Communication Circumstances Research Articles

Ethical requirements for the behavior of a private contractor when performing executive actions

The article analyzes the ethical requirements for the behavior of a private executor during execution of executive actions. It is noted that the activity of a private performer belongs to the socionomic type of professions of the system and is associated with constant interaction with people. Professions of this kind mostly make high demands on a person’s health, physical and mental capacity. They are characterized by a complex combination of direct and indirect labor results, immediate and remote in time. The content of work in these professions is characterized by high emotional saturation of interpersonal contacts, high responsibility for the results of communication, for decision-making. In their activities, private executors are faced with the need to evaluate people’s actions from the point of view of the law. Since they observe the most diverse manifestations of people’s activity in the most crisis situations of their lives and have to decide their fate on the basis of legal norms, this profession carries the highest social significance and responsibility. Attention is focused on the fact that the nature of ethical requirements for the behavior of a private executive during executive actions remains insufficiently clarified. It is indicated that the purpose of the article is to determine the model of ethical requirements for the behavior of a private performer during performance of executive actions according to the rules of professional ethics. It is noted that procedural communication, regulated by legislation, with a private executor should be quick and accessible to the parties. The reception time should be as convenient as possible for the participants of the enforcement proceedings. Ethical principles of professional communication and private communication are considered: the prohibition of undue benefit, ensuring the interests of all parties to enforcement proceedings and the private executor, documenting and recording the actions of the private executor, avoiding conflicts of interest, maintaining confidentiality. Issues of mediation in executive proceedings are being investigated. It is concluded that in the course of his professional activity, a private performer, entering into interpersonal relations with various categories of citizens, is obliged to take into account and use various forms of interactions that comply with the law, rules of ethics and communication circumstances.

Three-dimensional free-will arbitrary time cooperative guidance law against moving target

A novel three-dimensional free-will arbitrary time cooperative guidance law based on biased proportional navigation is proposed for intercepting a high-value moving target. In contrast to existing research, the presented method does not require controlling the interceptors' axial speed or prediction of the interception point. First, the engagement plane is constructed so that a three-dimensional guidance problem can be formulated as a planar problem. Second, a new accurate time-to-go estimation algorithm against the moving target is deduced based on the formulated problem model. Third, a free-will arbitrary time cooperative guidance law is designed utilizing the leader-follower architecture. Multiple missiles can intercept a moving target simultaneously and the intercept time of each missile will converge within a free-will arbitrary time. Fourth, the proposed cooperative guidance law under different communication circumstances is analyzed. When the communication resources are abundant, missiles can reach dynamic average consensus. Meanwhile, the system is robust against the communication imperfection. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to verify the effectiveness of the time-to-go estimation algorithm and proposed cooperative guidance law.

Investigation of navigation information correction techniques for master-slave AUV formations in unstable communication environments

Cooperative navigation within master–slave Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) necessitates the periodic transmission of high-precision positional data from the master AUV, endowed with advanced navigational instrumentation, to the slave AUV characterized by limited positional accuracy. This data exchange is facilitated through an acoustic sensor mechanism, enabling the quantification of relative spatial separation between the two vehicles. Employing an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), the positioning error of the slave AUV can be estimated and corrected, enhancing its positional accuracy. However, this collaborative navigation methodology encounters dual challenges. Firstly, the intricate underwater acoustic environment introduces the potential for data loss or outlier measurements in submarine acoustic communication, thereby jeopardizing the efficacy of collaborative navigation. Secondly, the current approach solely rectifies the slave AUV's positional error upon the receipt of data from the master AUV, neglecting the fundamental divergence in positional error that accrues between successive data receptions, stemming from the inherent imprecision in the dead reckoning process. To contend with these complexities, this study presents a novel approach to rectifying navigation data within master–slave AUV formations, particularly within the context of unstable communication conditions. The proposed method harnesses an outlier adaptive discriminant EKF framework, proficiently addressing the slave AUV's positional error while simultaneously estimating and compensating for azimuthal angular errors during underwater acoustic communication between the master and slave AUVs. This method establishes a pivotal groundwork for heightening the accuracy of independent autonomous navigation within the slave AUV during subsequent operational phases. The accuracy and applicability of the proposed method are rigorously validated through simulation-based verification and lake-water field experiments. The empirical results unequivocally highlight the efficacy of the underwater acoustic communication approach put forth in this study, with an outlier recognition rate exceeding 80%. Furthermore, the method adeptly rectifies azimuthal angular errors and positional inaccuracies within the AUV, thus effecting a comprehensive enhancement of overall positioning precision. This research bears significant implications for advancing autonomous underwater navigation, providing a robust framework to bolster the precision and reliability of master–slave AUV formations, particularly under challenging communication circumstances.

What do people affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis want from health communications? Evidence from the ALS Talk Project.

Health communication is central to effective, supportive amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) clinical care. Guidance for ALS communication is limited, focuses on diagnosis disclosure, and frequently relies on expert consensus and/or reviews. Patient-based evidence is needed to guide ALS health communication. We investigated how the experiences of ALS patients and family caregivers can inform effective communication practices from diagnosis to end-of-life. Data were drawn from the ALS Talk Project, an asynchronous, online focus group study. Seven focus groups and five interviews (105 participants) were conducted. Data were qualitatively analyzed using directed content analysis and the constant-comparative approach. We found four primary themes: communication content, communication circumstances, information sufficiency, and communication manner. Data indicate participants relied on clinicians for medical information but also wanted practical information; health communication should attend to the circumstances within which conversations occur; information must be sufficient for individual needs, without overwhelming; and an empathetic, direct, and honest manner facilitated trust. Participants identified communication challenges and strategies to improve communication across major themes, including stepwise approaches and conversations tailored to individuals and their heterogeneous disease experiences. Healthcare professionals should discuss patient/caregiver communication preferences early in the therapeutic relationship, co-develop a communication agreement, and update the agreement in response to changing needs and disease progression. This will foster regular discussion of information needs and promote timely discussions of challenging topics, including advance care, while giving patients and families a sense of control. Findings may have implications for other neuromuscular disease and/or seriously ill populations.

A Neurodynamic Approach for SWIPT Power Splitting Optimization

Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) systems using energy from RF signals can effectively solve the energy shortage of wireless devices. However, the existing SWIPT optimization methods using numerical algorithms are difficult to solve the non-convex problem and to adapt to the dynamic communication circumstances. In this paper, a duplex neurodynamic optimization method is used to address the SWIPT system’s power partitioning issue. The information rate maximization problem of the SWIPT system is framed as a biconvex problem. A duplex recurrent neural network is used to concurrently execute local search and update the initial state of the neural network by a particle swarm optimization method to get the global optimum. The experimental results demonstrate that the duplex neurodynamic-based SWIPT system maximizes information rate while satisfying the minimal harvesting energy requirement in a variety of channel states.

SOCIAL MEDIA AND INTERACTIVITY FROM USERS’ PERSPECTIVE

In view of the change in communication circumstances caused by the explosive development of technology, new spheres of expression of attitudes, ideas, opinions and emotions have been opened. In a new communication reality, the dominant place belongs to social media, which is also related to interactive media and digital media that depend on user participation. The degree and ways of participation differ between various social media, but what they have in common is that they offer users the opportunity to create content, react to the existing ones, as well as further distribute and comment. The aim of the paper is to examine the frequency of different types of interactivity on social media, the motives for interactivity, as well as the perception of its importance from the user’s viewpoint. The research was conducted on a sample of 350 students at the University of Niš. A questionnaire was used as a method of data collection. Also, the research showed that in spite of the intensive checking of social media, the respondents do not often resort to interactivity, neither with their friends’ posts nor with media content and they do not find the possibility of interactivity particularly important. Along with checking and reading, the most common type of interactivity is liking, while leaving a comment is minimally applied. The respondents mostly resort to liking media content on social media only if they are related to the social issues they consider important (23.14%) or to support somebody’s position (21.71%).

Sustainable Data-Driven Secured Optimization Using Dynamic Programming for Green Internet of Things.

The development of smart applications has benefited greatly from the expansion of wireless technologies. A range of tasks are performed, and end devices are made capable of communicating with one another with the support of artificial intelligence technology. The Internet of Things (IoT) increases the efficiency of communication networks due to its low costs and simple management. However, it has been demonstrated that many systems still need an intelligent strategy for green computing. Establishing reliable connectivity in Green-IoT (G-IoT) networks is another key research challenge. With the integration of edge computing, this study provides a Sustainable Data-driven Secured optimization model (SDS-GIoT) that uses dynamic programming to provide enhanced learning capabilities. First, the proposed approach examines multi-variable functions and delivers graph-based link predictions to locate the optimal nodes for edge networks. Moreover, it identifies a sub-path in multistage to continue data transfer if a route is unavailable due to certain communication circumstances. Second, while applying security, edge computing provides offloading services that lower the amount of processing power needed for low-constraint nodes. Finally, the SDS-GIoT model is verified with various experiments, and the performance results demonstrate its significance for a sustainable environment against existing solutions.

A Study of Developments in the Routing Protocols in the Wireless Ad Hoc Networks (WANET)

Abstract: A mobile ad hoc network (manet) is a new name for an obsolete system: a network that doesn't require any pre-existing architecture to function. in the early 1970s, the darpa pr net and suran Programmes were predecessors of this system. the new twitch is the application of this approach in non-military communication circumstances. in addition, the research in this field has recently focused on various advanced aspects of this technology, such as multicasting and security. there have also been a number of unique solutions to "traditional" routing and medium access control problems proposed. this study attempts to characterize the state-of-the-art of networks technology in four areas: routing, intermediate identity management, multicasting, and security. when possible, reviews of the proposed techniques are offered. As part of this research, the Fuzzy based Flexible Energy Efficient Routing protocol (FIE2R) will be presented as a routing system for WANET. The decision maker is in charge of the whole FIE2R procedure, which is separated into two parts. It is the WANET graph start phase, which aids in the second phase's determination of each route's reward. That's from a comprehensive computation of FIE2R using MATLAB and NS2 and a comparative analysis of the same with other networking schemes, the recommended protocol improves performance in terms of energy consumption. Keywords: Adhoc networks, Manet, Wanet, MATLAB. Routing schemes

Energy Harvesting and Information Transmission Mode Design for Cooperative EH-Abled IoT Applications in beyond 5G Networks

Energy harvesting (EH) technology is considered to be a promising approach to provide enough energy for energy-constrained Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, we propose an energy harvesting and information transmission mode for the spectrum sharing system with cooperative EH-abled IoT applications in beyond 5G networks. Different from most existing IoT spectrum-sharing research studies, in our system, both primary user (PU) and IoT devices (IDs) collect energy for their information transmission. In addition, for all IDs, they should realize two communication functions: working as relays to help the information transfer process of PU and completing their own information transmission. We analytically derive exact expressions for the throughput of the primary system and IoT system and then formulate two objective functions. It is easy to see that power splitting ratio, dynamic EH ratio, power sharing ratio, and relay selection should be optimized to get the best performance for different communication circumstances. Actually, it is a hybrid NP-hard problem to optimize these parameters and traditional algorithms cannot solve it well. Therefore, a novel algorithm-quantum whale optimization algorithm (QWOA) is proposed to obtain the best performance. Simulation results show the good performance of QWOA in different simulation scenarios.

Optimal Application Mapping and Scheduling for Network-on-Chips with Computation in STT-RAM Based Router

Spin-Torque Transfer Magnetic RAM (STT-RAM), one of the emerging nonvolatile memory (NVM) technologies explored as the replacement for SRAM memory architectures, is particularly promising due to the fast access speed, high integration density, and zero standby power consumption. Recently, hybrid deigns with SRAM and STT-RAM buffers for routers in Network-on-Chip (NoC) systems have been widely implemented to maximize the mutually complementary characteristics of different memory technologies, and leverage the efficiency of intra-router latency and system power consumption. With the realization of Processing-in-Memory enabled by STT-RAM, in this paper, we novelly offload the execution from processors to the STT-RAM based on-chip routers to improve the application performance. On top of the hybrid buffer design in routers, we further present system-level approaches, including an ILP model and polynomial-time heuristic algorithms, to fine-tune the application mapping and scheduling on NoCs, with the objectives of improving system performance-energy efficiency. Network overhead caused by flit conflict in conventional communication circumstances can be ideally avoided by computing the contended flits in intermediate routers; meanwhile, the pressure of heavy workload on processors can be relieved by transferring partial operations to routers, such that network latency and system power consumption can be significantly reduced. Experimental results demonstrate that application schedule length and system energy consumption can be reduced by 35.62, 32.87 percent on average, respectively, in extensive evaluation experiments on PARSEC benchmark applications. In particular, the achievements of application performance and energy efficiency, averagely 36.44 and 33.19 percent, for the CNN application AlexNet have verified the practicability and effectiveness of our presented approaches.

Designing an Image Encryption Scheme Based on Compressive Sensing and Non-Uniform Quantization for Wireless Visual Sensor Networks

Wireless visual sensor networks (WVSN) have been widely used to capture images in the fields of monitoring, intelligent transportation, and reconnaissance in recent years. Because of the wireless transmission mode and the huge amount of image data, major challenges in this application are frequent information stealing, big data problems, and harsh communication circumstances. Some encryption schemes based on compressive sensing (CS) and chaotic systems have been proposed to cope with these threats, but most of them are vulnerable against the chosen-plaintext attack (CPA). To remedy these defects, this paper designs a novel method based on non-uniform quantization (NQ). Then, in order to evaluate the true compression ratio (CR), our work takes into account limited data precision in cipher images, while most papers ignored this fact and calculated CR with the assumption of infinite data precision. Besides, to eliminate the periodic windows in the bifurcation diagram of the logistic map (LM), an optimized logistic map (OLM) is designed. Furthermore, simulation results prove that the performance of anti-jamming in the proposed cryptosystem is better than that in existing schemes under the condition of strong noise interference or severe data loss. In conclusion, the proposed method could improve the performance of security and anti-jamming for WVSN.

Search-Range-Correction-Based Doppler Shift Acquisition for Space Communications

For space communication circumstances, long-distance transmission significantly deteriorates the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. Moreover, the high-speed relative movement between the transmitter and the receiver causes a very large Doppler shift, thus imposing a new challenge for the acquisition. To address the Doppler shift acquisition problem under not only the very low SNR but under the very high relative movement scenarios as well, in this paper, we develop one search range correction (SRC)-based acquisition scheme, which includes three algorithms called single SRC, overlapping SRC, and iterative SRC, respectively, to significantly increase the acquisition probability for space communications. First, the single SRC algorithm, which has a simple closed-form expression for the net increment of acquisition probability, uses multiple combination periods to correct the search range for the succeeding period. Moreover, the special case using two combination periods for the single SRC algorithm is already verified to increase the acquisition probability. Second, the overlapping SRC algorithm, which is based on the period overlapping of the single SRC algorithm, enjoys much implementation feasibility and saves many received signals. Third, the iterative SRC algorithm, which builds on the iteration of the overlapping SRC algorithm, can further increase the acquisition probability as compared with that of the overlapping SRC algorithm. Simulations results show that our proposed scheme can obtain much higher acquisition probability of Doppler shift, compared with existing acquisition schemes, including the fast Fourier transform (FFT), time–frequency, and single SRC using two combination periods.

Politinio komentaro retorika: žanro transformacijos

Political commentary is called the genre of evaluative journalism with fundamental indication, the expression of subjective opinion, on purpose to explain political phenomena and to assess it. From the perspective of rhetoric science positions, the most important is the argumentative level of commentary, i.e., persuasive substantiation of author’s propositions with its various forms: from argued reasoning and discussion what brings commentary closer to analytical genre to the usage of manipulative eristic argumentation.This article analyses the comments of political reviewers which are different from published comments in printed and electronic media: structurally they are too fragmented to identify them as traditional comments; they are different from new genre of internet comments as usually they are the product of multidirectional interactive reflection with the content and expression forms that are predetermined by specific communication circumstances. Political commentary is explored as political rhetoric expression form on purpose to identify and reveal the changes of political commentary and to define the factors that inspire them.

Emerging trilingual literacies in rural India: linguistic, marketing, and developmental aspects

This paper examines emerging forms of multilingualism and multiliteracy in rural India (where the term ‘literacy’ is used broadly here to include digital media literacy and marketing literacy as well as literacy in the traditional sense of the knowledge of a writing system). Here forces of globalization and digital communication have created unique communication circumstances that have a serious bearing on our understanding of multilingualism and on theoretical and practical issues concerning literacy in developing and rural societies. The newly emerging form of bimodal communication (man-machine and verbal-visual) is a product of a new village institution called an e-Choupal, a meeting place housing a computer with Internet access, where local farmers meet to learn about developments in farming, crop prices, etc., on the basis of contact with the world beyond the village through the use of computers. Traditionally, communication between members of the rural population and members of the mainstream population has been limited to the use of a mainstream variety – in this case, either Indian English or Standard Hindi – rather than the nonmainstream varieties of the rural population. In many cases in this as well as in other societies, this circumstance has lead to an instance of subtractive bilingualism in which the rural varieties have become less used and, eventually, extinct. In an e-Choupal, the local rural dialect plays a central role in communication between the manager of the e-Choupal and the e-Choupal's rural clientele, thus providing a case of additive multilingualism for the rural population through which the rural varieties will play a major role and will therefore have a chance to avoid extinction. Not only does the use of the local variety improve accuracy of communication, it also creates a high level of trust between the manager and the clientele based on shared sociolinguistic identity. This shared identity leads to a high level of success in the functioning of the e-Choupal as a center for the diffusion of innovations as predicted by Rogers’ general framework for the study of such centers; the paper proposes an analysis in terms of this framework. In addition, we analyze this case in terms of three contemporary theoretical research traditions – Social Identity Theory, Communication Accommodation Theory, and Markedness Theory.

Identification and Improvement of Communication in Factories

In this article you find the results of the research project "Modelling and design of dynamic business and communication processes in the factory” which is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The main result is a methodology for the identification and improvement of communication in factories, which consists of the three models: descriptive model, evaluation model, procedure model. The descriptive model is based on the method of matrix modelling and enables the depiction of communication structures. The evaluation model is conductive to the assessment of communication circumstances in the factory and the procedure model explains the course of action necessary for the practical use of the descriptive and evaluation model. According to the developed methodology the three models were implemented in an EXCEL-based software-tool which enables the practical use of the methodology. The software-tool provides a possibility to not only describe the communication structure of factories, but also to identify communication processes necessary to run the factory. Moreover it is possible to detect inadequacies of communication circumstances and derive measures to adjust them appropriately. In the following article the methodology and the software-tool are described in detail. For an optimal comprehension of the methodology each of the three models is detailed. In order to obtain an idea of how the software-tool works and how it looks like, its three components are explained.

Company Name, the Internet, and Achieving Competitiveness in a Changing Global Environment

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the most recent forms of Internet business generate new risks and new needs for the legal protection of company names. The global communication network referred to as the Internet allows for an almost infinite variety of linkages between individuals and companies across the globe. These circumstances create new issues for the protection of company names. Cyber-space provides much greater scope for abuse than ordinary conditions. This paper’s initial assumption is that the issue of the deliberate or accidental hijacking or inclusion of a company name in a domain name cannot be tackled by relying on our experience from the classical pre-cyber-space development. This is because protection of company names in cyber-space has two aspects – an international and a national one. The research presented in this paper deals with the impact of technological development, particularly in its Internet and cyberspace forms, on business activities and the need to adapt current forms of protection to it and to the new communication and technological circumstances.

Using Pictograms for Communication

The U.S. Navy sponsors annual Pacific Partnership deployments to provide humanitarian and disaster relief training for the U.S. military, partner nations, nongovernmental organizations, and host nations. Communication between these groups and the local populations receiving medical care is problematic in that sufficient numbers of capable translators are often unavailable or vastly undertrained with respect to medical terminology and practice. In addition, should Pacific Partnership respond to a real disaster, adequate numbers of translators will likely be unavailable as a result of the disaster itself. Consequently, medical providers will require alternate methods of communication previously tested for efficacy and validity. One such method is the use of pictograms designed to represent common medical maladies. To determine whether pictograms meet the 85% congruence level required by the American National Standards Institute, 36 images were provided to English-speaking physician assistants and nurse practitioners for interpretation with three images repeated within the array to assess internal validity of the questionnaire. Of the 33 distinct images, 26 (79%) reached 85% congruence showing that validated images may be a method of communication in circumstances where medical providers and patients speak discordant languages.

What effect does electronic ordering have on the organisational dynamics of a hospital pathology service?

The aim of this triangulated (multi-method, multi-setting, multi-staged) study was to identify the consequences of an electronic ordering system on the functioning and organisational dynamics of a hospital pathology service. The study was carried out in five pathology departments during the period August 2005 to April 2006. It included five focus groups involving 21 participants and 67 interviews with 38 participants, along with a total of 21 hours of observation. The findings revealed three key themes with implications for the functioning and organisational dynamics of the pathology service. These included: a) work process changes that affect the output of the pathology laboratories; b) temporal considerations, particularly as they related to efficiency of laboratory processes; and c) communication channels and the resulting changes in the mode of information exchange and communication. These themes emerged from a close analysis of the contextual setting of each department. Successful CPOE implementation should be premised on a solid understanding of the organisational, communication, information and temporal circumstances in which the system will operate.

Applied principles of clear and Lombard speech for automated intelligibility enhancement in noisy environments

Previous studies have documented phenomena involving the modification of human speech in special communication circumstances. Whether speaking to a hearing-impaired person (clear speech) or in a noisy environment (Lombard speech), speakers tend to make similar modifications to their normal, conversational speaking style in order to increase the understanding of their message by the listener. One strategy characteristic of the above speech types is to increase consonant power relative to the signal power of adjacent vowels and is referred to as consonant–vowel (CV) ratio boosting. An automated method of speech enhancement using CV ratio boosting is called energy redistribution voiced/unvoiced (ERVU). To characterize the performance of ERVU, 25 listeners responded to 500 words in a two-word, forced-choice experiment in the presence of energetic masking noise. The test material was a vocabulary of confusable monosyllabic words spoken by 8 male and 8 female speakers, and the conditions tested were a control (unmodified speech), ERVU, and a high-pass filter (HPF). Both ERVU and the HPF significantly increased recognition accuracy compared to the control. Nine of the 16 speakers were significantly more intelligible when ERVU or the HPF was used, compared to the control, while no speaker was less intelligible. The results show that ERVU successfully increased intelligibility of speech using a simple automated segmentation algorithm, applicable to a wide variety of communication systems such as cell phones and public address systems.

Krysin, L. P. (ed.): Oral Communication in Circumstances of Linguistic Variation, Moscow 2000

Krysin, L. P. (ed.): Oral Communication in Circumstances of Linguistic Variation, Moscow 2000