Community-based Drinking Water Research Articles

Innovating Community-Based Drinking Water Treatment: A Mobile Device in Barangay Lupa, Compostela, Cebu

Innovating Community-Based Drinking Water Treatment: A Mobile Device in Barangay Lupa, Compostela, Cebu

IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY-BASED DRINKING WATER PROVISION AND SANITATION PROGRAM (PAMSIMAS)

This research was motivated by problems that stemmed from the non-implementation of the Pamsimas program in Bomo Village, Blimbingsari District, Banyuwangi Regency even though a building had been provided, as well as the presence of damaged or incomplete equipment in the Pamsimas building so that the implementation of the program was hampered. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of village development programs in Blimbingsari District, especially through community-based drinking water and sanitation programs, with a focus on changes in Bomo Village. This research uses a qualitative descriptive research type. The data collection techniques were interviews and observations based on Pamsimas program data in Bomo Village. The results of research conducted using several indicators proposed by George Edward III (1980), namely communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure, show that implementation, communication is very important and plays an important role in knowing what the implementer must do. Disposition as an implementing attitude. The important thing about disposition variables is; bureaucratic appointments, and incentives. If the Bomo Village Government wants to get effective results, its officials must not only know but also have the ability to implement it. There are 2 main characteristics of a bureaucratic structure, namely; standard operating procedures, and fragmentation. Bureaucratic structure can influence the successful implementation of a policy. Policy implementation is a quite complex process that requires strong and conductive bureaucratic cooperation. The community-based drinking water and sanitation program (pamsimas) in Bomo village, Blimbingsari subdistrict, Banyuwangi district has not been running well and the implementation process is still not optimal because the community still complains about the pamsimas program system.

Geoelectric application for groundwater source search as an effort to meet water needs in kaliapak hamlet Kulon Progo

The government through the Public Works Office launched Pamsimas (Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Supply) program to realize 100% safe access to drinking water. However, this program is still unable to serve the community’s overall water needs. To prevent clean water crises, the community independently formed clean water management groups, one of which is the Tirto Lestari Clean Water Group located in Kaliapak Hamlet, Banjarsari, Samigaluh, Kulon Progo. The main problem that occurs in this group is the lack of water discharge so that the water supply system is not able to serve the needs of users optimally. The solution to this problem is to find potential sources of new groundwater and the construction of intake infrastructure. This research is focused on finding potential new water sources with geoelectric methods. Based on the results of this study, it shows that there is groundwater potential that can be used to meet clean water needs. The conclusion is that there is groundwater potential that can be used as a new source for the Pamsimas of Tirto Lestari group.

Analysis of the sustainability status of community-based drinking water supply in Kapongan District, East Java

Ensuring the availability and sustainability of clean water is a key focus of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and has emerged as a significant concern for both central and local governments in Indonesia. In the Kapongan District of Situbondo Regency, the government's PAMSIMAS Programme is a proactive initiative designed to secure safe access to drinking water for the community. Within this district, two villages, Landangan and Pokaan, have successfully implemented community-based drinking water provision. The ongoing sustainability of these water supply systems in these villages is pivotal for meeting the continuous drinking water needs of the community, necessitating a comprehensive investigation into its sustainability. The primary objective of this study is to assess the sustainability status of community-based drinking water provision within the ongoing PAMSIMAS program in Kapongan District. The dimensions under consideration encompass environmental, social, economic, technological, and institutional aspects. Employing a quantitative approach, the research utilizes the Rap-SPAM analysis method, a modification of Rapfish, with primary data collected through surveys, observations, and interviews. Additionally, secondary data is acquired through an extensive literature review and consultation with various related agencies. The assessment results reveal a sustainability index of 58.92, classifying it as reasonably sustainable. The Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) model produced Stress values ranging from 0.15 to 0.18 and R2 values between 0.93 to 0.94. The variance between the MDS index and Monte Carlo analysis is less than 5%. In conclusion, this study finds that the community-based water supply facilitated by the PAMSIMAS program in Kapongan District demonstrates a reasonably sustainable status. To enhance its sustainability, there is a need to prioritize and improve dimensions with lower sustainability index values in a holistic manner.

Association between fluoride exposure in drinking water and cognitive deficits in children: A pilot study

Fluoride (F) exposure in drinking water may lead to reduced cognitive function among children; however, findings largely remain inconclusive. In this pilot study, we examined associations between a range of chronic F exposures (low to high: 0.4 to 15.5 mg/L) in drinking water and cognition in school-aged children (5–14 years, n = 74) in rural Ethiopia. Fluoride exposure was determined from samples of community-based drinking water wells and urine. Cognitive performance was measured using: 1) assessments of ability to draw familiar objects (donkey, house, and person), and 2) a validated Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery's (CANTAB) Paired Associate Learning (PAL), which examines memory and new learning and is closely associated with hippocampus function of the brain. Associations between F and cognitive outcomes were evaluated using regression analysis, adjusting for demographic, health status, and other covariates. The median (range) of water and urine F levels was 7.6 (0.4–15.5 mg/L) and 6.3 (0.5–15.7 mg/L), respectively; these measures were strongly correlated (r = 0.74), indicating that water is the primary source of F exposure. Fluoride in drinking water was negatively associated with cognitive function, measured by both drawing and CANTAB test performance. Inverse relationships were also found between F and drawing objects task scores, after adjusting for covariates (p < 0.05). Further analysis using CANTAB PAL tasks in the children confirmed that F level in drinking water was positively associated with the number of errors made by children (p < 0.01), also after adjusting for covariates (p < 0.05). This association between water F and total errors made became markedly stronger as PAL task difficulty increased. Fluoride exposure was also inversely associated with other PAL tasksthe number of patterns reached, first attempt memory score and mean errors to success. These findings provide supportive evidence that high F exposures may be associated with cognitive deficits in children. Additional well-designed studies are critically needed to establish the neurotoxicity of F in children and adults exposed to both low levels known to protect dental caries, as well as excess F levels in drinking water.

Sustainability of Community-Based Drinking Water Service System in Sukadana Village and Ababi Village, Karangasem Regency

Water is one of the basic needs that must be met by all human beings. In fulfilling this, the government's participation plays a very important role, limited fund management is a scourge that is feared by the government so that the coverage of community-based drinking water services with independent management from the community is the first step in overcoming the current achievement of access to drinking water. However, in its development the SPAM system built has experienced different developments. This study aims to determine the sustainability of community-based drinking water service systems by looking at the supporting factors for the sustainability of community-based drinking water services. This study uses a qualitative method which uses a case study method. The research design used a holistic multi-case study using two research villages, namely Sukadana Village and Ababi Village. From the research results it can be seen that community-based drinking water supply has different levels of sustainability. Villages that have a level of sustainability from several aspects such as social, economic, institutional aspects make it possible to have more excellent service continuity compared to villages that only have one important aspect. This is because each aspect has a relationship between one another. The sustainability of community-based drinking water services is strongly influenced by social, human and institutional capital. Community trust in managers, commitments and rules that have been agreed upon are one of the things that support the sustainability of community-based drinking water services.

Relationship Between Community Water Management, Conceptions, and Struggles for Justice in Southwest Colombia

Community-based organizations (CBOs) that provide drinking water for human consumption ensure access to water in rural areas and urban peripheries. However, the Colombian governmental institutional system sensu lato underestimates the role of these organizations, their water ontologies, and their community character. Those CBOs have grouped themselves to claim justice as recognition for their ways of management and more equitable access to water as a common good, human right, and vital element. This article is aimed at making explicit the conceptions of justice underlying CBOs and their associations in the public arena. Thus, 156 CBOs grouped into 2 associations in Valle del Cauca region were investigated: AQUACOL (Association of CBOs providing drinking water and sanitation services) and FECOSER (Federation of rural community-based drinking water suppliers). The research was participatory and included both quantitative and qualitative methods. The findings show that many CBOs, in addition to offering access to water and an adequate supply service, also seek to protect/conserve ecosystems related to water supply. Thus, we found the coexistence of struggles for social and environmental justices in the political field, which also shows the heterogeneity of different conceptions of justice in the CBOs. However, their associations, AQUACOL and FECOSER, claim for social justice issues with emphasis on the recognition of their work. AQUACOL focuses on its role as water service provider for human consumption, whereas FECOSER includes a broader vision of water, so this organization also claims for environmental justice issues. Meanwhile, AQUACOL is moving from claims of social justice to those of environmental justice encouraged by the conflicts that emerge in the territory. Finally, in the territory and organizations observed, the dimension of justice is dynamic and different conceptions of it coexist from the individual level, across to CBOs, and their associations. The relationship between community water management and social justice is also evident, but given the conflicts of interests in the territory, there is a differential extension toward claims of environmental justice from the two CBOs associations studied.

Study of clean water supply system managed by the community to ensure reliability of the clean water supply system in Tabanan District

Based on data from the Tabanan Regency Central Bureau of Statistics in 2020 administratively the Tabanan Regency area is 839.33 km2, consisting of 133 villages and 816 official banjars, with a population of 448,000 people. Tabanan Regency is one of the regencies in Bali, where the topographical conditions of the existing villages are mostly in remote areas, so they often experience difficulties with clean water distribution problems. For the current condition, the provision of clean water in Tabanan Regency is provided by PDAM (Local Water Company) through the use of springs, ground water and river water, in addition to several areas the water supply is carried out through Pamsimas (Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision). Currently Pamsimas Tabanan Regency is divided into 9 service coverage areas for people in rural areas. In general, the condition of drinking water services presents the main problem, namely that not all areas are accessed by adequate water services. This problem is mainly caused by various obstacles such as limited water resources, limited infrastructure and topographical conditions.

The Effectiveness of Clean Water Services of PAMSIMAS Program in Marioriwawo District

Community-based drinking water and sanitation (PAMSIMAS) program is a government program that aims to meet the community’s drinking water needs. The implementation of the PAMSIMAS program in Marioriwawo District needs to be evaluated the effectiveness of its services to the community and analyze ways to improve service quality. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires to 50 respondents in five villages and then processed by using the SPSS application. The model for the effectiveness of the clean water service of PAMSIMAS in Marioriwawo District is Y= 0.534 + 0.133 X1 + 0.020 X2 + 0.024 X3 + 0.203 X4 + 0.173 X5 where X1 is the quality variable, X2 is the quantity variable, X3 is the continuity variable, X4 is the ability to pay contribution variable, and X5 is the institutional variable. Correlation coefficient (R) is 0.780. The average of clean water service of PAMSIMAS in Marioriwawo District is 2.83 which is categorized as effective. Improving clean water services for PAMSIMAS in Marioriwawo District can be done by checking water quality at least once every six months, monitoring pipelines regularly, applying contribution rates based on water usage and applying sanctions for customers who break the rules.

PERBANDINGAN KEBERHASILAN IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM PAMSIMAS KAMPUNG PASAR PAGI DAN KAMPUNG TEGAL SARI DI NAGARI LUNANG SATU

The community-based drinking water and sanitation program (Pamsimas) is an innovation by the government in increasing public access to proper drinking water and sanitation with a community-based scheme for rural and peri-urban areas. Nagari Lunang Satu is one of the areas targeted by the Pamsimas III program. There was a difference in program success between Tegal Sari Village and Pasar Pagi during the implementation of the Pamsimas program in Nagari Lunang Satu. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the differences in the successful implementation of the Pamsimas program in Pasar Pagi and Tegal Sari villages and to find out what factors caused the differences in the successful implementation of the Pamsimas program between Pasar Pagi and Tegal Sari villages. The research method used is quasi-qualitative research (quasi-qualitative). The results showed that the implementation of the Pamsimas program in Pasar Pagi Village was running optimally, while the implementation of the program in Tegal Sari Village was not running optimally. The factors causing the difference in the successful implementation of the Pamsimas program between Pasar Pagi and Tegal Sari villages are planning factors, community participation factors or attitudes, and coordination factors.

Peran Dinas Kesehatan Dalam Koordinasi Dan Pembangunan Penyediaan Air Minum Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat

The problem of clean water today is a concern in all regions including the Bungo Regency and this study aims to determine the role of the Health Office in the development of community-based water supply and sanitation. By using a descriptive method of qualitative approach and data collection techniques by interviewing informants as many as 17 people. With the results of the study of the Role of the Bungo District Health Office in the Regency of Bungo in evaluating the sources of community-based drinking water supply and the construction of Pamsimas. In accordance with the regulations and main tasks. There are still many community-based sources of drinking water whose quality is beyond the supervision of the Bungo District Health Office. In carrying out the implementation of supervising community-based drinking water supply the Bungo District Health Office is less than optimal, there are barriers such as inadequate human resources, with a less than optimal number of officers, facilities and infrastructure that have not supported good service. Obstacles faced by the Bungo District Health Office, there have been several attempts to overcome constraints, some of which have been carried out such as: Health Office, Applying to Bungo District Regent. In order to issue a circular letter to Rio and Lurah. Stopping Open Defecation is signed by Minister of Health, Governor and Regent, Public Works Agency, proposing additional personnel and proposing additional budget funds

Strategy for the provision of drinking water and environmental sanitation based on the community in Sidodadi Village, Pesawaran Regency

The provision of community-based drinking water and sanitation (PAMSIMAS) is one of the programs implemented by the government to address environmental sanitation problems. This study aims to analyze the success strategy of the PAMSIMAS Program, which is measured based on the success indicators of the PAMSIMAS Program. The research was conducted using a quantitative approach method in Sidodadi Village Way, Lima District in 2020. In this research used the snowball sampling technique. This technique is useful for finding, identifying, selecting and taking samples in a network or chain of relationships. Snowball sampling technique has strengths and weaknesses in its application. Field research housing sector become the case study to explain this sampling technique. The analysis used in this study is a SWOT analysis. The results shows that still have obstacles in several aspects such as the willingness of the community to participate in the form of input and ideas is still low, coordination between agencies has not been going well, there is no legal protection for water sources in order to maintain quality and quantity. The SWOT analysis used aims to formulate a strategic plan so that the PAMSIMAS Program can be sustainable in the fulfillment of clean water. The results of this study are the identification of the position of the PAMSIMAS. Program after the EFAS and IFAS calculations are carried out based on interviews that have been distributed to the implementers of the PAMSIMAS program, and then proceed with recommendations for priority strategies that will be carried out for the development of the PAMSIMAS Program.

Evaluation of community-based drinking water supply in Manyar Sub-District, Gresik Regency

The differences of topography in Indonesia causes drinking water distribution by Municipal Waterworks (PDAM) can’t reach up some rural areas which are far from urban area, one of them is in the Manyar Subdistrict, Gresik Regency. In fact, this subdistrict has the potential for economic growth because it is close to the north coast and there is a national port. About 10,67% of drinking water supply in rural area is held through the Community-based Drinking Water Supply which is managed and maintained by Himpunan Penduduk Pemakai Air Minum (HIPPAM). The research aim to evaluate the system and make recommendation’s from the evaluation analysis for more optimal system performance. The evaluation consist of technical and non-technical aspects were conducted by the scoring and weighting method. Tanggulrejo Village got the highest score, 4,28 (85,50%), with a very good category, while Pongangan Village got the lowest score, 2,65 (53%), with a moderate category. In general, optimal performance for this evaluation can be obtained by optimizing the existing water treatment; involving the community as meter recorder; and improving the administrator knowledge and skills through HIPPAM training.

Memperkokoh Posisi Tawar Politik Pegiat Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum Berbasis Masyarakat Lewat Komunikasi Lingkungan

The limited ability in providing a good water services to all citizens, as well as the fact that water is a public good, the involvement of citizens in drinking water supply is one way to achieve this goal. The existence of a community-based drinking water supply system in the form of the Community Drinking Water User Association (HIPPAM) needs to be maintained to ensure the sustainability of its social services. The sustainability of the HIPPAM social enterprise is determined by internal aspects such as governance and institutional performance, financial management, technical performance of water distribution services. Other things related to external aspects such as the support of stakeholders such as customers, community members, environment activist and village government related to the issue of conservation as well as environmental sustainability and good water governance. Discussing these issues with all stakeholders in drinking water in the available local public space can be referred to as environmental communication that is hoped will be able to create awareness and citizen’s collective action citizens on the importance of good water governance. This study uses qualitative data with interviews and in-depth interviews as data collection techniques, the informants of this study consisted of the management of the HIPPAM Mangga Dua. The result showed that administrators had sufficient environmental and ecological literacy. For them, water is spiritual and social energy sources that enable them to develop dan enhance the community’s social capital.

Household and community responses to seasonal droughts in rural areas of Costa Rica

This paper describes the adaptive responses of rural households and community-based drinking water organizations (CWOs) during seasonal droughts in Costa Rica. It empirically characterizes the adaptive measures used by 3,410 households and 81 CWOs in the driest area of the country. Volumetric pricing is a powerful adaptation option for managing water scarcity during these periods. However, these pricing schemes are not properly set to recover costs for adequate investment in water infrastructure. As a result, many CWOs rely on external financial support to cover these investments. The financial and governance restrictions characterizing most CWOs must be overcome in order to implement most of the adaptation measures identified for preparedness against seasonal drought. On the other hand, some rural households use water sources in addition to the tap water provided by CWOs (e.g. bottled water), as well as water-storing devices (e.g. buckets). The lack of effective adaptation of CWOs to water scarcity, expressed by unreliable piped-water systems, would probably lead to a higher use of these alternatives. This would entail higher costs to households, due to the time and resources invested in these activities. These costs and the potential additional costs on health represent the social costs of community failures to adapt to drier scenarios in existing piped-water systems.

The Influence of Social Capital and Water Infrastructure on The Level of Happiness Index in Rural Area

Nowadays, access to drinking water services in Indonesia is below the SDG’s target where 100% of the people must have access to clean water, but based on data from the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (2018), there are only 72 percent of Indonesians having access to piped water through The Indonesian Water Supply Company (PDAM) and only 7,474 villages (out of 72,944 villages) have access to piped clean water. To overcome the limited access to drinking water in rural areas, communities are supported to establish community-based drinking water organizations (HIPPAM) to manage local water supply services. Increasing access to adequate drinking water is expected to influence the level of population welfare measured in the happiness index. Sumbermujur Village is one of the villages that can manage water by establishing HIPPAM. From the SNA calculation, it can be seen that the value of social capital in Sumbermujur village are classified as good. The ties formed from the HIPPAM community are very strong. Based on community characteristics and values on the 10 happiness index variables, it was found that all hamlets in Sumbermujur Village belong to the “happy” group. The social relations variable in the happiness index has a similar characteristic with environmental conditions and family harmony.

Keberlanjutan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum Berbasis Komunitas (Studi Kasus: Hippam Mandiri Arjowinangun, Kota Malang)

Limited capacity of government on drinking water supply has demanded the implementation of Community Based Water Supply System, one of them in the form of a Drinking Water User Association (Hippam). An important issue in community-based water supply is sustainability, from which institutions play a critical factor in the sustained provision of drinking water. Institutions relate to management, maintenance and financing systems, and contribute to technology selection and decision making. The purpose of this study is to explore the institutional conditions as a determinant factor for the sustainability of community-based water management. The study also aims to develop a framework for sustainable institutional assessment in community-based drinking water supply. In this study Hippam Mandiri Arjowinangun (HMA) in Malang City, East Java Province was chosen as a case study. HMA has been operating since 1994. The sustainability of HMA regarding applying the principles of institutional support for sustainability was very interesting as a case. The research method applied qualitative research by comparing the benchmark of institutional principles of sustainability with institutional principles applied to HMA. The result shows that HMA has applied the principles of institutional support for sustainability. However, some issues should be addressed in the HMA sustainability include the delineation of the water source boundary, specific attributes for the users, and the rules of water utilization. The study has also produced an assessment framework for the sustainability of community-based drinking water supply systems from the institutional perspective.

Arsenic and fluoride removal from contaminated drinking water with Haix-Fe-Zr and Haix-Zr resin beads

The objective of the study was to carry-out batch tests to examine the effectiveness of Haix-Fe-Zr and Haix-Zr resin beads in the removal of As(III), As(V) and F− from groundwater with a similar geochemistry to a site where a community-based drinking water plant has been installed in West Bengal, India. The groundwater was spiked separately with ∼200 μg/L As(III) and As(V) and 5 mg/L F−. Haix-Zr resin beads were more effective than Haix-Fe-Zr resin beads in removing As(III) and As(V). Haix-Zr resin beads showed higher removal of As(V) compared to As(III). Haix-Zr resin beads removed As(V) below the WHO (10 μg/L) drinking water standards at 8.79 μg/L after 4 h of shaking, while As(III) was reduced to 7.72 μg/L after 8 h of shaking. Haix-Fe-Zr resin beads were more effective in removing F− from the spiked groundwater compared to Haix-Zr resin beads. Concentrations of F− decreased from 6.27 mg/L to 1.26 mg/L, which is below the WHO drinking water standards (1.5 mg/L) for F−, after 15 min of shaking with Haix-Fe-Zr resin beads. After 20 min of shaking in groundwater treated with Haix-Zr resin beads, F− concentrations decreased from 6.27 mg/L to 1.43 mg/L. In the removal of As(III), As(V), and F− from the groundwater, Haix-Fe-Zr and Haix-Zr resin beads fit the parabolic diffusion equation (PDE) suggesting that adsorption of these contaminants was consistent with inter-particle diffusion.

Community Participation or Manufactured Consent? Strategies for Implementation of Drinking Water Project ‘Jalanidhi’ in Kerala (India)

The present study explains how the state engages with the dominant groups in the community and how people’s consent is manufactured to legitimize the implementation of the project. On the basis of focus group discussion with beneficiaries and informal interview of implementing actors, the study shows that people’s responses towards ‘Jalanidhi’ vary as per their socio-economic positions in the society. While the middle and the upper class people were generally favouring the project, the poor and weaker sections were strongly opposing the idea of user charge for drinking water. The middle class viewed the user charge for drinking water as ‘normal’ and more efficient compared to the state-driven supply; the lower class, especially those who belonged to the scheduled castes (SC) and scheduled tribes (ST), viewed it as a violation of their rights. Yet, they were denied any alternative to the neoliberal agenda of community-based drinking water supply and were forced to conform to the project. The study focuses on using the insights developed by Michel Foucault. His genealogical analysis offers tools to understand the forms of power relations at the grassroots. The study uses ‘Jalanidhi’ as a context to examine these concepts and shows how it can be used to understand the processes that lead to the social acceptance of commodification of natural resources like water.

Sustainable community-based drinking water systems in developing countries: stakeholder perspectives

Over the past 25 years, stakeholders have become increasingly involved in the development and management of community-based projects. This paper presents the results of a study aimed at establishing stakeholder perspectives and priorities for sustainable community-based drinking water systems (CBDWS). The stakeholders have agreements and biases, which require an improved understanding of the sustainability of CBDWS. Environmental and institutional components of sustainability were noted to be two top priorities among the different groups of stakeholders. Most stakeholders agreed on priorities of clean drinking water sources, properly maintained infrastructure protecting the water quality, and the need for socially aware consumer communities. A complete review of the existing engineering practices and policy development is needed for successful implementation of any sustainable CBDWS.