Community-based Coastal Resource Management Research Articles

Capacity-building for Coastal Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience in the Pacific Islands

Abstract Capacity-building for coastal climate change adaptation in the Pacific Island countries (PICs) is paramount in ensuring resilience building and sustaina-ble management of coastal resources. The Pacific-European Union Marine Partnership (PEUMP) program, through its capacity-building component, works at achieving this by supporting delivery of technical and vocation education and training (TVET) and continuing professional development programs. The PEUMP training programs focus on addressing capacity needs associated with coastal resource management in the PICs, including but not limited to, inadequate economic considerations in coastal fisheries regulations; limited capacity to support community-based coastal resource management; insufficient Pacific-relevant training and qualifications for sustainable coastal resource management through inclusive approaches; and insufficient in-depth understanding of the government’s role in com-munity and ecosystem-based approaches. To address some of these gaps PEUMP delivered TVET programs, micro-qualifications, non-formal training, and professional short courses across 15 PICs. Post-training impact assess-ments found the PEUMP training programs to have improved the knowledge and skills of participants, with more than 70 percent of the par-ticipants gaining new skills and/or knowledge, which they attempted to pass on to their colleagues. A number of lessons learned were identified through the PEUMP training programs, such as the pros and cons of deliv-ering training through virtual means within the Pacific context. The article wraps up with a set of recommendations as a way forward for capaci-ty-building in the Pacific Island region through further inclusive training, localization, and community-based approaches.

Identification Of Problems And Models Of Coastal Area Management Labuhan Village Sumbawa, District Labuhan Badas, Sumbawa

The coastal area of Labuhan Sumbawa Village has strategic value for economic development and improving people's welfare, but is very vulnerable to damage due to the use of multifunctional space, so that coastal management is urgently needed that focuses on regional characteristics, by placing three pillars of sustainable development, namely ecology, economy, and social. This study aims to identify problems and models of coastal area management in Labuhan Sumbawa Village, Labuhan Badas District, Sumbawa. The research method used is descriptive research method. Data was collected by means of observation and semi-structured interviews. Accidental sampling technique and qualitative data analysis. The results showed that in the coastal area of the research location, identified: (1) Physical damage to the environment, including: a) Damage to ecosystems (ecosystems, coral reefs, seagrass beds, and beaches); b) Damage to fish resources; c) Pollution; d) Abrasion, sedimentation, and siltation; and d) Natural disasters (floods); (2) Socio-economic problems, including: a) The problem of poverty and the low level of education of the population; b) Limited funds in development; and c) Lack of understanding of the value of coastal area resources; (3) Institutional problems, including: a) The problem of conflict of authority, which can occur due to sectoral development; b) The problem of legal uncertainty. The coastal area management models that can be applied are: (1) traditional management; (2) community-based coastal area resource management; (3) Co-management, and; (4) Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management (EBFM). The conclusion of the study is that damage to coastal areas will have an impact on ecological, economic, and social conditions so that multi-stakeholder involvement is very important in sustainable coastal area management. Keywords: Ecology, economy, social, coastal, model

The significance of community-based management in the structure and sustainability of the fisheries in Cross River Estuary, Nigeria

Abstract. Antigha AA, Armah AK, Nyarko E. 2021. The significance of community-based management in the structure and sustainability of the fisheries in Cross River Estuary, Nigeria. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 5: 29-41. Given the unsustainable fishing practices in the Cross River estuary, this study examined its fisheries' structure and sustainability. Water quality and fish health in the research area were evaluated by analyzing the water's physicochemical parameters. Surface measurements included pH, DO, turbidity, salinity, alkalinity, phosphate, and nitrate levels. In addition, researchers looked into the exploitation rates, fish sizes, and socioeconomic elements in the estuary's multispecies gillnet fishery to ascertain its susceptibility to human and environmental influences. The turbidity of the water in the area varied significantly between the study sites, with values ranging from 21.8 to 52.2 NTU (normalized turbidity units) at Esuk Anansa, 30.3 NTU at Esuk Okon, and 21.8 NTU at Esuk Anantigha. Nevertheless, fish could tolerate the water quality during the research period. Sampled monthly catches averaged 21.2 kilograms in weight (range 15.3 kg to 27.0 kg). CPUE averaged 7.1 kg per vessel per journey. Pseudotolithus elongatus made up 56.69% of the catch by weight, followed by Ethmalosa fimbriata at 30.28% and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus at 7.53%. The study found that certain fish species are in danger because of unsustainable fishing practices that result in the taking of predominantly small fish (less than 15 cm in length). To update knowledge on socioeconomic indices, fishing equipment, and prime captures of the fishes in the area and to propose management methods for the fisheries and environment, the socioeconomic situation of artisanal fishermen, traders, and mangrove loggers in the estuary were determined. The study suggests implementing a community-based coastal resource management strategy for the long-term health of the region's fisheries and ecology.

The Condition of Seagrass Beds in North Sulawesi following the implementation of Community-Based Coastal Management Program

Pusomaen district in Southeast Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, was designated as one of the pilot sites for the Community-Based Coastal Resource Management Program (CB-CRMP) from 1997 - 2003. This program focused on the implementation of best-practice in coastal resource management involving multiple local stakeholders. Fifteen years after its phase-out, a study was conducted on seagrass beds in Tumbak and Bentenan village in Pusomaen district to obtain the seagrass ecosystem’s current status and condition in the former pilot sites. We observed the program’s legacy in terms of community awareness concerning coastal resource management and seagrass ecosystem. A line transect method was used to assess species diversity, coverage, and dominance in 9 stations. Environmental variables (weather, human activities, depth, clarity) and communities’ behavior towards seagrass beds (domestic waste disposal, boat anchoring) were also observed. The result showed that seven stations were in moderate, one in poor, and one in healthy conditions. There were seven seagrass species found during the observation. Thalassia hemprichii and Enhalus acoroides were found in all stations, dominating the seagrass coverage. We also recorded the presence of Syringodium isoetifolium and Cymodocea rotundata in several stations. The expected CB– CRMP legacies of institutionalized community-based coastal management were nearly non-existent, while negative or indifferent behavior of the general community towards the seagrass ecosystem was observed, highlighted by domestic waste disposal and boat anchoring in the seagrass beds. Consistency of program planning and financial support from local and provincial governments were needed to maintain the legacy of CB-CRMP, while regular ecosystem monitoring was also pivotal in providing scientific data for local and provincial decision-making processes regarding coastal resource management.

Institutional restructuring of fisheries management system for humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus RÜPPELL 1835) in Anambas and Natuna, Riau Archipelago Province, Indonesia

This policy analysis paper revisits the existing traditional institutions concerned with Humphead wrasse management in Anambas and Natuna, Riau Archipelago Province. It provides an analysis and synthesis of policies that could give direction to the formation and/or strengthening of existing institutions for the benefit of this endangered fish species and all concerned parties. Local community’s active involvement and participation is key to the sustainable development of fisheries resources. However, the local community’s economic empowerment would be impossible to achieve without institutional strengthening. The paper recommends that community-based institutional empowerment or the “group approach” should be considered in Anambas and Natuna’s fisheries management system for Humphead wrasse. Organized fishing communities can be effective government partners in the management of open fishing areas in their jurisdictions. Fishing communities also have a vision, mission or resource management strategy specific to their own needs, values and aspirations. Defining and articulating the community’s vision, mission and values are therefore crucial to the success of any community initiatives concerning fisheries revitalization programs. The paper also proposes a logical plan for Community-Based Coastal Resource Management (CBCRM) system for consideration of the local government units in Anambas and Natuna.

Dynamics of Community Based Coastal Resource Management in Wabula Village, Buton Regency

Coastal Resources Management was carried out by the community have been displaced by government’s role which tends prefer to capital investors. The consequence of controlling local communities was becoming weak, and competing got benefit from capital entrepreneurs. The aims of this study were (1)the dynamics of the implementation of coastal resource management in the community, (2)the application of the basic principles of traditional-based coastal resource management and programs, (3)key factors that influence the existence of traditional resource-based resource management systems and programs. The results of the study found that the dynamics of the implementation of community based coastal resource management was constructed by a socio-cultural order that continued to develop in accordance with the demands of the times. The creation of a management system based on its dynamic program was based on the level of needs and sustainability of the ecosystem determined by the Ministry of Fisheries included in the COREMAP program. The application of the basic principles of community-based coastal resource management is very dynamic and manifested on a local conceptual basis. The key factors these influencing the existence of a community based coastal resource management system rested in the weakness of the authority exercised by the parabela.

ASSESSMENT OF SEAGRASS PERCENT COVER AND WATER QUALITY USING UAV IMAGES AND FIELD MEASUREMENTS IN BOLINAO, PANGASINAN

Abstract. The sensitivity to changes in water quality inherent to seagrass communities makes them vital for determining the overall health of the coastal ecosystem. Numerous efforts including community-based coastal resource management, conservation and rehabilitation plans are currently undertaken to protect these marine species. In this study, the relationship of water quality parameters, specifically chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and turbidity, with seagrass percent cover is assessed quantitatively. Support Vector Machine, a pixel-based image classification method, is applied to determine seagrass and non-seagrass areas from the orthomosaic which yielded a 91.0369% accuracy. In-situ measurements of chl-a and turbidity are acquired using an infinity-CLW water quality sensor. Geostatistical techniques are utilized in this study to determine accurate surfaces for chl-a and turbidity. In two hundred interpolation tests for both chl-a and turbidity, Simple Kriging (Gaussian-model type and Smooth- neighborhood type) performs best with Mean Prediction equal to −0.1371 FTU and 0.0061 μg/L, Root Mean Square Standardized error equal to −0.0688 FTU and −0.0048 μg/L, RMS error of 8.7699 FTU and 1.8006 μg/L and Average Standard Error equal to 10.8360 FTU and 1.6726 μg/L. Zones are determined using fishnet tool and Moran’s I to calculate for the seagrass percent cover. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) is used as a regression analysis to quantify the relationship of seagrass percent cover and water quality parameters. The regression analysis result indicates that turbidity has an inverse relationship while chlorophyll-a has a direct relationship with seagrass percent cover.

Fishers' Perceived Objectives of Community-Based Coastal Resource Management in the Kei Islands, Indonesia

Community-based resource management is a key approach to achieve successful small-scale fisheries and marine conservation. Many local management initiatives worldwide have been successfully managing aquatic resources and livelihoods of communities depending on them. Community-based management is particularly prevalent in small tropical islands where communities are frequently heavily dependent on coral reef ecosystems and small-scale reef fisheries for their livelihoods. Community-based management is, however, not always a panacea since there are inherit trade-offs among multiple objectives which are sometimes accentuated by community heterogeneity. It is well recognized that perceived and real evidence of community benefits are key to attributing success to local community-based management. However, broader understanding of community-based management objectives and how fishers' perceived personal objectives and characteristics affect management outcomes remains limited. We apply a non-linear Principle Component Analysis (PCA) to explore variations in personally held community-based management objectives, based on local surveys for fishing communities in the Kei Islands in Indonesia. We then examine whether these variations also explain their perceptions of environmental and economic outcomes that are achieved by this management systems. In this study important differences are found in the perceptions fishers have of the relative importance of different community management objectives. The value people attribute to aspects of community management can be related to their socio-demographic characteristics and experienced fishers tend to focus more on environmental objectives. Given that strong links were found between community management outcomes and terrestrially based activities there is an opportunity to link in the terrestrial and coastal systems management and achieve multiple objective outcomes.

Community-Based Coastal Resource Management (CB-CRM): a Case Study f Mariveles, Bataan, Philippines

<p>This paper addressed the issue of sustainable coastal resource management through a successful Community-Based Coastal Resource Management (CB-CRM) Program in the Municipality of Mariveles, province of Bataan in the Philippines. The paper investigated how governance and institutional and legislative framework, and the concept of sustainable development complemented each other to promote good local eco-governance in the management and protection of finite local marine resources. Specifically, it analyzed how the local fisherfolk community of Mariveles utilized efficiently their finite marine resources in the context of eco-governance. It also investigated how the cooperative efforts of various stakeholders: peoples’ organizations (POs), local government unit (LGU), and a non- government organization (NGO) in Mariveles, Bataan affected their coastal resources against environmental degradation and exploitation. This paper would benefit POs, LGUs, and NGOs in their quest for sustainable management and conservation of their limited coastal resources. This paper yielded the following findings. First, POs and NGOs engage when NGOs can strengthen the POs’ capacity building through the transfer of skills and technology, when NGOs can enhance the POs’ indigenous knowledge, and when NGOs are more knowledgeable of formal venues of LGU participation. Second, LGUs, NGOs and POs engage when POs and NGOs can complement each other to strengthen their capacity building, and when NGOs can help implement environmental programs that are beneficial to the POs. Third, NGOs and POs engage when POs are threatened by elite power, and when NGOs want their environmental issues on LGU’s legislative agenda. Finally, NGOs and POs engage when they see possible LGU cooperation. Participant observation through focus group discussion (FGD) and key informants’ interview of different stakeholders was a primary source of information in formulating the aforementioned conclusions. In addition, stakeholders’ analysis and documentary analysis, i.e., books, print and non-print materials, video footage, monograph, were used as secondary sources of information. The author is solely responsible for any information found in this paper.</p>

A Bayesian belief network model for community-based coastal resource management in the Kei Islands, Indonesia

Hoshino, E., I. van Putten, W. Girsang, B. P. Resosudarmo, and S. Yamazaki. 2016. A Bayesian belief network model for community-based coastal resource management in the Kei Islands, Indonesia. Ecology and Society 21(2):16.http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-08285-210216

Using local ecological knowledge to identify shark river habitats in Fiji (South Pacific)

SUMMARYLocal ecological knowledge (LEK) and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) have the potential to improve community-based coastal resource management (CBCRM) by providing information about the presence, behaviour and ecology of species. This paper explores the potential of LEK and TEK to identify shark river habitats in Fiji, learn how locals regard and use sharks, and capture ancestral legends and myths that shed light on relationships between these animals and local people. Interviews with representatives from 22 villages, communities and fishing settlements associated with seven riverine areas on Viti Levu and Vanua Levu confirmed the presence of sharks in estuaries and rivers on Fiji. Hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnaspp.) and larger sharks were reported being close to the river mouths, whereas an unknown species of small size with a rounded snout was reported up to >30 km upriver. Local people consume shark meat as a source of protein, but sharks also have a rich background in ancestral stories and play an important part in Fijian myths and legends, resulting in the support of conservation measures by local villagers.

Performance of community-based coastal resource management (CBCRM) programs in the Philippines: A meta-analysis

Community-based coastal resource management (CBCRM) is a major conservation and fisheries management strategy in the tropics. In this study, the performance of 16 CBCRM programs in the Philippines was assessed using a meta-analysis of eight indicators that represented the perceptions of local resource users. Overall, the CBCRM programs in the Philippines were perceived to have a significant positive impact. However, the performance of each of the indicators was mixed. Although the CBCRM programs were perceived to be effective in empowering the local fishing communities, their perceived impact on improving the state of the local fisheries resources remained limited. This highlights the importance of incorporating ecological and socio-economic considerations in setting fisheries management regimes.

A Framework of Lessons Learned from Community-Based Marine Reserves and Its Effectiveness in Guiding a New Coastal Management Initiative in the Philippines

Community-based coastal resource management has been widely applied within the Philippines. However, small-scale community-based reserves are often inefficient owing to management inadequacies arising because of a lack of local support or enforcement or poor design. Because there are many potential pitfalls during the establishment of even small community-based reserves, it is important for coastal managers, communities, and facilitating institutions to have access to a summary of the key factors for success. Reviewing relevant literature, we present a framework of "lessons learned" during the establishment of protected areas, mainly in the Philippines. The framework contains summary guidance on the importance of (1) an island location, (2) small community population size, (3) minimal effect of land-based development, (4) application of a bottom-up approach, (5) an external facilitating institution, (6) acquisition of title, (7) use of a scientific information database, (8) stakeholder involvement, (9) the establishment of legislation, (10) community empowerment, (11) alternative livelihood schemes, (12) surveillance, (13) tangible management results, (14) continued involvement of external groups after reserve establishment, and (15) small-scale project expansion.These framework components guided the establishment of a community-based protected area at Danjugan Island, Negros Occidental, Philippines. This case study showed that the framework was a useful guide that led to establishing and implementing a community-based marine reserve. Evaluation of the reserve using standard criteria developed for the Philippines shows that the Danjugan Island protected area can be considered successful and sustainable. At Danjugan Island, all of the lessons synthesized in the framework were important and should be considered elsewhere, even for relatively small projects. As shown in previous projects in the Philippines, local involvement and stewardship of the protected area appeared particularly important for its successful implementation. The involvement of external organizations also seemed to have a key role in the success of the Danjugan Island project by guiding local decision-makers in the sociobiological principles of establishing protected areas. However, the relative importance of each component of the framework will vary between coastal management initiatives both within the Philippines and across the wider Asian region.

Transaction Costs of Community-Based Coastal Resource Management: The Case of San Miguel Bay, Philippines

This study estimates and analyzes the transaction costs (TC) associated with the implementation of a multilevel and multistakeholder program such as a community-based coastal resource management program. Results show that TC accounted for 37% of the total project cost (TPC). The instability of financial support resulted in high TC, which was estimated to be 86% of the TPC during the implementation phase of the coastal resource management projects. The share of the total TC was highest among the people's organizations (POs) that were the beneficiaries of the program. The number of people involved in the transactions, the number of activities undertaken, and the success index of the POs were among the factors significantly affecting the TC. Analysis also shows that while higher TC led to higher success index of the POs at the initial stage of the project implementation, an increasing level of TC eventually slowed down their performance.

Compliance and Enforcement of Community-Based Coastal Resource Management Regulations in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Community-based coastal resources management has become a popular approach to marine conservation and sustainable fisheries management in the Asia-Pacific region. One premise of this approach is that enforcement of community management initiatives is the primary responsibility of the community and that, in most instances, they have the capability to effectively enforce locally developed regulations and rules. The socioeconomic theory of resource management compliance is reviewed and applied to community-based case examples from North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Compliance with nondestructive exploitation practices in several village sites, empirically measured by changes in live hard coral cover, was related to reef distance from a settlement area and not significantly related to visibility from a settlement. A typology of enforcement strategies relative to the type of violator and violation is presented. In certain instances, a comanagement approach is preferred in order to achieve effective enforcement and high compliance.

An institutional development process in community based coastal resource management: building the capacity and opportunity for community based co-management in a small-scale fisheries community

The term Community Based Coastal Resource Management (CB-CRM) is used to describe localized co-management systems wherein small-scale fisherfolk take up a dominant role in fisheries management. In this paper, a description is given of the development process for the establishment of such a community based co-management system, as it gradually evolved in the course of a CB-CRM project. The development process of a municipal federation of small-scale fisherfolk organizations in a semi-urban area in the Philippines is described and analyzed in five phases. It is concluded that progress in this CB-CRM project depended largely on local institutional development processes in the community. Discussed is how the implementation of specific strategies in the project may have contributed to the institutional development of the federation. Finally, some suggestions for improved CB-CRM project development in general are given.

Community-based coastal resource management in the Philippines: a case study

Community-based coastal resource management in the Philippines: a case study

Community-based coastal resource management in the Philippines: A review and evaluation of programs and projects, 1984–1994

Between 1984 and 1994, a total of 43 Community-Based Coastal Resource Management (CBCRM) programs and projects were implemented throughout the Philippines. This paper presents a review and evaluation of these programs and projects, which provide a wealth of experience and “lessons learned” to guide the design and implementation of CBCRM policy and local-level initiatives. A range of institutions and processes are identified for the implementation of CBCRM, as well as considerations for design and implementation of programs and projects and specific interventions. Policy implications for CBCRM are presented.

Power from the people: a documentation of non-governmental organizations' experience in community-based coastal resource management in the Philippines

Community-based coastal resource management projects facilitated by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the Philippines have explored approaches to decrease poverty-driven over-exploitation of coastal resources. There has been little reporting and analysis of such activities until recently. Nine case studies have recently been published and this paper presents a brief summary of these, along with an analysis of the trends and themes identified. Though diverse and covering the Philippines from Mindanao to Luzon, the case studies highlight the value of community commitment and participation in decisions regarding, and in the implementation of, resource management in ways that consider not only the bio-physical aspects of resource management but the social, economic and legal implications. Experience in working with local government has been both successful and limited. Successful projects raise hopes for further progress through education and organization of communities to improve livelihoods and protect coastal resources.

Evaluating factors contributing to the success of community-based coastal resource management: the Central Visayas Regional Project-1, Philippines

The results of a quantitative evaluation of community-based coastal resource management at six sites of the Central Visayas Regional Project-1 (CVRP-1) located in Cebu and Negros Oriental, Philippines, are discussed. The goal of the research is to determine factors influencing the success and sustainability of community-based coastal resource management projects. Several lessons were learned, or confirmed, by the analysis, including: variations in evaluations of project success by project staff and beneficiaries; early and continuous participation of beneficiaries in the project is related to this positive evaluation of success; positive cultural attitudes toward collective action were related to perception of positive change; and job satisfaction among fishers was high, suggesting the development of supplementary, not alternative, employment opportunities.