The global biodiversity crisis brings significant environmental and social impacts, necessitating innovative approaches to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. This is particularly relevant for coastal peripheries that are rich in both natural and cultural capital. The Reknotting Marine Biodiversity project adopted a trans-disciplinary approach to integrate participatory science and education, involving local communities and researchers in biodiversity monitoring using environmental DNA metabarcoding along the coast of Marina di Camerota, Southern Italy. This approach compared Posidonia oceanica habitats with areas subject to anthropogenic pressures. Results show a greater diversity of pelagic fish and benthic organisms in the presence of P. oceanica, nine species that can potentially cause Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), and eight species responsible for non-toxic algal blooms in less pristine areas. This study highlights the value of coastal habitats and the strategic value of citizen science in raising ecological awareness, proposing a replicable model for local marine observatories jointly managed by scientists and citizens.

This case study research paper addresses the environmental impacts of cage fish farming in Kerala with special reference to Ernakulam district. The study has analyzed the economic viability of cage fish farming and its impact on backwaters. The study has found out that cage fish farming is an effective way of raising the fish production, sustainable utilization of water bodies, and generation of additional income to the fishermen. The study has also brought out some evidence to show the capability of cage fish farming in reverting the problem of tragedy of commons. The study has revealed that the water quality (temperature, PH, nitrate and nitrite etc.) in the study area has improved to an extend over time which is evident from the water quality status reports. The study through primary data analysis found out that the cage fish farmers in the study area have taken steps to maintain the water quality, for the survival and proper breeding of their fish culture and thereby trying to maximize their profit from cage fish farming. The study has found out a positive correlation between fish farming and sustainability of common areas (especially the lakes) in the study area unlike the problems of Commons mentioned by Garrett Hardin in his theory “The tragedy of commons”. The study recommends strengthening waste management procedures, implementing community-based monitoring, and ensuring adherence to scientific recommendations for stocking and feeding to enhance water quality and secure a sustainable future for the backwaters.

Community-based monitoring (CBM) programs are increasingly recognized as essential for adaptive environmental stewardship. Yet, the CBM literature often highlights successful cases and privileges evaluations by external experts over those of community members themselves. To address this gap, we drew on insights from 23 semistructured interviews with Cree fishers, community members, and program administrators of the James Bay Cree Nation of Wemindji (Eeyou Istchee, northern Québec). The respondents participated in a 22-year subsistence fishing monitoring program. Interviews explored participants' experiences with the program and their interpretations of interannual variations in fishing activity based on the monitoring data. Although a general decline in annual fish catches was observed, data accuracy and utility were constrained by inconsistencies in monitoring protocols. Respondents identified several opportunities for improvement, including expanding fishers' roles beyond data collection; incorporating Cree knowledge, particularly women's knowledge, in program design; and ensuring the timely and accessible communication of results. Our findings showed that CBM initiatives grounded in full Indigenous participation at all stages-from design to data interpretation and use-can enhance both program outcomes and self-determined environmental stewardship. To support similar efforts elsewhere, we codeveloped an evaluation rubric outlining key criteria for assessing and strengthening current and future Indigenous CBM programs.

This study examined the spatial distribution of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) operations and the corresponding land use impacts in selected locations across Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Using a combination of field surveys, satellite imagery, and ground truthing, six prominent ASM sites (Azara, Tof, Doka, Udege, Keana, and Mada Station) were mapped and analyzed for their mineral specialization, production output, and land use implications. Findings revealed a distinct spatial clustering pattern, with Azara and Keana emerging as major barite and copper zones, while Tof and Doka were predominantly gold-focused. Udege and Mada Station recorded lower activity levels, producing mainly tantalite and barite, respectively. Cumulative monthly production across all sites averaged approximately 16.8 tons, reflecting the economic relevance of ASM in the region despite its largely informal operational structure. Land use analysis indicated significant alterations in approximately 390 hectares of land, distributed among agricultural (46%), forested (36%), and residential (18%) areas. Agricultural lands were most affected, particularly around Doka and Keana, where farmland loss has directly undermined local food security. Forested areas near Azara and Mada Station exhibited severe fragmentation, threatening biodiversity and ecological stability, while residential zones near Udege and Tof experienced moderate displacement and infrastructure disruption. A chi-square test (χ² = 22.8, df = 2, p < 0.001) confirmed a statistically significant association between land use categories and their susceptibility to mining impacts, indicating that agricultural and forested lands are disproportionately burdened. The findings highlight the duality of ASM as both an economic lifeline and a driver of environmental degradation in Nasarawa State. Sustainable land management policies, stricter environmental regulation, and community-based monitoring are recommended to balance mineral exploitation with ecological and socio-economic resilience.

Climate change has intensified rainfall variability across Sub-Saharan Africa, posing significant threats to smallholder farmers who rely on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods. Ethiopia, and particularly the Amhara region, is among the most vulnerable areas due to its dependence on seasonal rainfall and diverse topography. Despite numerous studies, findings on rainfall variability across Ethiopia remain inconsistent, underscoring the need for localized assessments. This study investigates rainfall characterization in western Amhara, Ethiopia, focusing on onset, cessation, length of growing period (LGP), and variability over the period 1992–2021. Data from 11 meteorological stations were analyzed using the Climate Data Tool (CDT), supported by quality control methods to address missing values, outliers, and homogeneity issues. The results indicate that the mean rainfall onset in western Amhara occurs on May 28 (Day of Year 148), with early and late onsets ranging between May 3 and June 30. The mean cessation date is September 29 (Day of Year 272), varying from July 14 to October 15 across stations. Consequently, the mean LGP is 124 days, with ranges from 103 to 151 days, reflecting both interannual and spatial variability. Stability analysis revealed high consistency in onset and LGP (standard deviations of 11 and 13 days, respectively) and very high stability in cessation dates (SD = 4 days). Annual total rainfall ranged between 995 mm and 1783.5 mm, with a mean of 1316.7 mm and coefficient of variation (CV) of 14.4%. Seasonal <i>Kiremt</i> rainfall averaged 1002 mm, with CV values of 15.6%, highlighting moderate variability. Compared to previous studies, this research observed shorter growing periods, pointing to emerging challenges for crop production under shifting climatic conditions. The study emphasizes the importance of localized rainfall analysis for agricultural planning, food security, and climate adaptation. Findings provide critical insights for farmers in timing planting and harvesting, while also supporting policymakers in designing targeted interventions for resilience. It is recommended that future work expand the network of meteorological stations, enhance community-based monitoring, and foster interdisciplinary collaboration to improve adaptation strategies. Ultimately, understanding rainfall dynamics in western Amhara is essential for ensuring sustainable agricultural productivity and resilience in the face of climate variability.

Electoral malpractice continues to hinder democratic consolidation in Nigeria, particularly in the South-South region where citizen oversight is weak. This study developed a Community-Based Election Monitoring and Whistleblowing Framework (CEMWF) to strengthen transparency and accountability during elections. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining quantitative surveys of 432 respondents across Akwa Ibom, Rivers, and Delta States with qualitative interviews and focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analyzed using weighted descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, logistic regression, and difference-in-differences (DID) analysis, while spatial hotspot mapping and thematic coding complemented the results. Findings showed that 48.3% of respondents experienced electoral malpractice, but only 26.4% reported it, citing low institutional trust (mean = 2.7/5) and a strong preference for anonymity (mean = 4.7/5). Smartphone ownership (71.7%) and internet access (65.2%) demonstrated readiness for digital monitoring. Reporting likelihood increased with incident severity (OR = 1.80, p < 0.001) and smartphone ownership (OR = 2.30, p = 0.004), while anonymity concerns discouraged reporting. They DID results showed a 3.5-point reduction (p = 0.010) in verified malpractices post-intervention. The study concludes that community-driven, blockchain-enabled monitoring can enhance electoral integrity and rebuild citizen trust in governance.

BackgroundIn 2019, an explosion at the Philadelphia Energy Solutions Refinery, one of the largest urban oil refineries in the U.S., led to its shuttering and transition into redevelopment. Local fenceline communities, previously impacted by refinery operations, expressed concern about air toxics, particularly benzene, released during the decommissioning process. To monitor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including benzene, in fenceline communities, we created THRIVEair, a partnership between environmental justice organization Philly Thrive and Drexel University scientists. Key goals of the project included community-responsive air monitoring, data democratization, and timely report-back of results.MethodsThrough an action-reflection-action approach, we co-designed a one-year VOC monitoring campaign from June 2023-June 2024, and data dissemination products, including fact sheets, Teach-Ins, and a public website. We monitored 37 VOCs using one-week integrated samples collected using passive thermal desorption tubes. Nine stationary sites were monitored weekly, and 11 additional sites were monitored on a rotating basis for two one-week sessions in summer and winter.ResultsOn average, we found that benzene concentrations were relatively low over the one-year monitoring period (mean for stationary sites: 1.32 µg/m3, range = 0.30 – 9.04 µg/m3), though spatial and temporal variability were evident.ConclusionThrough the air monitoring campaign design and implementation process, THRIVEair supported Philly Thrive’s goal of establishing an air monitoring network in neighborhoods impacted by the former refinery. By providing publicly available air quality data, THRIVEair results can be leveraged in Philly Thrive’s advocacy efforts.

BackgroundAn osteoporotic fragility fracture occurs every three seconds, with a particularly high incidence after the age of 65, reflecting a substantial decline in bone mass. Given the limitations of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in early-stage bone mineral density (BMD) assessment, we aim to employ ultrasound-based BMD evaluation within community populations to gain a deeper understanding of the age at which bone mass reduction begins and the associated risk factors.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of 15,052 individuals from routine health check-ups at Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (2017–2024). BMD was assessed through ultrasound, with body composition measured in 4,999 participants using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Key risk factors were identified via least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) were used to predict bone mass reduction risk. Models were evaluated with 5-fold cross-validation. Model performance was assessed using the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). SHAP plots were employed for interpretability. The best model was deployed in a Shiny web application for real-time prediction.ResultsAmong 15,052 individuals, 55.7% had normal bone mass, 43.0% had osteopenia, and 1.3% had osteoporosis. Bone mass was significantly associated with gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and metabolic markers (P < 0.001). Age increased with decreasing bone mass: normal (43 years), osteopenia (53 years), and osteoporosis (65 years). In 4,999 participants, osteopenia and osteoporosis were linked to higher fat mass index (FMI) and metabolic markers. Group medians in the osteopenia/osteoporosis fell within reference ranges, yet some individuals had values close to either limit. No associations were found between smoking or drinking status and BMD. Bone mass reduction rose sharply from 27.2% to 53.4% between ages 30–59. ROC analysis showed age as a predictor of bone mass reduction with optimal cutoffs at 47 years for males and 49 years for females. LASSO regression identified age, gender, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and FMI as key factors. XGBoost achieved the highest AUC (0.734). Gender-stratified analysis showed that in males, age, HDL-C, FMI, and FBG were significant factors (XGBoost AUC = 0.687), while in females, age, TG, and FMI were key factors (XGBoost AUC = 0.770).ConclusionThis study found a high prevalence of bone mass reduction among Chinese adults aged 30–59 years. FMI and age showed significant associations with reduced bone mass. Furthermore, even when HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and HbA1c were near the reference limits but within normal ranges, their variations were associated with bone mass reduction, which may serve as an early warning indicator. These results underscore the potential utility of community-based bone health monitoring and offer epidemiological insights for comparable aging populations.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-025-02788-z.

ABSTRACT Optimal nutrition and growth of vulnerable children requires appropriate growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) through regular measurement and follow up, to detect nutritional problems early and prevent malnutrition. Routine surveillance of children’s growth, especially their height, is not currently taking place reliably in primary healthcare (PHC) facilities. Community-based GMP responds to this gap, which could benefit from integration with mHealth tools. Three non-profit organisations in South Africa using mHealth for community-based GMP at the community level are compared. Recommendations for the use of mHealth for community-based GMP in similar settings are proposed. All three cases recognise that mHealth is a useful approach to digitising growth data on children. Collaboration with PHC for GMP referral and treatment is important to treat at-risk children. mHealth can be beneficial to GMP activities, when data are accessible and analysis is timeous. Ongoing costs related to data access remain a barrier to scaling up mHealth.

BackgroundComprehensive health surveillance for vulnerable populations, particularly mothers and children, is essential beyond traditional surveys. It may help address gaps in identifying issues occurring outside health facilities or linked to social stigma.MethodsThis embedded mixed-methods study aimed to identify factors contributing to an effective community-based surveillance system for maternal and child health. Quantitative data on knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and stigma were collected through interviewer-assisted questionnaires in 300 households. Qualitative insights into barriers and opportunities for detecting, reporting, and monitoring maternal and child health issues were obtained through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Participants included public officials, community leaders, medical staff, and social workers. All data were collected across three subdistricts in Depok.ResultsThe household survey revealed that 22.5%, 24.1%, and 15.1% of respondents lacked knowledge of warning signs during pregnancy, childbirth, and newborn care, respectively. Men were less knowledgeable (34.2%, 35.2%, 23.2%) than women (10.7%, 12.9%, 7.0%). Most respondents (98%) supported community-based health monitoring. Thematic analysis unveiled barriers such as the high mobility of migrant families, inadequate capacity of health volunteers, stigma, delayed healthcare responses, and reluctance among families with middle-to-high socioeconomic status. Alternatively, opportunities included positive community perceptions of surveillance, ongoing community empowerment activities, active roles of health volunteers, potential stakeholder collaboration, and digital communication channels.ConclusionPublic health education primarily targeting men is indispensable to enhancing their awareness of maternal and child health issues. Addressing identified barriers and leveraging opportunities could establish a sustainable and well-received community-based surveillance system, crucial for ensuring the health of mothers and children.

Comprehensive health surveillance for vulnerable populations, particularly mothers and children, is essential beyond traditional surveys. It may help address gaps in identifying issues occurring outside health facilities or linked to social stigma. This embedded mixed-methods study aimed to identify factors contributing to an effective community-based surveillance system for maternal and child health. Quantitative data on knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and stigma were collected through interviewer-assisted questionnaires in 300 households. Qualitative insights into barriers and opportunities for detecting, reporting, and monitoring maternal and child health issues were obtained through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Participants included public officials, community leaders, medical staff, and social workers. All data were collected across three subdistricts in Depok. The household survey revealed that 22.5%, 24.1%, and 15.1% of respondents lacked knowledge of warning signs during pregnancy, childbirth, and newborn care, respectively. Men were less knowledgeable (34.2%, 35.2%, 23.2%) than women (10.7%, 12.9%, 7.0%). Most respondents (98%) supported community-based health monitoring. Thematic analysis unveiled barriers such as the high mobility of migrant families, inadequate capacity of health volunteers, stigma, delayed healthcare responses, and reluctance among families with middle-to-high socioeconomic status. Alternatively, opportunities included positive community perceptions of surveillance, ongoing community empowerment activities, active roles of health volunteers, potential stakeholder collaboration, and digital communication channels. Public health education primarily targeting men is indispensable to enhancing their awareness of maternal and child health issues. Addressing identified barriers and leveraging opportunities could establish a sustainable and well-received community-based surveillance system, crucial for ensuring the health of mothers and children.

ABSTRACT This paper presents a baseline assessment of Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) in Almora district, Uttarakhand, under the Ayushman Bharat Programme. The study evaluates 53 operational AAMs using a mixed-method cross-sectional design comprising structured surveys, interviews, and field observations. While most AAMs organize wellness sessions and community outreach events, substantial gaps remain in essential medicine availability, diagnostics, and digital infrastructure. Approximately 62% of centres operate from rented buildings, and about one-fourth lack reliable electricity or water supply. Maternal and non-communicable disease (NCD) service coverage show moderate progress, but teleconsultation and diagnostic continuity remain limited. Encouragingly, community engagement through Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Days (VHSNDs), health melas, and wellness sessions demonstrates strong local participation. The findings highlight the need for infrastructure upgrades, regular supply-chain mechanisms, and strengthened community-based monitoring for achieving equitable primary healthcare in mountainous regions. The study contributes to the evidence base for improving Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC) systems in resource-constrained geographies globally. Keywords: Ayushman Arogya Mandir, Primary Health Care, Infrastructure, Service Delivery, Community Engagement, Uttarakhand.

Abstract The Grogolan River in Bojonegoro is a vital raw water source increasingly threatened by land conversion, intensive agriculture, and domestic wastewater. This study evaluated its water quality using physicochemical analysis, macroinvertebrate-based bio-assessment, and spatial land-use analysis, aligned with SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). Sampling at four points along the river measured physicochemical parameters and fecal coliform. Results showed poor water quality (IKA average 45.0), with moderate pollution midstream linked to high phosphate levels (0.982 mg/L). Macroinvertebrate assessment revealed dominance of tolerant taxa, mainly Atyidae (28%) and Corixidae (16%), with IPAb values 2.10–2.89, indicating light to moderate pollution. Land-use analysis showed irrigated rice fields (40.22%) and settlements (5.58%) as major contributors to declining water quality. The findings demonstrate the combined effects of agricultural practices and inadequate wastewater management, also connecting to SDG 15 (Life on Land) for freshwater ecosystem protection. Recommended measures include riparian restoration, eco-remediation, decentralized wastewater treatment, and community-based monitoring to strengthen watershed management and sustainability efforts.

The global palm oil industry faces increasing pressure to eliminate deforestation from its supply chains, driven by international commitments such as the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) standards, and Indonesia’s Forest and Other Land Use (FOLU) Net Sink 2030 commitment. These frameworks require effective mechanisms to identify and safeguard ecologically and socially valuable landscapes within agricultural frontiers. Integrating High Conservation Value (HCV) principles into land use planning is therefore critical to balancing commodity production, biodiversity conservation, and community rights. This study analyzes how oil palm development in Mandailing Natal, North Sumatra, can align with High Conservation Value (HCV) protection. Using a 2024 district-wide ABKT-HCS (High Conservation Value and High Carbon Stock) assessment and scenario modeling, the study examines forest encroachment, institutional fragmentation, and policy gaps undermining sustainable land use. Although more than half of the district is legally defined as forest, rapid plantation expansion—driven by smallholder pressures, tenure insecurity, and weak inter-agency coordination—continues to erode ecological integrity and cultural landscapes. Scenario analysis shows that improving yields through Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and participatory zoning can enhance productivity without new deforestation. The paper recommends integrating ABKT spatial data into formal land-use planning, institutionalizing Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC), and implementing community-based monitoring. These strategies support a jurisdictional sustainability transition consistent with Indonesia’s FOLU Net Sink 2030 objective.

High-resolution water quality data are fundamental to achieving the objectives of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG). While community-based monitoring projects provide valuable data, concerns remain regarding the accuracy and reliability of those data. This study addresses these challenges by developing an affordable, reliable, and open-source optical sensor for monitoring nitrate and phosphate concentrations in freshwater environments. The sensor was developed to support citizen scientists and community monitoring and consists of a 3D-printed case made of polylactic acid, a light-emitting diode (LED), and a commercial ambient light detector managed by a Raspberry Pi Zero W. Data can be stored offline or transmitted in real time via Wi-Fi. The analytical performance was evaluated in laboratory and operational conditions using standard and natural river samples, performing a comparative analysis with a laboratory-based spectrophotometer. Results showed that the sensor provides accurate and repeatable measurements with a significant improvement over conventional colorimetric methods. The sensor technology follows open science principles as the 3D design, operating software, and user guidelines are freely available online to support further advancements and its application in community-based water quality monitoring.

This study aims to explore the government’s strategies in addressing stunting in North Aceh Regency and examine how policy implementation is understood and practiced within the region’s socio-cultural context. Stunting remains a critical public health issue in North Aceh, with prevalence rates exceeding the national average, highlighting the need for more contextualized and participatory approaches. A qualitative case study design was employed, with data collected through semi-structured interviews involving 25 key informants, participant observation in community nutrition and health programs, and document analysis of local policy reports and official records. Informants were selected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques, including health cadres, public health officers, local government officials, community leaders, and mothers of under-five children. Thematic analysis based on Miles and Huberman’s interactive model was used to analyze the data. Four major themes emerged: (1) cultural perceptions linking rice as the primary indicator of nutritional adequacy, (2) limited human resource capacity and sectoral coordination, (3) a gap between nutrition education and actual consumption practices, and (4) weak monitoring systems and case follow-up mechanisms. These findings underscore the importance of aligning policy implementation with local values and social structures. This study contributes to the development of policy implementation and social-ecological theories in public health contexts. Practical implications include the need for culturally adaptive nutrition programs and stronger community-based monitoring systems. Future research is recommended to adopt participatory approaches for developing more responsive interventions tailored to local community needs.

Does community-based monitoring advance Indigenous self-determination? Inuit-led monitoring and governance in Nunavut and Greenland

Ecological and carcinogenic risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in rangelands and croplands around Lake Junin (Peru): Integrating remote sensing, machine learning, and land cover segmentation.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is emerging as a significant health concern among African pastoralist communities, historically known for low rates of non-communicable diseases due to their physically active lifestyles and traditional diets. However, recent shifts toward sedentary living and the adoption of calorie-dense, processed foods have disrupted these metabolic advantages, increasing vulnerability to diabetes and related disorders. This review investigates the evolving relationship between dietary patterns and diabetes risk in pastoralist populations across sub-Saharan Africa. It explores the nutritional composition of traditional diets, the health impacts of nutrition transitions, and the broader sociocultural, environmental, and genetic factors influencing these shifts. Evidence from emerging epidemiological studies highlights rising rates of obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance in semi-urbanized and sedentary pastoralists. The review emphasizes the need for culturally tailored public health strategies, community-based metabolic monitoring, and integration of traditional and modern healthcare systems. It also identifies key research gaps, including the need for longitudinal studies, nutrigenomics, and microbiome research to better inform diabetes prevention in these transitioning populations. Keywords: Pastoralist communities, type 2 diabetes, dietary patterns, nutrition transition, African health.

Biodiversity is declining at an alarming rate due to ongoing habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, the spread of invasive species, and unsustainable use of natural resources. In response, the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF), adopted in 2022, outlines a transformative goal to reverse biodiversity loss by 2030. The framework focuses on three main pillars: mitigating biodiversity threats, advancing implementation, and ensuring fair and sustainable use of biological resources. Meeting these objectives requires the adoption of innovative, adaptable, and inclusive monitoring strategies. Among these, environmental DNA (eDNA) has gained recognition as a non-invasive biodiversity assessment method that detects trace genetic material in environmental samples like sediment, soil, water, and air. Compared to conventional survey techniques, eDNA offers improved accuracy, sampling flexibility, and a non-destructive approach to monitoring ecosystems. Herein, we examine eDNA's role in achieving KMGBF goals to enable fulfilment of the Convention on Biological Diversity's vision of living in harmony with nature by 2050. We discuss its use in meeting several KMGBF targets including early detection of invasive species, enhancing biosecurity, monitoring species recovery, assessing pollution impacts, and supporting climate resilience. The standardization of eDNA protocols and alignment with FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data principles ensure that results are transparent and interoperable across regions and platforms. Integrating eDNA into existing biodiversity monitoring networks enhances conservation planning, restoration efforts, and the management of protected areas. Additionally, eDNA facilitates inclusive conservation by supporting Indigenous-led and community-based monitoring, promoting stewardship, and enabling equitable access to biodiversity data worldwide.