Communist Doctrine Research Articles

Sociological Diagnostics and Sociological Examination as Instruments of Social Changes in Russian Society

Background/Objectives: The public function of sociological diagnostics and sociological examination is stabilization of the economic and social order. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The methodological basis of the study was formed by the principles of multidimensional research aimed at holistic understanding of social reality and conceptualization of scientific knowledge on the meta-theoretical level as well as by the cognitive strategy of the neoclassical model of scientific research. To explore the scope of the research, we used the methodology of a structural-functional approach. Findings: Sociological examination is not a sociological study by itself as its objectives are generally set by the activities of government authorities and other social institutions, public interests of citizens and objectives of the social policy. This means that the examination includes a sociological study carried out according to the logic of the tasks implementation. The examination should comply with three conditions: to form the rationale for the existing social and legal norms to develop evaluation criteria for the authorities' activities and to determine the degree of negative effects in different areas of public life. For example, developing the rating of Russian governors, it is necessary to include not only the parameters of economic growth, but also indicators such as the development of social infrastructure, the density of school, nursery schools, medical institutions, the average annual income of people living in a particular region. One can use specific indicators such as unemployment rate, the degree of social inclusion, social awareness, the quality of cooperation between the regional authorities and public organizations. Applications/Improvements: Russian society is seriously concerned about possible collapse and de-modernization, that's why it is necessary to create a new social project, different from that one based on the communist doctrine.

Sustainable Rural Development Opportunities in Lithuania

Sustainable development has become the main priority of contemporary global society, and it is increasingly perceived not only in the context of environmental protection, but also as an entirety of processes in ecosystems, the society and different countries. Ecosystem stability and human well-being in an ecosystem, in the community, the society, and the country are greatly influenced by political, economic, social and cultural processes in the countryside, because rural territories make up a bigger part of the territories of contemporary countries. The article analyses Lithuanian rural development reviewing the damage done by Russian (Soviet) occupation to the Lithuanian countryside and assessing its development in the context of rural development and contemporary sustainable development in Western European countries and the world. It is concluded that the agricultural model in Lithuania as well as in all other countries that have freed themselves from the Soviet Union is based on Socialist (communist) doctrine and is an extreme contrast to the European Model of Agriculture. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.66.4.5409

Science in a communist country: The case of the XXIInd International Congress of Psychology in Leipzig (1980).

The XXIInd International Congress of Psychology (ICP) in Leipzig in 1980 is a case that illustrates the mutual relationship between science and politics, specifically of the role of science in a communist state. We focus first on the situation of the discipline of psychology within the (East) German Democratic Republic (GDR). Second, we provide a detailed description of the interactions between the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPS) and the communist regime of the GDR. The Psychological Association of the GDR was commissioned by the IUPS to organize the congress. The Communist Party, being an omnipresent authority in the state, both supported and tried to manipulate the Leipzig conference for its political goals. Based on archival materials and on recent reports, we reconstruct three positions: From their ideological position, the GDR expected the conference to improve their standing in international politics and to serve as a platform for promoting communist doctrines; from a pragmatic position, the IUPS sought to guarantee free access to the conference and political neutrality of the scientific program; from a humanistic position, no support should be given to a totalitarian system accused of human rights violations. We compare the formal organization as implemented by the Communist Party for ideological purposes with the informal organizational structure, which operated toward pragmatic solutions. Finally, we discuss the compromises between the IUPS and the communist authorities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).

Commemoration of Committed Endeavours

Long before the applications of Science and Technology for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable development became a recognized field of human endeavour, there have been attempts by individuals and institutions who had the commitment and wisdom to begin the effort. The authors have chosen historical incidents tracing the rudiments of the work of Emperor Ashoka, to the Bishnois of Rajasthan, John Muir, a Scottish-born American in USA, Richard St. Barbe Baker and Wangari Maathai in Africa. People such as Chico Mendes lost their life in preventing the destruction of great Amazonian forest and N. I. Vavilov, a Russian geneticist who foresaw the value of collecting large samples of seeds of cultivated plants in seed banks, much against the then prevalent communist doctrine, not believing in the importance of inheritance. The Chipko movement in Garhwal Himalaya started by Gaura devi and other womenfolk supported by Chandi Prasad Bhat and Sunderlal Bahuguna has been briefly traced. References are also made to the work of Jim Corbett and Salim Ali for the conservation of tigers and birds respectively and recounting the enormous movement to save Silent Valley representing tropical evergreen forest in Kerala from being utilized for generating a very small amount of power. The decision taken by Government of India to refuse Vedanta Resources from utilizing the Niyamgiri Hills in Orissa for bauxite mining which is considered as an abode of their Niyamraja, worshipped by the Dongaria Kondh tribe consisting of 8,000 people has been hailed by the Indian people as just. Finally attention is drawn to Prof. A. Abraham’s efforts to develop a Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute in Kerala for collection, conservation and sustainable utilization of 800 medicinal plants, orchids, bamboos and other useful tropical plants. A brief note on the intense efforts made by K. S. Manilal in bringing out English and Malayalam Editions of Hortus Malabaricus compiled by Van Rheede in 12 volumes in old Latin between 1678 and 1693 and in publishing the Flora of Silent Valley has been included.

When development means political maturation: adolescents as miniature communists in post-war and pre-reform Vietnam, 1975–1986

In this study, I documented the conceptualization and representation of adolescence in Vietnam between the end of the Vietnam War and before Vietnam adopted the Western market economy. Using historical archives, especially newspapers written for and by adolescents, I argued that during this period, the Vietnamese society conceptualized life course development as a process through which an individual gains political maturity, which means the learning and practicing of communist doctrines. As such, adolescence was viewed between 1975 and 1986 as a political stage that prepares youths to become mature communists. Adolescents, therefore, were portrayed as miniature communists with norms, attitudes and behaviors shaped by communist doctrines. Adolescence was not associated with problem behavior or sexual maturation.

La herencia del expresionismo. Sobre la discusión en Das Wort, Moscú, 1937/38

The issue of September 1937 of Das Wort, edited by the German intellectuals in exile in Moscow, initiates a debate on the legacy of expressionism marked by the political context before World War II. The discussion is declared closed in the issue of July 1938 anathematizing expressionism and advocating, more than an aesthetic concept, a model of realism subjugated to the official communist doctrine. The contributions of Ernst Bloch and Georg Lukács are analysed and contrasted in this paper, as well as those of expressionist authors like Rudolf Leonhard or Herwarth Walden and members of the League of Proletarian-Revolutionary Writers such as Werner Ilberg or Franz Leschnitzer among others. The immediate reactions of Anna Seghers and Bertolt Brecht, not published in Das Wort, will finally be discussed.

The Role of Molam in Solving Social Problems

Problem statement: Mo-lam is the most popular Isan Local Song. Its rhythm and message influenced people’s feeling and thought. The objectives of this research were to study: (1) the moving force in using the media of Mo-lam for solving social problem, (2) the role of Mo-lam and social problem solving and (3) the effect of campaign with the sharing in approach and behavior of receiver in Klon-lam media. Approach: The research area in Isan Region included Maha Sarakam Province, Roi-Ed Province, Ubon Rachatani Province, Khon Kaen Province, Chiaypume Province, Udon Tani Province, Nakon Phanom Province, an Mookdahan Province. The samples providing information were 105 persons selected by interviewing and Participant Observation. Data were analyzed in characteristic. Then, the findings were presented in descriptive analysis. Results: The research findings found that: (1) the moving force for Mo-lam Media Use, was caused by the rapid Isan Social and Cultural Changes after the Second World War owing to the economic developmental policy as specified by the public sector As a result, Isan society faced trouble in social, economic and political aspects. There were migration and moving to work in big sized cities, lack of educational management as well as basic public health service, (2) the roles of Mo-lam in solving social problems were as follows: Klon-lam campaigning in the enhancement for national security, was composed, lam against the communist doctrine and enhancing the democracy, campaigning for people to be interested in Education as well as controlling the population number, infectious disease and supporting the exercise. In solving the environmental problems, the natural resources were campaigned and the waste in community was got rid of, the prevention and treatment for drug addiction problem was campaigned, (3) the effect of campaign and changes in viewpoint and behavior of Klon Lam Receivers, in political and governmental security as a part of the elimination the communist doctrine from Thailand. In public health, the population control was campaigned by informing people to understand the birth control and family planning. In hygiene, people accesses the health care technique more. Besides, in prevention and treatment for drug addiction, it was partly effective. The legal measure needed to be used in aligned with. Conclusion/Recommendations: This research could be used as a guidelines for developing and enhancing the roles of local artists as well as using benefit from local media for correcting and developing the locality with stability.

Confronting Peaceful Co-existence: Psychological Warfare and the Role of Interdoc, 1963–72

Interest in Cold War psychological warfare and propaganda operations by both East and West, and the institutions that have pursued them, has increased among diplomatic historians over the last decade.1 As an addition to the burgeoning literature on the ideological dimension of the conflict, this article examines the foundation and purpose of the International Information and Documentation Center or ‘Interdoc’. Founded in 1963 in The Hague, Interdoc was meant to develop a psychological response to the Soviet strategy of ‘peaceful coexistence’. Its arrival was the result of discussions between French, German, and Dutch intelligence services, along with individuals from industry and academia, that had taken place over the previous six years. Interdoc's central focus was to increase the level of understanding of communist doctrine and practice by stimulating and making available well-researched information on the policies and realities of the Soviet bloc. By the end of the 1960s Interdoc had expanded into a centre of increasing activity for research, training, conference, and publication programmes. However, at the point when plans were being made to extend its operations by making contacts with the Eastern bloc, Chancellor Brandt's pursuit of Ostpolitik caused a catastrophic withdrawal of German financial support.

Revolution, Modernization and the Paradox of Twentieth-Century Russia

ARTICLES A key challenge faced by historians of the 1990s all over the world has been to explain the collapse of the Soviet Union and Communist rule in Russia. But more fundamental question, less often addressed, is the real nature of the Soviet system that was finally swept away. Understanding the convulsions of the recent past demands reconsideration of the tumultuous history of the entire century. The astonishing events of 1991 have implanted an almost universal stereotype about the fallen regime. It is considered, in Russia as well as abroad, to have been a 74-year experiment that failed, or some variation on that theme. This judgment flows from literal, simplistic reading of Communist ideology as the main determinant of the Soviet experience. It differs from official Stalinist and neo-Stalinist propaganda only in putting negative rather than positive value on that record. The entire Soviet experience is thus presumed to have had simple historical unity, as the direct, undeviating pursuit of disastrous revolutionary utopia. It follows from this assumption that any proclaimed goals or practices associated with the Soviet system must be rejected without qualification. This reasoning has led the post-Soviet regime into historical vacuum, pursuing its own form of counter-utopia to the point of new national disaster. The main dissent from this viewpoint in Russia has not been based on any new alternative, but only on the opposite valuation of the undifferentiated Soviet past, the nostalgic faith that everything associated with the Soviet regime was essentially correct and heroic. Both attitudes, government and opposition, have been equally oblivious to the real Russian past, and neither has offered the guidance needed to lead the country out of its post-Soviet impasse. Today's profoundly unhistorical misunderstanding of the Soviet experience revolves around three basic problems. First is the nature of the Russian Revolution as long-term process, and its significance as the framework for the overall development of Russian society. The second problem is the challenge of modernization that Russia has faced all during its revolutionary experience, along with the ambiguous relationship between Russia and the West in this respect. A related question is to define the character of post-revolutionary society in Russia, and its relation to modem social trends around the globe. The problem of modernization and social change leads in turn to the third main question about the Soviet regime, namely the relation between ideology and reality, and the confusion that Communist doctrine has created about the social nature of the system. Finally, out of an investigaton of these foundations of Soviet reality some conclusions can be derived about the alleged successes and failures of the revolution and about the assumptions that have governed the post-Soviet regime. THE PROCESS OF REVOLUTION Revolution, obviously, is the central fact in the history of Russia in the twentieth century, as well as cardinal theme of global history in this era. Russians do not need to be reminded that revolution is tragic experience. It is tragic not only in the human suffering it entails, but in the hopes for better world that it feeds on and then betrays. But it would be misguided to blame those hopes, and the ideologies that convey them, for the crimes that may have been committed in their name. This is the approach of ideological reductionism, familiar error in the understanding of revolutions and their consequences, and nearly universal mistake in the post-Communist atmosphere. All the misery of revolution is attributed to the wrong-headed ideas of revolutionaries whose thinking supposedly traces back to the Enlightenment and the hubris of rational intervention in the affairs of society. In reality, revolutions are far more complex and multi-dimensional, far more deeply embedded in the historical evolution of given society, than the simple explanations of dangerous ideas or nefarious plots imply. …

CZECH FIRM SETS GLOBAL ROUTE

Even social experiments cannot run forever on their own, and for Interpharma Praha, a small Prague-based producer of fine chemicals, the time has come to find partners. That is the conclusion of Chairman Milos Sovak, a professor at the University of California, San Diego, and of the company's president, Guido Bischofberger, who also heads Interpharma's office in Zurich. The two have rebuilt an enterprise that was essentially derelict and ready to be shut down in 1990 by the then-Czechoslovak government. In the process, Sovak and Bischofberger are teaching Czechs, who had been imbued with communist doctrine, to be capitalists. From that point of dereliction, Sovak says, this company now has brought itself to a level equivalent to Western Europe. Since the early 1990s, the company has grown from less than $1 million in sales to about $25 million per year in sales of compounds ranging from iodinated precursors for radiographic contrast media to specialty ...

Science, Jews, and Secular Culture: Studies in Mid-Twentieth Century American Intellectual History

This remarkable group of essays described the "culture wars" that consolidated a new, secular ethos in mid-twentieth-century American academia and generated the fresh energies needed for a wide range of scientific and cultural enter-prises. Focusing on the decades from the 1930s through the 1960s, David Hollinger discusses the scientists, social scientists, philosophers, and historians who fought the Christian biases that had kept Jews from fully participating in American intellectual life. Today social critics take for granted the comparatively open outlook developed by these men (and men they were, mostly), and charge that their cosmopolitanism was not sufficiently multicultural. Yet Hollinger shows that the liberal cosmopolitans of the mid-century generation defined them-selves against the realities of their own time:McCarthyism, Nazi and Communist doctrines, a legacy of anti-Semitic quotas, and both Protestant and Catholic versions of the notion of a "Christian America". The victory of liberal cosmopolitans was so sweeping by the 1960s that it has become easy to forget the strength of the enemies they fought. Most books addressing the emergence of Jewish intellectuals celebrate an illustrious cohort of literary figures based in New York City. But the pieces collected here explore the long-postponed acceptance of Jewish immigrants in a variety of settings, especially the social science and humanities faculties of major universities scattered across the country. Hollinger acknowledges the limited, rather parochial sense of "mankind" that informed some mid-century thinking, but he also inspires in the reader an appreciation for the inte-grationist aspirations of a society truly striving toward equality. His cast of characters includes Vannevar Bush, James B. Conant, Richard Hofstadter, Robert K. Merton, Lionel Trilling, and J. Robert Oppenheimer.

A comparative study of values among Chinese and U.S. entrepreneurs: Pragmatic convergence between contrasting cultures

A comparative study of values among Chinese and U.S. entrepreneurs: Pragmatic convergence between contrasting cultures

Science, Jews, and Secular Culture: Studies in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Intellectual History

This remarkable group of essays described the culture wars that consolidated a new, secular ethos in mid-twentieth-century American academia and generated the fresh energies needed for a wide range of scientific and cultural enter-prises. Focusing on the decades from the 1930s through the 1960s, David Hollinger discusses the scientists, social scientists, philosophers, and historians who fought the biases that had kept Jews from fully participating in American intellectual life. Today social critics take for granted the comparatively open outlook developed by these men (and men they were, mostly), and charge that their cosmopolitanism was not sufficiently multicultural. Yet Hollinger shows that the liberal cosmopolitans of the mid-century generation defined them-selves against the realities of their own time:McCarthyism, Nazi and Communist doctrines, a legacy of anti-Semitic quotas, and both Protestant and Catholic versions of the notion of a Christian America. The victory of liberal cosmopolitans was so sweeping by the 1960s that it has become easy to forget the strength of the enemies they fought. Most books addressing the emergence of Jewish intellectuals celebrate an illustrious cohort of literary figures based in New York City. But the pieces collected here explore the long-postponed acceptance of Jewish immigrants in a variety of settings, especially the social science and humanities faculties of major universities scattered across the country. Hollinger acknowledges the limited, rather parochial sense of mankind that informed some mid-century thinking, but he also inspires in the reader an appreciation for the inte-grationist aspirations of a society truly striving toward equality. His cast of characters includes Vannevar Bush, James B. Conant, Richard Hofstadter, Robert K. Merton, Lionel Trilling, and J. Robert Oppenheimer.

The Schools in Motion

On July 10, the Russian Federation Law on Education went into effect. The system of upbringing and education that was so deeply saturated with communist doctrine will now probably be replaced by a school system founded on respect for the rights of the individual and their protection.

Capitalist Aspirations and the Communist Legacy in Poland

The social mentality of the Poles in the early 1990s reflects a fusion of Solidarity's heritage, understood in a broader, historical perspective, and the communist legacy of the last forty-five years which consists of five principal elements: the new work ethos; acceptance of a protective character of the state; changes in morality; lack of full acceptance of a free market economy; and adaptation of certain communist doctrines of social equality. The contradictions between these new features and historically-grounded, traditional Polish values manifest themselves in a basic conflict between the communist legacy still present in social mentality that expects the benefits offered by the former socialist system, and capitalist aspirations of Poles toward a new, higher, Western standard of living. From the perspective of the Polish historical, cultural, and religious heritage, a Christian political economy appears most suitable for overcoming the country's negative legacy.

The Prague Spring: 20 Years Later

T JL he 20th anniversary of the 1968 Soviet military interven tion that cut short the promising reforms of the Prague Spring will be commemorated in an environment unforeseen by political observers then or even just a few years ago. Moscow is no longer the most orthodox and belligerent guardian of the hard-line interpretation of communist doctrine. The Kremlin now portrays itself as one of the most daring innovators in the communist world. Instead of behaving as an aggressive power ready to pressure other countries into compliant behavior, the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev now advertises its

Jurij Borys. The Sovietization of Ukraine, 1917–1923: The Communist Doctrine and Practice of National Self-determination. Rev. ed. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1980. Pp. 488.

Jurij Borys. The Sovietization of Ukraine, 1917–1923: The Communist Doctrine and Practice of National Self-determination. Rev. ed. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1980. Pp. 488. - Volume 12 Issue 1

Jurij Borys. The Sovietization of Ukraine, 1917-1923: The Communist Doctrine and Practice of National Self-Determination. Edmonton: The Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1980. xv, 488 pp. (paper).

Jurij Borys. The Sovietization of Ukraine, 1917-1923: The Communist Doctrine and Practice of National Self-Determination. Edmonton: The Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1980. xv, 488 pp. (paper).

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:THE RISE OF ANGLO‐GERMAN ANTAGONISM 1860–1914. By Paul Kennedy.DOCUMENTS ON AUSTRALIAN FOREIGN POLICY 1937–49. Volume IV: July 1940–June 1941. Edited by W. J. Hudson and H. J. W. Stokes.AUSTRALIA AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. By W. J. Hudson.MY DEAR P.M.: R. G. Casey's letters to S. M. Bruce 1924–1929. Edited by W. J. Hudson & Jane North.A HISTORY OF AUSTRALIAN EDUCATION. By Alan Barcan.THE ABORIGINAL POPULATION OF AUSTRALIA. By L. R. Smith.AGAINST THE TIDE. By B. A. Santamaria.RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT IN AUSTRALIA. Edited by Patrick Weller and Dean Jaensch.ESSAYS ON WESTERN AUSTRALIAN POLITICS. Edited by Ralph Pervan and Campbell Sharman.ECONOMIC CRISIS, CITIES AND REGIONS: an analysis of current urban and regional problems in Australia. By Frank J. B. Stilwell with contributions by Graham Larcombe.LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS OF AUSTRALIA. Edited by J. Power, R. Wettenhall and J. Halligan.STATE GOVERNMENTS AND AUSTRALIAN TARIFF POLICY. Ry John Warhurst.SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY: An International Perspective. Edited by Sol Encel and Jarlath Ronayne.PUBLIC CHOICE IN TASMANIA: Aspects of the Lower Gordon River Hydro‐Electric Development Proposal. By Hugh Saddler, Jeff Bennett, Ian Reynolds and Ben Smith.INDUSTRIAL ACTION: Patterns of Labour Conflict. Edited by Stephen J. Frenkel.WAR FOR THE ASKING: Australia's Vietnam Secrets. By Michael Sexton.THE MILITARY AND AUSTRALIA'S DEFENCE. Edited by F. A. Mediansky.LEGISLATION AND SOCIETY IN AUSTRALIA. Edited by Roman Tomasic.EROSION OF THE JUDICIAL PROCESS: An Aspect of Church‐State Entanglement in Australia. The struggle of citizens to be heard in the Australian Full High Court on the State Aid issue: 1956–1980. By M. J. Ely.THE AUSTRALIAN WELFARE STATE. By M. A. Jones.A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO POLICY ANALYSIS: Health Care Policy in Four Nations. By Howard M. Leichter.A SUITABLE PIECE OF REAL ESTATE: American Installations in Australia. By Desmond Ball.THE MEDIA AND POLITICS IN AUSTRALIA. Edited by David Turbayne.VICEROY OF THE PACIFIC: The Majesty of Colour. A Life of Sir John Bates Thurston. By Deryck Scarr.MILITARY POWER AND POLICY IN ASIAN STATES: China, India, Japan. Edited by Onkar Marwah and Jonathan D. Pollock.THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA. Vol 11: Late Ch'ing 1800–1911. Part 2. Edited by John K. Fairbank and Kwang‐Ching Liu.MAO: A Biography. By Ross Terrill.WHO'S WHO OF BRITISH MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. Volume 111, 1919–1945. A Biographical Dictionary of the House of Commons. Edited by Michael Stenton and Stephen Lees.LLOYD GEORGE'S SECRETARIAT. By John Turner.RELIGION AND PUBLIC DOCTRINE IN MODERN ENGLAND. By Maurice Cowling.BRITAIN SINCE 1918. Second Edition. By Bentley B. Gilbert.THE TRIUMPHS OF PROVIDENCE. The Assassination Plot, 1696. By Jane Garrett.THE LIBERALS AND IRELAND: The Ulster Question in British Politics to 1914. By Patricia Jalland.THE OTHER WESTERN EUROPE: A Political Analysis of the Smaller Democracies. By Earl H. Fry and Gregory A. Raymond.STATE AND SOCIETY IN EUROPE, 1550–1650. By V. G. Kiernan.THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GERMANY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. By Karl Hardach.IN THE EYE OF THE STORM: Kurl Riezler and the Crises of Modern Germany. By Wayne C. Thompson.AUGUST BEBEL: Shadow Emperor of the German Workers. By William Harvey Maehl.THE SOVIETIZATION OF UKRAINE 1917–1923: The Communist Doctrine and Practice of National Self‐Determination. Revised Edition. By Jurij Borys.UKRAINIAN NATIONALISM IN THE POST–STALIN ERA: Myth, Symbols and Ideology in Soviet Nationalities Policy. By Kenneth C. Farmer.STRIKES. By Norman McCord.ELECTORAL PARTICIPATION: A Comparative Analysis. Edited by Richard Rose.THE FIRST CRUSADE. By Steven Runciman.THE DIPLOMACY OF IDEAS: U.S. Foreign Policy and Cultural Relations, 1938–1950. By Frank A. Ninkovich.CAUDILLO AND PEASANT IN THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION. Edited by D. A. Brading.MORAL PRINCIPLES AND POLITICAL OBLIGATIONS. By A. John Simmons.PEOPLE'S HISTORY AND SOCIALIST THEORY. Edited by Raphael Samuel.EDMUND BURKE AND THE CRITIQUE OF POLITICAL RADICALISM. By Michael Freeman.COMPARING POLITICAL THINKERS. Edited by Ross Fitzgerald.AUTHORITY AND DEMOCRACY. By April Carter.THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT OF LEON TROTSKY. By Baruch Knei‐Paz.FABIANISMUS UND BERNSTEIN'SCHER REVISIONISMUS 1884–1900. By Herbert Frei.THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY THESIS. By Nicholas Abercrombie, Stephen Hill and Bryan S. Turner.

Population communication in the People’s Republic of China

With a population of 975 million people, the People’s Republic of China is bursting at its seams. In aiming for a replacement growth rate by the year 2000, the country has planned for the promotion of a one-child family norm. It is significant to note that this aim is being achieved not by authoritarian means normally associated with the communist doctrine, but by voluntary action and incentives. Anura Goonesekera looks at the mechanics of the Chinese system.