing conditions, anisotropy occurred with an increased level of FPC following remarkable modification in protein-protein interactions for extruded samples. The comparison revealed that although the basic chemical compositions were close to their native structure, the functional properties were affected by the increase in FPC content within the domain structure of filaments. Following this, the expressible moisture and cooking yield were increased and textural properties, such as cutting force and elasticity, were decreased upon the addition of FPC. In addition, mechanical and thermal findings were successfully plotted in the KBKZ model and hypothetically represented that the protein aggregates can be formed and structured in a different format in the added-FPC samples due to the hydrophobicity nature of globulin proteins in flaxseed. Scanning electron microscopic observations then proved the formation of structured macromolecules with small and large air holes entrapped in the domain orients. Part I of this study allowed for a deeper understanding of composite effects in structuring the plant-based meat alternatives and their physicochemical properties. It emphasized the importance of domain structure of extruded plant proteins in the development of satisfactory meat analogs.

Engineered magnetic plant biobots for nerve agent removal

Biohybrid micro/nanorobots that integrate biological entities with artificial nanomaterials have shown great potential in the field of biotechnology. However, commonly used physical hybridization approaches can lead to blockages and damage to biological interfaces, impeding the optimal exploitation of natural abilities. Here, we show that magnetically propelled plant biobots (MPBs), employing tomato-callus cultivation engineering in the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs), are capable of active movement and directional guidance under a transversal rotating magnetic field. The Fe3O4 NPs were transported through the cell growth media and then taken up into the plant tissue cells (PTCs), imparting the plant biobot with magnetic function. Moreover, Fe ions support the growth of callus cells, resulting in nanoparticle incorporation and enabling faster growth and structurally compact texture. The magnetic plant biobots demonstrated rapid and efficient removal of chlorpyrifos (approximately 80%), a hazardous nerve gas agent that causes severe acute toxicity, and recovery using an external magnetic field. The eco-friendly plant biobots described here demonstrate their potential in biomedical and environmental applications.

Characteristics of Tempeh Prepared from Several Varieties of Indonesian Soybeans: Correlations between Soybean Size and Tempeh Quality Properties

Tempeh is a fermented soybean-based food that has long been an important protein source in Indonesia. In this study, tempeh was made from several varieties of soybeans to evaluate the differences in the characteristics of the tempeh produced. The soybean varieties used consisted of Anjasmoro, Grobogan, Dena, Dega and Biosoy, as well as imported soybeans. Characterization was carried out on both the soybeans and tempeh, including proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids and textural properties. Pierce correlations were evaluated between seed sizes and quality parameters of soybean seed and tempeh. Dega and Biosoy had seed size closed to those of imported soybeans, which were favored by tempe producers. Different varieties of soybeans produced different characteristics of tempeh. Local soybean had superior quality of proximate composition, both in seed and tempeh. Sizes of soybean seeds had strong correlations with their dimension (length, height, thickness) (0.61, 0.59 and 0.58, respectively), but had weak correlations with proximate compositions, both for the soybean seed and their tempeh produced. Negative strong correlations were found in size of soybean seed and tempeh texture, showing a stronger and more compact texture of tempeh made from smaller seeds of soybean (-0.73). This study showed that soybean size had low correlations with the superior proximate characteristics of local soybean, providing useful information in expanding the choice of local soybean varieties as raw material for tempeh.

Electrical manipulation of skyrmions in a chiral magnet

Writing, erasing and computing are three fundamental operations required by any working electronic device. Magnetic skyrmions could be essential bits in promising in emerging topological spintronic devices. In particular, skyrmions in chiral magnets have outstanding properties like compact texture, uniform size, and high mobility. However, creating, deleting, and driving isolated skyrmions, as prototypes of aforementioned basic operations, have been a grand challenge in chiral magnets ever since the discovery of skyrmions, and achieving all these three operations in a single device is even more challenging. Here, by engineering chiral magnet Co8Zn10Mn2 into the customized micro-devices for in-situ Lorentz transmission electron microscopy observations, we implement these three operations of skyrmions using nanosecond current pulses with a low current density of about 1010 A·m−2 at room temperature. A notched structure can create or delete magnetic skyrmions depending on the direction and magnitude of current pulses. We further show that the magnetic skyrmions can be deterministically shifted step-by-step by current pulses, allowing the establishment of the universal current-velocity relationship. These experimental results have immediate significance towards the skyrmion-based memory or logic devices.

The effect of explants and light conditions on callus induction of srikandi putih maize (Zea mays L.)

Climate changes due to global warming affect the productivity of forage crops such as maize. However, the productivity of maize could be maximized by improving the plant’s adaptation and tolerance through breeding, using tissue culture. This study aims to determine the effect of explant types and light conditions on callus induction of srikandi putih maize. It was conducted at the Laboratory of Forage and Pasture Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Furthermore, it was carried out using a completely randomized design in a factorial pattern. There were two treatment factors namely explant types, which consisted of roots, stems, and leaves, and light conditions consisting of darkness and light. The results showed that callus induction occurred in the stem and root of explants at 60%, but not in the leaves. It also showed that the stem explants produced a higher fresh weight of callus at 239.6 mg compared to the roots which produced 77.6 mg. The dark condition also produced a 49.3% higher amount of callus with fresh weight of 115.1 mg. Meanwhile, the light condition produced 30.7% higher amounts of callus with fresh weight of 96.3 mg. It was concluded that all treatments showed a compact texture of callus, but the use of stem explants in dark conditions was the best treatment.

Utilization of Industrial Ferronickel Slags as Recycled Concrete Aggregates

The scope of this study focuses on the use of two different types of industrial byproducts such as slags (FeNi and Electric Arc Furnace slag) combined with natural sand as concrete aggregates as well as the evaluation of their suitability on the final physicomechanical behavior of the produced concrete specimens. For this reason, twelve concrete specimens were prepared using variable concentrations of these slags which were compared to concrete specimens made by natural rocks as aggregates (limestones). The mineralogical, petrographic, chemical and morphological characteristics of these raw materials were related to the physicomechanical characteristics of the produced concrete specimens. Those concrete specimens containing aggregates of higher amount of Electric Arc Furnace slags seems to present better mechanical strength both in 7 and in 28 days of curing regarding the other mixtures and regarding the specimens made by natural rocks as aggregates (limestones). This is due to the mineralogical, textural and morphological characteristics of the tested slags, which lead to a better bonding between them and the cement paste making them at the same time a promising alternative in the production of green concrete for construction applications. The compact texture of slags is responsible for the stronger bonding with the aggregates in relation to the unevenly distributed porosity of the natural aggregates. Wüstite presents negative effect on the final mechanical strength of concrete specimens which is documented both by the microscope images and by the three-dimensional study of the produced concretes.

A computational view of electrophysiological properties under different atrial fibrosis conditions

The excessive proliferation of fibroblasts causes fibrosis, a hallmark of atrial fibrillation (AF), and leads to alterations in the electrical conduction within the heart. However, the underlying electrophysiological mechanisms behind the multifactorial characteristic of AF fibrosis are not fully understood. This work studies the electrophysiological properties of different fibrosis configurations using computational simulations. For this purpose, the intermingling action of the structural and electrical remodeling due to fibroblasts are implemented in an electrophysiological description of the AF fibrosis. The model is built on the base of complex order operators and a fibroblast ionic formulation. Additionally, three fibrosis textures are considered for designing the atrial tissue representations. The resting and depolarization properties are analyzed by means of information theory and multidimensional scaling. The results evinced that the modulation of cardiomyocytes resting potential, exerted by the fibroblasts, is the mechanism giving rise to emergent electrophysiological properties as a result of the synergetic mathematical formulation of the proposed fibrosis model. The metrics assessing such properties unravel distinctive signatures of each fibrosis texture. Additionally, the multidimensional scaling computational tool reveals clusters specifically determined by the resting and depolarization properties, or by their combination. The observed clusters support an electrophysiological interpretation through the underlying fibrosis configuration, in which the diffuse, patchy and compact textures are relevant in determining the emergent patterns.

RESPON KALUS KENCUR (Kaempferia galanga L.) TERHADAP CEKAMAN KEKERINGAN DENGAN PERLAKUAN POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 6000 DAN NAPTHANELE ACETIC ACID

Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a plant that has a high enough rhizome selling value. Increased production can be done by expanding the land. However, cultivated land in Indonesia is generally dominated by dry land with limited water availability. The research objective was to obtain galanga callus that were tolerant of drought in vitro using the PEG 6000 selective agent. Randomized block design (RBD) 2 factors were repeated 3 times. PEG 6000 concentrations were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and NAA concentrations were 1mg/l, 1.5mg/l, 2mg/l. The parameters observed were callus morphology (texture and color), wet weight, dry weight, percentage of fresh callus, number of roots, proline content, and live callus percentage. The results showed compact textures that were green, white, and brown. Wet weight, dry weight, percentage of fresh callus, number of roots of PEG 6000 treatment resulted in a decreasing value while the proline content increased with the increase in PEG 6000 concentration. The NAA treatment at the concentration of 1mg/l produced the most roots, while the percentage value of fresh callus was inversely proportional to the value of the proline content. The lower the PEG 6000 and NAA concentrations resulted in more roots. The higher the PEG 6000 concentration and the lower the NAA concentration resulted in high the proline content. PEG 6000 20% still produced 61% living callus.

Energy-driven urban regeneration: investigating strategies for net-zero energy neighbourhoods in compact textures

Urban regeneration strategies promoting energy conservation are still in their infancy, and research on carbon neutrality in construction concentrates at the building level. Subsequently, there is an urgency to shift the focus from building-related interventions to comprehensive strategies for an energy-driven urban regeneration at the urban scale. This paper proposes a prototypical high-rise energy-positive building based on current best practices and uses the case of a high-populated mid-rise compact neighbourhood in Kowloon City, Hong Kong, to test the systematic insertion of the prototype into the existing urban fabric. Further, the study simulates the formation of a network of high-rise energy-positive buildings to serve the energy demand of the neighbourhood, testing two different spatial configurations. Results show that the projected network could supply one-fourth of the current neighbourhood’s energy consumption, demonstrating the potential of networking energy production from diffused units for significant achievements at neighbourhood scale in high-density contexts. By illustrating a feasible and easily-replicable strategy, this study aims to pave the way for the exploration of the proposed approach by policymakers and urban designers for novel policies and near-term actions.

Unravelling in-situ hardpan properties and functions in capping sulfidic Cu-Pb-Zn tailings and forming a duplex soil system cover

Developing alternative approaches to cap and rehabilitate the large areas of tailings landscapes is critical for sustainable development of mining industry. This study revealed the potential of an in-situ hardpan-based duplex soil system as an un-conventional approach to rehabilitate sulfidic Cu-Pb-Zn tailings. Under a shallow silicious soil cover, a massive and consistent hardpan horizon had been formed in-situ at the surface layer of tailings across the trial area, which physically separated root zones (i.e., silica soil cover) from the un-weathered tailings underneath, prevented capillary enrichment of acidity and soluble solutes into the root zones, and sustained native plant growth for more than a decade. Precipitation of Si-rich ferric complexes were attributed to the stabilisation/solidification of the sulfidic tailing. The hardpan layer possesses a highly compacted texture, a low-percolating pore network, and extreme resistance to water movement in the hardpan horizon. Further, the hardpans directly interfacing with plant roots in the soil cover were geochemically stabilised and attenuated, with very low levels of soluble metal(loid)s and a circumneutral pH condition. This case study would serve as a good incentive to develop bio-chemical engineering methodology building on current knowledge for achieving sustainable rehabilitation of sulfidic and metallic tailings in future.

Processes and temperatures of FGR formation in chondrites

In order to understand the nature of the dust that accreted onto chondrules in the nebula and to unravel the conditions of formation of fine grained rims (FGRs), we studied three of the least altered chondrites from different chondrite groups (LL3.00 Semarkona, CO3.0 DOM 08006, CR2.8 QUE 99177) and compared the results with our previous work on the Paris CM chondrite (Zanetta et al., 2021). For each sample, we selected representative rimmed chondrules showing minimal traces of aqueous alteration. We performed high-resolution SEM X-ray chemical mapping to obtain relevant phase abundances and grain size distributions. Four FIB sections were then extracted from each meteorite, two in the rims and two in their adjacent matrix for quantitative TEM analysis. At the microscale, texture, modal abundances and grain size differ depending on the chondrite but also between FGRs and their adjacent matrix. At the nanoscale (i.e. TEM observations), matrices of the four chondrites consist mostly of domains of amorphous silicate associated with Fe-sulfides, Fe-Ni metal, Mg-rich anhydrous silicates and an abundant porosity. The related FGRs in Semarkona (LL) and DOM 08006 (CO) exhibit more compact textures with a lower porosity while FGRs in QUE99177 (CR) are similar to the matrix in terms of porosity. In the three chondrites, FGRs are made of smooth and chemically homogeneous amorphous (or nanocrystalline) silicate with no porosity that encloses domains of porous amorphous silicate bearing Mg-rich anhydrous silicates, Fe-sulfides, Fe-oxides and sometimes metal and Fe-rich olivines. The average compositions in major elements of the amorphous regions are similar for the FGRs and the matrix within a given chondrite (but differ between chondrites). The texture and the chemical homogeneity of the smooth silicate and the fact that it encloses domains of porous amorphous silicate bearing other mineral phases similar to matrix-like material suggests a formation by condensation. Areas that are enclosed in this smooth silicate exhibit Fe-rich olivine formed through Fe interdiffusion that also suggest a thermal modification of the dust accreted to form FGRs. These characteristics indicate a transformation process for the modification of the FGR material similar to the one proposed in our previous work on Paris. We conclude that matrix and FGRs accreted a similar type of dust but FGR material was affected by thermal modification and compaction contemporary with their accretion. For each chondrite, dust accreted onto chondrules under different conditions (dust density, temperature) which led to diverse degrees of compaction/thermal modification of the sub-domains and explain the textural differences observed in FGRs. They accreted on chondrules in a warm environment related to the chondrule formation episode, whereas matrix accreted later in a cooler environment.

Multi-cycle aqueous arsenic removal by novel magnetic N/S-doped hydrochars activated via one-pot and two-stage schemes

Arsenic attracts worldwide concern. Novel hydrochars derived from dairy cattle manure and co-activated by thiourea and Fe(NO3)3 via one-pot and two-stage schemes were innovatively fabricated to adsorb aqueous As(V) in multi-cycles. Thiourea introduced oxygen/sulfur/nitrogen functional groups, and Fe(NO3)3 served as iron composition precursors. From one-pot scheme, ample functional groups were obtained. Magnetic γ-Fe2O3 were uniformly aggregated as iron-centered clusters onto internal carbon matrix due to self-generated pressure and complicated interactions, providing ample Fe-O for As(V) adsorption. As(V) reacted with Fe and generated stable Fe-As compositions. From two-stage scheme, precursory compact textures were rebuilt into hierarchical structures with sponge-like constructions, spherical nanoparticles, enlarged surface areas, and micro/mesopores, transferring As(V) into internal matrix. In-situ Fe3+ was partially reduced to Fe0 by carbon matrix and reductive gases, and deposited on external surfaces at atmospheric pressure. As(V) was not reduced by Fe0 due to multi-layers and oxidative functional groups. Two-stage-synthesized hydrochars were better for one-round adsorption, but worse for multi-adsorptions due to lower stability. Maximum one-round adsorption capacity and partition coefficient were 98.74 mg/g and 85.67 mg/(g μM), obviously superior to previous adsorbents. Physisorption and chemisorption were proposed to respectively dominate initial and subsequent adsorption. Ten extra consecutive adsorption–desorption indicated NaOH was better for As(V) desorption than HNO3. One-pot-synthesized hydrochars with high stability and desorption rates were superior for multi-adsorptions especially in early cycles. Maximum accumulative adsorption amount was up to 235.86 mg/g. This study innovatively explored As(V) multi-adsorption by activated hydrochars and provided deep insights into two activation schemes with scientific potentials.

Callus Induction of Leaves and Stems in Krisan (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv Dewi ratih) with Alternative Foliar Fertilizers Media

Availability of quality seeds in production of krisan (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv Dewi ratih) cultivation is still rare, therefore research on seed multiplication through tissue culture is needed. The media used in tissue culture is relatively expensive for home industry. This study aims to determine the respond of leaf and stem explants using foliar fertilizers (Growmore, Gandasil D and Mutiara) as an alternative media for callus inductions. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisted of 4 treatments: P0: ½ MS + 0,25 mg/l BAP, P1 (Growmore + 0,25 mg/l BAP), P2 (Gandasil D + 0,25 mg/l BAP), P3 (Mutiara + 0,25 mg/l BAP). The variables observed in this study included callus appearance time, callus color and callus texture. The result of this study indicated that the use of BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine) affected the time of callus formation and callus morphology. Callus was formed on leaf explants 13 days after planting while on stem explants 7 days after planting and compact texture. Growmore + 0,25 mg/l BAP treatment yields the best callus on leaf explant, while Gandasil D + 0,25 mg/l BAP treatment yields the best callus on stem explant.

Printability, stability and sensory properties of protein-enriched 3D-printed lemon mousse for personalised in-between meals

3D printing of foods is an emerging technology with the potential to develop nutritious and appetising foods to accommodate needs of special consumer groups. For the technology to succeed, studies need to address the composition of printable foods and the stability of printed matrices delivering acceptable sensory properties. This study investigated the effect of gelatine (1–2% w/w), citric acid (0.9–1.5% w/w) and whey protein isolate (WPI) (8–18% w/w) concentration in lemon mousse formulations on printability, physical and sensory properties. The textural properties of the mousses before printing were highly influenced by the concentration of gelatine and WPI but less by citric acid. Gelatine had a gel firming effect, giving a higher firmness and yield stress in mousses, while WPI softened the gel structure. The gel firming effect of gelatine was beneficial to produce 3D-printed mousses with good storage stability after printing, while the addition of WPI gave better-defined layers and a glossier surface of the 3D-printed mousses. The extrusion process disrupted the foam structure, creating a more uniform air bubble distribution, but decreasing the firmness and resilience of the mousses, nevertheless, sensorial attractive and stable 3D-printed mousses were obtained. Increasing WPI concentration in mousses enhanced the shiny appearance, smooth texture and melting mouthfeel. It reduced the rough surface, lumpy and compact texture in mousses, which were associated with the gel firming effect of gelatine. This work shows that protein-enriched 3D-printed lemon mousses with good printability, stability and high consumer acceptance can be produced by formulation design.

KARAKTERISASI KEJU DANGKE MENGGUNAKAN ENZIM PAPAIN KOMERSIAL DAN PERUBAHAN FISIK SELAMA PENYIMPANAN

Dangke is one of the traditional cheeses made from buffalo milk or cow's milk from Enrekang, South Sulawesi,. This research aimed to obtain dangke cheese through a process using commercial papain as the curdling agent and to determine the best products based on the analysis of physical properties of the raw materials and the dangke. The dangke making was conducted using several concentrations of the commercial papain (0.2-5%). Based on the texture, yield and non-bitter taste intensity, the best dangke was obtained using 1, 3, and 5% commercial papain. Dangke made using 1, 3, and 5% commercial papain resulted in yields of 18, 17, and 18%, respectively with compact texture and non-bitter taste. At room temperature storage (±30°C), the dangke had shelf life of less than 24 hours, while at low temperature storage (±4°C), dangke could last for four days.

Shoot Multiplication and Callus Induction of Labisia pumila var. alata as Influenced by Different Plant Growth Regulators Treatments and Its Polyphenolic Activities Compared with the Wild Plant.

This study aims to investigate whether the in vitro-cultured L. pumila var. alata has higher antioxidant activity than its wild plant. An 8-week-old L. pumila var. alata nodal segment and leaf explants were cultured onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various cytokinins (zeatin, kinetin, and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)) for shoot multiplication and auxins (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and picloram) for callus induction, respectively. The results showed that 2 mg/L zeatin produced the optimal results for shoot and leaf development, and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D produced the highest callus induction results (60%). After this, 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D was combined with 0.25 mg/L cytokinins and supplemented to the MS medium. The optimal results for callus induction (100%) with yellowish to greenish and compact texture were obtained using 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D combined with 0.25 mg/L zeatin. Leaves obtained from in vitro plantlets and wild plants as well as callus were extracted and analyzed for their antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP methods) and polyphenolic properties (total flavonoid and total phenolic content). When compared with leaf extracts of in vitro plantlets and wild plants of L. pumila var. alata, the callus extract displayed significantly higher antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid content. Hence, callus culture potentially can be adapted for antioxidant and polyphenolic production to satisfy pharmaceutical and nutraceutical needs while conserving wild L. pumila var. alata.