Community Of Origin Research Articles

Migration and the Making of Industrial São Paulo

Migration and the Making of Industrial São Paulo

Cooperative learning, student characteristics, and persistence: an experimental study in an engineering physics course

ABSTRACT The dropout rate of university engineering studies is correlated with the absence of retention of freshman in the basic subjects. The aim of this work is to determine the effect of cooperative learning and the characteristics of students on learning, persistence, and academic performance. We have performed a study of learning, persistence and academic performance in an engineering physics course, comparing two groups with different teaching, one traditional and the other through cooperative learning. In addition, we have analysed the influence of the characteristics of the students on the results and the perceptions of the students regarding the teaching. The students of the cooperative learning group had a normalised average gain in the Force Concept Inventory that was 72.7% higher, a significantly higher persistence, and a final grade similar to that of the group receiving traditional teaching. The previous education and the size of the community of origin of the students had a significant effect on the persistence of the students. The perceptions of the subject and lecturer were similar in both groups.

Family and Hereditary Traditions of Therurikids: Branches of the Olgovichs, the Davidovichs, the Owners of Chernihiv Siverskyi Principality

The article studies the national elite of the Rurikids’ princely dynasties, the Kyivan Rus owners and the Chernihiv Siversky branches of the Olgovichs and Davidovichs, as the only inherited Eastern Slavic community of the Indo-European origin. In the basis of the family and hereditary traditions of property division, the custom of dividing property among the children remained and was inherited by the Rurikids. The aim of the article is to generalize the national historical experience of the traditions’ transformation of a family law, on the example of the genealogical origin of the Rurikids’ princely dynasties. The branches of the Olgovichs and the Davidovichs, the owners of Chernihiv Siverskyi principality in the Kyivan Rus, state association. Research methodology is based on the heuristic method of modern and classical scientific historiography systematization, which reveals the historical process of culturological thought of the Rurikids’ family and hereditary property division: the Olgovichs, the owners of Chernigiv Siverskyi region on the system of “rota system” order of the princely thrones’replacement . The scientific novelty is to systematize the social and cultural history, including the transformations of national-independent, family and hereditary traditions of property relations, on the example of the Rurikids’Chernihiv-Siverskyi principality, which is still now embodied in the Civil Code of Ukraine – “law of inheritance”. As a result, on the basis of the declared historiography, the editions of Rurikids’ history, the Rus owners, including the Chernigiv-Siversky region. Some of their achievements in the development of a state association Kyivan Rus were about 80 cities under the dynasty’s command; the management system with elements of self-government; the democracy through a nationwide town's meeting; political diplomatic, socio-legal, tradeeconomic, financial-monetary relations; social, cultural, secular architecture; the development of art. The historical and cultural heritage of the Rurikids’ dynasty ruling elite, including the dynasty of the Olgovichs, the Davidovichs, is kept in the traditions of the material, spiritual culture of the Chernihiv-Siverskyi region, both in the museum treasury and in the reserves of “Ancient Chernihiv”, Glukhiv, Putivl, Liubech, etc.Article received 20.04.2018

The Impact of the Strategy of the Three-Step Interview in the Rugby Thinking and the Accuracy of the Performance of the Skill of Students

The study aimed to prepare educational units using the strategy of the three-step interview and identify its effect on the rugby thinking and the accuracy of the performance of the wall of the volleyball team. The researchers followed the experimental research method by designing the experimental and control groups with the strict control of the pre- and post- In the College of Physical Education and Sports Science for Girls at the University of Baghdad for the academic year (2018/2019), the number of (42) studentsrandomly chosen by (44.681%) of their community of origin, The school is presented with a skillful part of the learning, accompanied by details of how to master it. The information that the learner may encounter when performing to build a knowledge base is the experience of the learners in their performance and the questions they ask in the applied part of the unit. allocated for this skill (30) minutes of section Chief of time (60 minutes), it has been allocated (4) educational units by its educational unit and one inthe school week, and the results were processed were processed results of the study statistical system bag SOCIAL Yeh (SPSS)

Biogeographic and anthropogenic correlates of Aleutian Islands plant diversity: A machine‐learning approach

AbstractThis is the first comprehensive analysis of vascular plant diversity patterns in the Aleutian Islands to identify and quantify the impact of Aleutian Island distance dispersal barriers, geographical, ecological and anthropogenic factors. Data from public Open Access databases, printed floristic accounts, and from collections made by the primary author were used to develop an Aleutian floristic database. The most common plant distribution pattern was “an eastern origin community”, though it compared similarly to the “Western” and “Widespread” distribution pattern. We established an ecological plant community composition class for each island, based on clustering species assemblage dissimilarity measurements (Jaccard Index), and a measurement of phylogenetic dissimilarity (UniFrac). We modelled these composition classes and species richness values in non‐parametric algorithmic models and concepts (data cloning using machine learning, stochastic boosting‐ TreeNet) based on classic and Aleutians‐specific island biogeography hypotheses. Plant species richness is strongly associated with the equilibrium model variables of area and island isolation, as well as distance to the Alaska Peninsula, and island total stream length. Species composition is strongly associated with the landmass groups during the last glacial maximum, maximum island elevation, island isolation and island area. Phylogenetic composition is associated with island area, distance from the islands to the Chukotka Peninsula, maximum island elevation, island geologic age, and island isolation. This study extends the equilibrium theory of island biogeography by including additional drivers of diversity during the Anthropocene, such as the landmass during the LGM, as well as factors that may be related to anthropogenic extinction rate.

3D Technology in Collaborative Heritage Preservation

Digital repatriation is one aspect of heritage preservation work that has been increasingly gaining popularity due to its effectiveness in assisting Indigenous communities in connecting with museum collections located at various institutions around the world. It is not simply an alternative for physical repatriation; rather, the two can be used in conjunction, particularly with the incorporation of 3D technology. While digital repatriation can provide new opportunities, it is also a contested concept (Boast and Enote 2013) that is still in the process of shaping future collaborative practices while being shaped by ongoing projects and their outcomes. In this paper, we explore how this technology, structure from motion (SFM) 3D modeling and scanning, provides innovative methods that are especially well suited for successfully contributing to a wide array of heritage preservation objectives. Three-dimensional technology is effective in providing alternative ways to connect with collection pieces and providing origin communities access to museum collections. It can alleviate concerns of chemical exposure from contamination, concerns for the fragility of items, the expense of insurance and transportation, or the need to remove pieces from origin communities. As artifacts transform in the repatriation process by gaining new life and meaning when they enter the contemporary reality of the origin community, the use of 3D technology, as part of this collaboration, can assist Indigenous communities in fulfilling their own visions of heritage preservation.

“Enwau Prydeinig gwyn?” Problematizing the idea of “White British” names and naming practices from a Welsh perspective

Our personal names are a potential source of information to those around us regarding several interconnected aspects of our lives, including our: ethnic, geographic, linguistic and cultural community of origin, and perhaps our national identity. However, interpretations regarding identifiably “White British” names and naming practices are problematic, due to the incorrect underlying assumption of a homogeneity in the indigenous communities of ‘Britain.’ The field of names and naming is a particularly good example of the wide linguistic and cultural chasm between the Welsh and English indigenous ‘British’ communities, and thus the generally paradoxical concept of “Britishness” in its wider sense. In this paper, I will explore names and naming practices which are particularly distinctive to a Welsh context, thus unearthing and opening up for wider debate the hidden diversity within the assumed and imposed category of “White British privilege.”

Local Information, Income Segregation, and Geographic Mobility

Abstract We develop a model of migration in the face of geographic information asymmetries. Firms from a given city observe whether or not a local worker is a member of a disadvantaged local community, a negative indicator of productivity, but do not have this information for migrants to this city. With this knowledge, workers must decide whether to migrate and obscure information about their community of origin. Our model generates results consistent with recent trends in intergenerational mobility and internal migration as well as new predictions about the relationship between migrant outcomes and income segregation. We confirm these predictions using data from the U.S. census.

Tracing Community Genealogy: How New Communities Emerge from the Old

The process by which new communities emerge is a central research issue in the social sciences. While a growing body of research analyzes the formation of a single community by examining social networks between individuals, we introduce a novel community-centered perspective. We highlight the fact that the context in which a new community emerges contains numerous existing communities. We reveal the emerging process of communities by tracing their early members' previous community memberships. Our testbed is Reddit, a website that consists of tens of thousands of user-created communities. We analyze a dataset that spans over a decade and includes the posting history of users on Reddit from its inception to April 2017. We first propose a computational framework for building genealogy graphs between communities. We present the first large-scale characterization of such genealogy graphs. Surprisingly, basic graph properties, such as the number of parents and max parent weight, converge quickly despite the fact that the number of communities increases rapidly over time. Furthermore, we investigate the connection between a community's origin and its future growth. Our results show that strong parent connections are associated with future community growth, confirming the importance of existing community structures in which a new community emerges. Finally, we turn to the individual level and examine the characteristics of early members. We find that a diverse portfolio across existing communities is the most important predictor for becoming an early member in a new community.

Impacts of an invasive plant on primary production: Testing a functional trait‐based framework with a greenhouse experiment

AbstractQuestionsPredicting when invasive species will affect ecosystem functioning remains problematic, with strong contingency upon both the invasive species and the recipient community's identities. Adopting a functional trait‐based approach might overcome this context‐dependence. As an early exploration of this approach, we used a greenhouse experiment with seeds of the invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera to assess the potential invasion effects on community trait composition and biomass production.LocationThree distant European seed origins, northern France, southern Sweden and central Norway, into transplanted turves from Trondheim, Norway.MethodsAt the end of the greenhouse experiment, we measured plant height, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and standing biomass of both the invasive plant and the turf communities. With these data we evaluated invasion effects on community trait composition and standing biomass (as a first test of ecosystem function effects), including dependence on invasive species origin and recipient community composition.ResultsInvasion by I. glandulifera introduced divergent trait values (high plant height and SLA, low LDMC) to the recipient community. The trait set of both the invader and, to a lesser extent, the community were altered following invasion, seemingly driven by increased light competition. Competitive and graminoid‐dominated communities showed stronger changes in LDMC following invasion. Functional traits of both the communities and the invasive species helped explain the increase in standing biomass. Southern invader plants more strongly affected the recipient community than their northern counterparts, resulting in stronger biomass reduction of the recipient community.ConclusionsThis study shows how invasion‐induced increases in productivity are effectuated through both the introduction of different invader traits and shifts in the co‐occurring species trait set, illustrating the potential of a functional trait‐based approach.

Defining Sustainability in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

Because of the normative and subjective nature of the terms sustainability and sustainable development, solutions tend to be applicable for specific regions but not the whole of society. Thus, it is imperative understand better how community stakeholders and decision makers define the concept of sustainability. Not only will greater understanding of such definitions add to our understanding of nature-society relations, but also in certain contexts, this understanding may help to promote realistic and effective decision-making at local levels. The objective of this study was to determine how amenity-driven gateway communities surrounding Yellowstone and Grand Teton National parks define, conceptualize, and perceive sustainability, and if those perceptions varied between time in residence, community of origin, or role within the community. Thirty-five key informant interviews were conducted with decision makers within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem to meet the study objectives. Throughout study communities, definitions of sustainability focused on the environment, the economy, and multi-generational thinking, and it is believed that these similarities can be the starting point for communication and collaboration among gateway communities, the long-term sustainability of their individual communities, and the collective resource upon which they all depend, the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.

Indigenous uses of ethnomedicinal plants among forest-dependent communities of Northern Bengal, India

BackgroundTraditional knowledge on ethnomedicinal plant is slowly eroding. The exploration, identification and documentation on utilization of ethnobotanic resources are essential for restoration and preservation of ethnomedicinal knowledge about the plants and conservation of these species for greater interest of human society.MethodsThe study was conducted at fringe areas of Chilapatta Reserve Forest in the foothills of the eastern sub-Himalayan mountain belts of West Bengal, India, from December 2014 to May 2016. Purposive sampling method was used for selection of area. From this area which is inhabited by aboriginal community of Indo-Mongoloid origin, 400 respondents including traditional medicinal practitioners were selected randomly for personal interview schedule through open-ended questionnaire. The questionnaire covered aspects like plant species used as ethnomedicines, plant parts used, procedure for dosage and therapy.ResultsA total number of 140 ethnomedicinal species was documented, in which the tree species (55) dominated the lists followed by herbs (39) and shrubs (30). Among these total planted species used for ethnomedicinal purposes, 52 species were planted, 62 species growing wild or collected from the forest for use and 26 species were both wild and planted. The present study documented 61 more planted species as compared to 17 planted species documented in an ethnomedicinal study a decade ago. The documented species were used to treat 58 human diseases/ailments including nine species used to eight diseases/ailments of domestic animals. Stomach-related problems were treated by maximum number of plants (40 species) followed by cuts and wounds with 27 plant species and least with one species each for 17 diseases or ailments. Maximum number of 12 diseases/ailments was cured by Melia azedarach followed by Centella asiatica and Rauvolfia serpentina which were used to cure 11 diseases/ailments each.ConclusionsThe list of 140 plant species indicates that the Chilapatta Reserve Forest and its fringe areas are rich in biodiversity of ethnobotanical plant species. Rauvolfia serpentina were the most valuable species in terms of its maximal use with higher use value. The documentation of 78 species maintained in the home gardens indicates the community consciousness on the conservation values of these ethnobotanical species. The communities should be encouraged with improved cultivation techniques of commercially viable ethnobotanical species through capacity building, timely policy intervention along with strong market linkage. This will ensure income generation and livelihood improvement and ultimate conservation of these species.

Pemahaman Kompetensi Lintas Budaya bagi UNTSO (United Nations Truce Supervision Organization) untuk Memecah Kebuntuan dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Palestina-Israel [UNTSO Competence in Cross-Cultural Understanding to Break the Deadlock in the Settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

<p>UNTSO was the first peacekeeping mission created by the United Nations. They have been in the Middle East since June 1948 with the task of overseeing the implementation of the ceasefire between Israel and Arab countries, including seeking resolution of the conflict between Israel and Palestine. One of the reasons many UN peace missions fail, including UNTSO, was because the peacekeepers do not have the ability to understand the local culture in which they are placed. One of the main difficulties faced by peacekeepers in a conflict involving two groups with two different cultures is uncertainty about cultural values. UNTSO personnel very rarely received training as such and like the usual army, their tendency is to use violence to solve conflicts. There should be a special cultural training focused on developing an understanding of the cultural context, such as background orientation, origin, conflict parties, history, religion, customs, and local community language. This paper tries to provide an analysis through an understanding of cross-cultural competency, which is expected to provide recommendations for resolving the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.</p>

Purloined Provenances: Reflections on Authority and Authenticity in African Art

ABSTRACTRecent studies of specific African artworks have enriched our understanding of their social biographies, the network of relationships the art objects forged as they travelled through time and space. Such studies have also raised important questions concerning the roles of European galleries and collectors in the construction of provenance. For example, research into the social lives of individual statues created in the Lagoon region of Côte d'Ivoire uncovered repeated examples of information that was erased or altered when the artwork left its community of origin and was acquired by a dealer in 20th century France; several of these case studies are presented here. This essay argues that by suppressing information concerning a statue's former life on the African continent, merchants dealing in Tribal Art could replace its history with their own narratives, and could substitute the aesthetic tastes of an African community with their own expertise. It also suggests that Africanist art historians were influenced by European art dealers and their commercial practices, which privileged a form of connoisseurship based on formal analysis and close physical examination over historical documentation.

Intentionality, Agency and Personhood

Modern tradition takes a person to be a rational (and moral) agent, namely an agent capable of acting on the basis of reasons – often desire-independent reasons, and particularly moral reasons. So, agency and freedom are involved in the definition of personhood. But what about the embodiment of persons? What about their rootedness in the particular circumstances of a human life – time, space, community of origin, material, and axiological culture? What about the individual identity of persons, their irreducible individuality? The phenomenological notion of intentionality has a widely neglected richness of content, making it a key conceptual tool, capable of explaining not only consciousness but also rational agency, that is personhood, right from the level of the most basic and embodied instances of consciousness: perception, emotion, and spontaneous action. These should be considered as acts, rather than as states, and the discussion of the specific intentionality of these acts and their motivational relations purports to be an original contribution to a genetic phenomenology of embodied, individualized personhood and rational agency

Constrained choices, enhanced aspirations: Transnational mobility, poverty and development. A case study from North Hungary

This paper aims to contribute to the exploration of the nexus of poverty, migration and development by providing what has been lacking thus far; namely, a close ethnographic portrait, combined with a survey, that interprets the most typical and diverging migration trajectories and their impacts in an economically backward and ethnically differentiated region in Hungary. Building on the inspirational work of anthropologists and mobility scholars who propose to recover a global and multidimensional perspective on transnational movement when exploring the nexus between migration and its consequences for development, we carried out multi-sited ethnography, both in the sending and in the destination localities. We also conducted a survey among migrants who had returned, sometimes temporarily, to their community of origin. Using this multi-spatial approach, we demonstrate the different layers of the migration-development nexus. We argue that, on the global level, receiving countries all benefit from the cheap and flexible labor of poor migrants, be they Roma or non-Roma, skilled or low-skilled mobile laborers. However, on the level of migrant-sending localities, due to the differential migration patterns of local Roma and non-Roma, the developmental effects of the two groups’ geographical movement cannot be taken as homogeneous or leveled. For non-Roma families, when men leave behind their wives and children for the sake of financial betterment of their family, there is little developmental effect on community level, but only in a narrow financial sense. However, we argue, drawing on Appadurai’s (2004) “capacity to aspire” concept, that for a fraction of some kinship groups of low-skilled Roma who mainly migrate with their whole family, transnational mobility may not be as successful financially as for the non-Roma, although it has future-oriented developmental elements by potentially enhancing capacity to aspire for both migrants and non-migrants.

Gender and Belonging: The Political Engagement of Mexican Migrant Leaders in Chicago

The article explores differences in the motivation for political engagement in a transnational context according to gender. The underlying ethnographic research reveals that the majority of Chicago’s Mexican migrant leaders – male and female – are simultaneously engaged in various political and civil society organisations; they are not only members of hometown associations and Mexican political parties, but also participate in nationwide US Latino organisations, immigrant organisations, human rights organisations and even in Mexican and US government institutions. In the article the political trajectories of four Mexican migrant leaders from Chicago are presented in short biographical portraits. The biographical approach shows the difference in life experience that formed these male and female leaders. For the men the motivation to become politically engaged is rooted in the sentiment of belonging to and being recognised in a community of origin. Therefore, male migrant leaders are deeply involved in community politics in Mexico. The motivation of the female leaders presented here is different: for them the recognition in their community and country of origin is not as important as it is for the men. Their political motivation is based much more on the feeling of belonging to the migrant community in Chicago and on improving their living conditions in the United States. Their concerns are fair conditions in everyday life in the United States – in education, health care and at work, as well as in terms of immigration status or with respect to gender equality in migrant organisations.

Variation and dialect levelling in the Romani dialect of Ţăndărei

The Kangjlari of Ţandarei in southeastern Romania offer an interesting case study of the consolidation within just a few generations of a new Romani community, as a result of state-sponsored relocation and settlement between 1950 and 1980. We discuss the linguistic implications of the formation of this new community, drawing on language material from questionnaire elicitation and life history interviews among recent migrants now living in the UK, and supported by access to local ethnographic and archive material in the origin community. We show how a process of dialect levelling is underway in the Romani variety spoken by the Roma of Ţandarei, which resembles cases of koineization discussed for a number of other languages in recent sociolinguistic literature. The stabilization of a particular combination of features means that the variety under discussion cannot be accommodated into current dialect classification models. This has implications for our general understanding of dialect formation in Romani. The paper also offers the very first modern, concise grammatical sketch of a Romani variety from Romania.

Un manuel de piété pour les Noirs et les gens de couleur en Argentine (1839), traduction de celui de l’abbé Grégoire pour Haïti (1822)

Le Manuel de piété à l’usage des hommes de couleur et des Noirs de l’abbé Grégoire, édité en 1822 pour Haïti, a été fidèlement reproduit en espagnol en 1839 pour Buenos Aires, où se trouvait une forte communauté d’origine africaine. Or si l’histoire de l’île caribéenne et celle du Rio de la Plata avaient en commun l’esclavage des Noirs, l’évolution du système fut bien différente dans chaque pays. Il n’avait pas encore été aboli en Argentine à l’époque de la publication. Toutefois les éditeurs argentins, dans le contexte agité du gouvernement de Rosas qui s’appuyait sur les masses populaires, avaient probablement pensé à utiliser les propositions de Grégoire au sujet de la régénération de l’homme de couleur et du Noir à partir d’un strict encadrement chrétien.

المغاربة وتجارة الهند من البحر الأحمر إلى المحيط الهندي والصين

Our approach is based on tracking the Islamic Western merchants (North Africa and Muslim Spain) presence in the Eastern trade from Alexandria to China during the late Middle Age. Trade activity goes back to ancient times and flourished in the Red Sea during the second half of the 5th/11th century thanks to some objective factors, such as troubles along territorial roads (Banū Hilāl), maritime routes (Normans and Crusaders) and the spread of antisemitism spreading in the Mediterranean Western basin. For that reason, the “Geniza” letters are considered as a prominent historical source until the beginning of the 7th/13th century. However, the documents show some limitations, since they mention Jewish merchants only. Yet the prosperity of the “Karimi” trade revealed the existence of a community of Maghribi origin whose members had a decisive role in the 15th century trade. They were conscious of a crisis in the spice trade, which was of no use for the classical world till the advent of the Portuguese in the early 16th century. The latters’ presence allowed many of them to remain in the Indian Ocean islands and even in China. They are mentioned in travelogues, especially the most famous one, Ibn Baṭṭūṭa.