Community Hygiene Research Articles

A review of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome mutation and its effects

The pandemic-starting SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus was found in Wuhan, China. WHO declared this pandemic, which began in late 2019, in March 2020. Experts say this was the first SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. It was the first of many. This virus constantly mutates in response to its replication environment, causing waves, the deadliest of which was the delta variant-caused second wave, which killed millions worldwide. This review examines viral genome alterations and their global effects. We used references from previous research articles on this or similar issues to make our review more data-driven. We found that the virus' mutation has caused major health problems in humans, including deaths. The viruses changed genome, proteins, local food, sanitation, immunity, and milieu may be involved. We also found that while some of the impacted variations are milder and less contagious, some have had record-breaking peaks and significant death rates in a short time. This analysis examines COVID-19's impact on diabetes, cardiovascular disease, asthma, aging, and community hygiene. SARS-CoV-2 increases stress and blood glucose in diabetics. Clinical investigations have linked COVID-19 to cardiovascular disease, although the mechanism is uncertain. Asthmatics are more vulnerable to respiratory infections. Its effects change as one age. Cleanliness campaigns are needed to put an end to the epidemic.

Knowledge and Practices Related to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene among Household Residents in Selected Districts, Abyan Governorate

Introduction: Yemen is among the most water-stressed countries in the world, due to a naturally dry climate, regional drought in recent years, and falling groundwater levels due to unsustainable drilling. This work aimed to assess the current knowledge and practices on water, hygiene, and sanitation in conflict-affected communities and internally displaced people in selected districts of Abyan governorate - Yemen. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional house-to-house survey was conducted in 2019 in three rural districts in Abyan governorate, Yemen. A total of 446 households were randomly selected and a structured interview questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents through face-to-face interviews. Data were checked, cleaned, and entered to the SPSS version 22 for analysis. Results: The participants had inadequate knowledge and practices on water, sanitation, and hygiene. Only less than a quarter of the participants received any related education. The surveyed households had poor socioeconomic conditions such as poverty and illiteracy. Both water quantity and quality were inadequate, open defecation still exists, and open dumping of solid waste is common. Conclusion: This study calls for an urgent solution to address the challenges regarding inadequate quantity and quality of water in the surveyed areas. Moreover, it is of paramount importance to address the socio-economic vulnerabilities such as poverty, and illiteracy, and to maintain medium- and long-term solutions for water provision and environmental sanitation. For effective implementation of these solutions, education tailored to the context and the need of the population should be designed.

Co-creation of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Local Communities with NGOs during the COVID-19 Pandemic: From Hunter-gatherers to Urban Dwellers in Cameroon

Co-creation of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Local Communities with NGOs during the COVID-19 Pandemic: From Hunter-gatherers to Urban Dwellers in Cameroon

Treatment or Prevention? the matter of Priority in the Anti-tuberculosis Movement at the Turn of the 20th Century France.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze discussions on the matter of priority in treatment and prevention that took place in the medical community, the government and social hygiene associations to tuberculosis referred to as one of the national calamity in France at the turn of the 20th century. In other words, it is to show that treatment and prevention have complementary properties in France's anti-tuberculosis movement, considering the discussions on which institutions should preferably be expanded - between the Sanatorium that values medical treatment and the anti-tuberculosis dispensary that values social prevention. Tuberculosis, which is known to have existed from the ancient times, spread to the era of industrialization and urbanization, resulting in a large loss of lives in the second half of the 19th century following cholera in the first half of the century. Starting in Germany in the middle of this century, Sanatorium established a treatment for tuberculosis patients with air therapy, proper exercise or rest, and diet. In France, a public Sanatorium was built for the lower class, not like a luxury resort style Sanatorium for the wealthy class, from the 1890s. The spread was slow, however, due to financial problems. In the 1900s, anti-tuberculosis dispensary as a health center were increasingly built in working class quarters. The debate over whether to support the sanatorium or the dispensary was ignited at first, but since the mid-to-late 1900s, the two institutions' roles, namely, medical treatment and social prevention, have been recognized as complementary. The Anti-tuberculosis dispensary Act of 1916 and the Sanatorium Act of 1919 systematically supported the complementary relationship between treatment and prevention in fighting against tuberculosis.

The effect of a large-scale water, sanitation and hygiene intervention in Bangladesh on knowledge, behaviour and health: Findings from an endline programme evaluation.

The Sanitation, Hygiene Education and Water Supply in Bangladesh Programme (SHEWA-B) was a 5-year intervention aiming to improve water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices among 20 million rural residents through community hygiene promoters. This analysis evaluates the impact of SHEWA-B on knowledge, behaviour and childhood diarrhoea outcomes. The evaluation included repeated cross-sectional surveys and health surveillance in matched cohorts in intervention and control clusters. Cross-sectional surveys and structured observations at baseline, midline, and endline assessed the availability of WASH technology, caregiver knowledge and behaviour. Fieldworkers collected monthly health data in a subset of control and intervention households to determine the prevalence of diarrhoea. Of 5091 households surveyed, participants residing in intervention clusters showed minimal improvements in knowledge, reported behaviour, or use of WASH technology compared to the control clusters. During structured observations, intervention households increased more than control households at handwashing before preparing food and after cleaning a baby's anus when comparing endline to baseline, but these changes were not seen when comparing endline to the midline. The prevalence of childhood diarrhoea remained similar in both groups before (10.2% in intervention, 10.0% in control) and after (8.8% in intervention, 11.7% in control) midline changes were made to improve the intervention. Intervention clusters showed no improvement in diarrhoea over time compared to control clusters. SHEWA-B's community-based WASH promotion did not yield the intended impact on knowledge, behaviour or health. Greater priority should be given to approaches that have demonstrated effectiveness. Including rigorous evaluations would broaden the evidence base to support and improve large-scale programmes.

Evaluation of the Control of Water Sanitation and Hygiene Related Disease Through Community Hygiene Club Intervention in Rwanda

This article consists of a review article reporting the results of previous evaluations of the control of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) related disease through the Community Hygiene Club (CHC) intervention from 2010 to 2020. CHC constitutes the main intervention for the control of WASH-related disease in Rwanda and is implemented countrywide. The study objective was to evaluate if the CHC intervention significantly reduced the prevalence of WASH-related disease after 10 years of its implementation in Rwanda. The study utilized online existing policy documents, research reports, and experiences on the CHC intervention in Rwanda published between 2010 and 2020. We selected and reviewed 12 published documents, and the evaluation followed the steps proposed by ACHI (2020) Health Impact Assessment (HIA) and related frameworks of effective implementation of community health interventions. The primary outcome measure used was the reduction of WASH-related disease while the secondary outcome measure used was the increase of household WASH practices at less than a 5% level of statistical significance. We also described the structure and the implementation process of the CHC intervention. From the case studies where frameworks of effective implementation of community health interventions were applied, the study results showed the intervention significantly (a) increased households’ WASH practices and (b) reduced WASH-related disease. Due to limited publications in the research area and the lack of association of the WASH-related diseases and practices to the CHC intervention’s evaluation for most of published research reports, we recommend additional field data for an extended conclusion and its generalization in Rwanda. The study highlights the need to use appropriate frameworks in the evaluation of community health interventions to (a) attribute the outcome to the intervention and (b) easily identify the shortcomings in case of failure to get expected outcomes.

Three Days Extensive Survey of Malaria, Dengue and Chikungunya Mosquitoes in The Capital of Rajasthan, India

The mosquito-borne diseases are transmitted among people by the bite of an infected mosquito. In India, the major mosquito vectors belong to three genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex. The mosquito-borne disease transmission dynamics is ruled by a series of various type of factors like changes in climatic conditions, and other man-made factors like different types of land use, community hygiene and their behaviors etc. The presence of mosquitoes is a major concern for public health due to possibility of transmitting arboviral diseases like malaria, dengue and chikungunya; which repeatedly occurs in India and cause substantial morbidity and mortality annually. Current study was carried out in Jaipur district to determine the larval density, breeding preference and relative abundance of Anopheline and Aedes mosquitoes during October month of 2021 because there is less information available regarding vector breeding preference and other associated factors in surveyed areas. Survey was carried out in various place of Jaipur district [Chand Pole, Chhoti Chopad, Mahal Road, Jagatpura and Chaksu (Kothun)]. Total 185 houses were surveyed, among them 140 houses were found positive for Aedes and Anopheline mosquitoes. The larval indices like House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), Breteau Index (BI) and Pupae Index (PI) were calculated as 75.67%, 46.89%, 142.70 and 25.94 respectively. Total 46.89% of inspected containers were found positive for mosquitoes’ immature stages. The cattle drinking tanks were found as the most suitable breeding container with 82.75% positivity. This study concludes that Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Anopheles stephensi was found as the most abundant mosquito in this region so this area at high risk for mosquito-borne disease. The study recommends that the surveillance program regarding vector ecology and biology should be carried out in this area and an awareness program should be also conducted regarding vector and their breeding preferences

Modelling the transmission dynamics of Lassa fever with nonlinear incidence rate and vertical transmission

In this paper, a seven-dimensional nonlinear mathematical model featuring the vertical transmission in humans, saturated incidence functions, and human population with good and poor community hygiene is formulated to describe the dynamics of Lassa fever (LF) disease transmission between the interacting human and rodent populations. The model is analysed to investigate the dynamical behaviour of its solutions using some theories of dynamical system of ordinary differential equations. The basic reproduction number, R0, of the model is established. A suitable Lyapunov function is constructed to establish the global asymptotic behaviour of the model about the Lassa fever-free equilibrium. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to gain insightful information about how R0 is influenced by the variation in the model parameters. Numerical simulations are conducted to examine the effects of the most sensitive model parameters on the population dynamics of LF. The results obtained provide epidemiological insights into the impact of key model parameters on the transmission dynamics of LF and suggest some measures to fight or guide against the disease spread in a population.

Factors Influencing High-Rise Gated Community Collective Action Effectiveness: Conceptualization of the Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework

Managing common property in gated communities is challenging. Although numerous studies have demonstrated that there are several determinants of collective action effectiveness and performances in gated communities, empirical research drawing on a multidimensional social-ecological system (SES) framework in quantitatively exploring relationships between institutional–physical–social factors and gated community collective action remains lacking. Therefore, based on Ostrom’s social-ecological system (SES) framework, this study attempts to identify factors influencing the self-organizing system (collective action) of gated communities in China. Using stratified purposive sampling, ten gated communities with various characteristics in the Taigu district were selected, in which questionnaires were then distributed to 414 households to collect valid data within the communities. Taking the ridge regression as a more robust predictive SES model with a penalty value of k = 0.1 and regularization, R Square of 0.882, this study, among 14 factors, ultimately identified six key institutional–social–ecological factors based on the descending standardized effect size, and they are: (i) types of community; (ii) presence of leaders; (iii) exclusiveness systems of a gated community; (iv) age of gated community; (v) strict enforcement of rules; and (vi) number of households that affect residents’ collective action in terms of community security, hygiene and cleanliness, and facility quality. The research findings provide urban managers and communities novel insights to formulate strategic policies towards sustainable housing and building management.

Frequency of Hepatitis E virus infection in patients with acute hepatitis

Hepatitis E virus causes a self-limiting viral infection, transmitted by feco-oral route. HEV infection is major health problem worldwide, with a higher incidence in developing country.To determine the frequency of HEV infection in patient with acute hepatitis and describe the frequency of HEV in different sex and age groups. From January 2019 to December 2020, Serum samples from clinically suspected acute viral hepatitis cases were collected and sent to the department of microbiology maintaining precautions. These were processed for the detection of HEV- specific Immunoglobulin M antibodies carried out rapid card test which is based on immunochromatography.The seroprevalence of HEV (11.79%), HEV infection is slightly higher in female (52%) as compare to male (48%) and HEV infection was most commonly seen in adults (age group 21-30 years)The best means of reducing the spread of infection is by promoting simple measure of personal and community hygiene. However, these data will be useful for planning of future vaccination and for better sanitation. This study also helps the local organizations for maintaining the proper hygiene condition and supply purified water which can help to reduce the prevalence of Hepatitis E virus.

The Feasibility of Water Quality of Bedadung River for Inland Fishery Business Development and Sanitation Hygiene

This research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive method for measuring water quality in the form of measuring chemical, physical and biological parameters of the waters at the research location, then using a qualitative descriptive method to describe the condition of the designated area in the watershed of the research location.The research location is the Biting River, the Jompo River and the Besini River. The purpose of the study was to assess the feasibility of water quality at the research site for inland fishery businesses and the water needs for sanitation hygiene for the community. The results of the measurement of water quality parameters at the research location showed that the Biting river was in an unpolluted and fertile condition, while the Jompo River indicated that it was contaminated with Oscillatoria bacteria which is very dangerous for human health and aquatic organisms. The water quality of the Besini river shows that the waters are fertile, not polluted but not suitable for community hygiene and sanitation activities because it is brackish with an average water salinity of 25 ppt.

Urban Water Access and Use in the Kivus: Evaluating Behavioural Outcomes Following an Integrated WASH Intervention in Goma and Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Increasing the availability and reliability of community water sources is a primary pathway through which many water supply interventions aim to achieve health gains in communities with limited access to water. While previous studies in rural settings have shown that greater access to water is associated both with increased overall consumption of water and use of water for hygiene related activities, there is limited evidence from urban environments. Using data collected from 1253 households during the evaluation of a community water supply governance and hygiene promotion intervention in the cities of Goma and Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo, we conducted a secondary analysis to determine the impact of these interventions on household water collection and use habits. Using multiple and logistic regression models we compared differences in outcomes of interest between households in quartiers with and without the intervention. Outcomes of interest included litres per capita day (lpcd) of water brought to the household, lpcd used at the household, and lpcd used for hygiene-related activities. Results demonstrated that intervention households were more likely to use community tapstands than households located in comparison quartiers and collected on average 16.3 lpcd of water, compared with 13.5 lpcd among comparison households (adj. coef: 3.2, 95 CI: 0.84 to 5.53, p = 0.008). However, reported usage of water in the household for domestic purposes was lower among intervention households (8.2 lpcd) when compared with comparison households (9.4 lpcd) (adj. coef: −1.11, 95 CI: −2.29 to 0.07), p = 0.066) and there was no difference between study groups in the amount of water allocated to hygiene activities. These results show that in this setting, implementation of a water supply governance and hygiene promotion intervention was associated with a modest increase in the amount of water being bought to the household, but that this did not translate into an increase in either overall per capita consumption of water or the per capita amount of water being allocated to hygiene related activities.

Global impact of foodborne diseases on health

The occurrence of foodborne diseases (FBD) has increased in the last decade as a result of negligence for hygiene. Prevalence of FBD due to lack of education, insufficient health services result in the spread of disease on a larger scale. Personal hygiene, as well as local cleanliness, is the most important aspect of the overall health community. Pandemic like COVID is due to lack of personal hygiene as well as health education. The data published by global bodies like World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that the FBD should be controlled by increasing awareness related to personal hygiene and health education. This article reviewed the global occurrence of FBD, preventive measures and solutions for an overall healthy community. The aim of this review is to analyse reports related to foodborne diseases over the globe and suggest guidelines for community health. The scope of this review is in food safety and quality – microbiological and chemical in Food research Journal. Reviews, reports, research data related to foodborne diseases have been analysed and future solutions for building a better health community have been suggested. A total of 74 references including research articles, reviews, press notes, government sites related to foodborne diseases over the globe have been reviewed and data collection has been analysed to suggest better health community guidelines. All the references showed that the occurrence of foodborne diseases are increasing day by day and thus control measure policies have to be implemented worldwide. These include strict government policies, education of food vendors, strict action against those who are not following it, educating the importance of personal as well as community hygiene. These results will surely help to build a better healthy community in future. The data showed that foodborne disease is affecting many populations at any age each year leading to morbidity and mortality. The disease is caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. The common symptoms are diarrhoea, vomiting, fever and abdominal pain. Awareness and education related to community health should be spread using advertisements, social media, newspapers, news channels to lower the incidence of foodborne diseases.

Meningkatkan Sanitasi Masyarakat dan Memajukan Umkm di Desa Tegak Kabupaten Klungkung di Masa Pandemi

This activity aims to improve the level of community hygiene or sanitation and promote Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Tegak Village, Klungkung Regency during the Pandemic Period. This is done by implementing several programs. This activity can be carried out thanks to the collaboration between Warmadewa University and the people of Upright Village. This study was written with a qualitative method, and data collection was carried out by direct observation and interviews. This service activity is carried out by helping promote MSMEs through social media platforms, educating on how to wash hands properly, distributing free masks, and installing educational posters for COVID-19 prevention, as well as assisting with COVID-19 vaccination activities, and assisting after-care activities such as the construction of MCK facilities. and tree planting. The programs that have been implemented well in Tegak Village, Klungkung District, Klungkung Regency include the promotion program for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), an educational program on how to wash hands properly, a program for distributing free masks and the installation of educational posters for COVID-19 prevention, a program to assist in the implementation of COVID-19 vaccination, assisting posyandu activities, handing over direct cash assistance (BLT) for Upright Village funds for the 2021 fiscal year 2021 phase V in May 2021, the village SDGs population data survey program in 2021, and programs to improve sanitation and care for the environment.

Meningkatkan Sanitasi Masyarakat dan Memajukan Umkm di Desa Tegak Kabupaten Klungkung di Masa Pandemi

This activity aims to improve the level of community hygiene or sanitation and promote Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Tegak Village, Klungkung Regency during the Pandemic Period. This is done by implementing several programs. This activity can be carried out thanks to the collaboration between Warmadewa University and the people of Upright Village. This study was written with a qualitative method, and data collection was carried out by direct observation and interviews. This service activity is carried out by helping promote MSMEs through social media platforms, educating on how to wash hands properly, distributing free masks, and installing educational posters for COVID-19 prevention, as well as assisting with COVID-19 vaccination activities, and assisting after-care activities such as the construction of MCK facilities. and tree planting. The programs that have been implemented well in Tegak Village, Klungkung District, Klungkung Regency include the promotion program for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), an educational program on how to wash hands properly, a program for distributing free masks and the installation of educational posters for COVID-19 prevention, a program to assist in the implementation of COVID-19 vaccination, assisting posyandu activities, handing over direct cash assistance (BLT) for Upright Village funds for the 2021 fiscal year 2021 phase V in May 2021, the village SDGs population data survey program in 2021, and programs to improve sanitation and care for the environment.

Influence of Housing Resettlement on the Subjective Well-Being of Disaster-Forced Migrants: An Empirical Study in Yancheng City

As natural disasters have occurred frequently in recent years, disaster-induced migration has become inevitable. People normally attach great importance to the speed and results of post-disaster reconstruction while ignoring the subjective well-being (SWB) of disaster victims, which represents their quality of life and emotional conditions. Based on a questionnaire survey of 256 respondents from Yancheng’s 17 centralised resettlement communities established after a hurricane in 2016, we used ordinal logistic regression models to discuss the SWB of disaster-induced migrants and its main influencing factors. We found that the SWB of disaster-induced migrants is influenced by resettlement housing conditions and community built and social environments. In light of the housing resettlement conditions, the findings show that disaster migrants are likely to feel happier if they are satisfied with the housing resettlement allocation mode, housing resettlement quality and the living space, and the more housing expenditure related to the resettlement is, the less happy they tend to be. In regard to the community environment, it is found that disaster migrants’ evaluation of community facilities and participation does not have a significant impact on their happiness, but the more highly rated community hygiene and the cadre–mass relationship are, the happier they tend to be.

Komunikasi Edukasi untuk Pencegahan Penularan Covid-19 dan Peningkatan Derajat Kesehatan Masyarakat di Kabupaten Serang Banten

Location of Sukalaba village located in the hilly area and far away which causing to lack of attention and monitoring by the regional government. The main problem of Sukalabans is disease threat because they are lack of knowledge and awareness in implementing health protocols and the garbage is not managed causing lots of flies around the settlement as a result of the large number of chicken farms. Focus of these service activities are public health and environment aspect. These activities aimed to change community behavior which led to a clean and healthy lifestyle (PHBS) to prevent disease transmission including covid-19, increase community hygiene and environmental health. The applied approach is communication approach with Extended Parallel Process model which focused to components of message, perception, and self-efficacy. The results of community activities covered educational communication of preventing of Covid-19 transmission, integrated waste management planning, and door-to-door counseling about use of fly poison. Other supporting activities are healthy exercise regularly, community service to mosque cleanliness, and planting 1000 trees.

Diarrhoea among Children Aged under Five Years and Risk Factors in Informal Settlements: A Cross-Sectional Study in Cape Town, South Africa.

Background: There is limited data on the association between diarrhoea among children aged under five years (U5D) and water use, sanitation, hygiene, and socio-economics factors in low-income communities. The study investigated U5D and the associated risk factors in the Zeekoe catchment in Cape Town, South Africa. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 707 households in six informal settlements (IS) two formal settlements (FS) (March–June 2017). Results: Most IS households used public taps (74.4%) and shared toilets (93.0%), while FS households used piped water on premises (89.6%) and private toilets (98.3%). IS respondents had higher average hand-washing scores than those of FS (0.04 vs. −0.14, p = 0.02). The overall U5D prevalence was 15.3% (range: 8.6%–24.2%) and was higher in FS than in IS (21.2% vs. 13.4%, respectively, p = 0.01). Water storage >12 h was associated with increasing U5D (OR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.00–3.55, p = 0.05). Water treatment (OR = 0.57, 95%CI 0.34–0.97, p = 0.04), good hand-washing practices (OR = 0.59, 95%CI 0.42–0.82, p = 0.002) and Hepatitis A vaccination (OR = 0.51, 95%CI 0.28–0.9, p = 0.02) had significant preventing effects on U5D. Conclusions: The study highlights that good hygiene practice is a key intervention against U5D in informal settlements. The promotion of hand-washing, proper water storage, and hygienic breastfeeding is highly recommended.

Collision Avoidance and Stability Study of a Self-Reconfigurable Drainage Robot.

The inspection and maintenance of drains with varying heights necessitates a drain mapping robot with trained labour to maintain community hygiene and prevent the spread of diseases. For adapting to level changes and navigating in the narrow confined environments of drains, we developed a self-configurable hybrid robot, named Tarantula-II. The platform is a quadruped robot with hybrid locomotion and the ability to reconfigure to achieve variable height and width. It has four legs, and each leg is made of linear actuators and modular rolling wheel mechanisms with bi-directional movement. The platform has a fuzzy logic system for collision avoidance of the side wall in the drain environment. During level shifting, the platform achieves stability by using the pitch angle as the feedback from the inertial measuring unit (IMU) mounted on the platform. This feedback helps to adjust the accurate height of the platform. In this paper, we describe the detailed mechanical design and system architecture, kinematic models, control architecture, and stability of the platform. We deployed the platform both in a lab setting and in a real-time drain environment to demonstrate the wall collision avoidance, stability, and level shifting capabilities of the platform.

The Potential Risk of the Used Thaumatococcus danielli (Benn) Leaves in Food Packaging Process in Transmission of Antibiotic Resistant Pathogens in Ghana

Thaumatococcus danielli leaf is a known forest plant species that is widely used by food vendors for food packaging. In this study, the possible risk of T. danielli leaf used in food packaging, with its antibiotic-resistant pathogen transmission potential was evaluated. Five hundred leaves were swabbed from vendors at different food joints and were subjected to the routine bacteriological examination. Pure cultures from swabs were biochemically analysed, after microscopic examination. Most bacteria isolates were members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Other species included Staphylococcus aureus, CoNS (Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci) and Pseudomonas sp. The bacterial isolates were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility towards 11 antimicrobials. As well as some factors such as community hygiene levels and people behaviour and their influences on the transmission of these microorganisms were statistically analysed using frequency tables. Most of the food vendors (43%) were between the ages of 31-40. Those with tertiary education were mostly aware (58%) of the possible transmission of pathogens by the leaves. Moreover, the leaves are preferred by food buyers irrespective of their income. Bacteria belonging to sixteen (16) different genera were identified, all of which were resistant to at least three antibiotics. The study showed that T. danielli leaves used by food vendors in two popular markets in Cape Coast Metropolis were contaminated and may serve as a possible vehicle for antibiotic-resistant bacteria transmission.