Communication Guidelines Research Articles

A machine learning language model approach to evaluating mental health awareness content across Spanish- and English-language social media posts on Twitter.

Mental health information appears on social media in varying levels of quality and may or may not be productive information to users, particularly in relation to healthcare decision-making and community living among diverse populations coping with mental health problems. To better understand the mental health landscape on social media, this study validated a language model approach to evaluating the availability and sentiment of mental health awareness content across Spanish- and English-language social media posts on Twitter (currently X) to inform future mental health communication guidelines. A comprehensive list of mental health awareness hashtags in Spanish and English was developed by bilingual investigators to download tweets containing these hashtags in both languages from the Twitter Academic API from 09/19/22 - 10/10/22. Data extraction and cleaning of duplicate tweets resulted in a final sample of 28,268 Spanish and 205,774 English tweets for sentiment and structural topic analysis across the two languages. Fifteen unique topics emerged for both Spanish and English tweets including overlapping themes of awareness, self-care, lived experience, and service providers. Topics in Spanish tweets were more often significantly associated with negative emotions compared to English tweets. Yet English tweets also included misappropriation of mental health labels to make political statements and market products. Mental health awareness content on Twitter appears not to be consistently available or aligned with clinical values, disadvantaging Spanish-language social media users, possibly leading to divergent priorities concerning population mental health. Nevertheless, natural language processing techniques offers a viable method to further understand unequal mental health awareness content across various language and cultural social media.

Cardiovascular risk management after hypertensive disorders and diabetes during pregnancy, in a multi-ethnic population: A qualitative study among women and healthcare providers.

Pregnancy complications like gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders increase maternal cardiovascular risk. However, evidence on how to best implement cardiovascular risk management (CVRM) in multi-ethnic contexts remains limited. Existing studies primarily focus on white populations, despite disparities in CVD risk and the risk of pregnancy complications across ethnic groups. This study explores experiences, barriers, and improvements in postpartum CVRM from women's and healthcare providers' perspectives, aiming to enhance cardiovascular disease prevention in multi-ethnic contexts. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 25 postpartum women who experienced hypertensive disorders of pregnancy or gestational diabetes, recruited to reflect diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Using a narrative approach, interviews covered CVRM experiences and preferences. Themes were triangulated with findings from 16 healthcare providers, including general practitioners, midwives, and specialists, discussing care delivery, optimal practices, and multi-ethnic considerations. Results were integrated in a patient journey map. Significant dropout occurred at the transition from obstetric to primary care and during long-term monitoring, especially among ethnic minorities and women with lower socioeconomic status and disease severity. Women often lacked risk awareness and missed follow-ups when self-scheduling was required. Most supported tailored cardiovascular risk education, lifestyle interventions, and proactive outreach. Healthcare providers emphasized the need for interdisciplinary communication, regional protocols, and clearer guidelines, noting variability in general practitioners' support for routine monitoring. Postpartum CVRM in multi-ethnic contexts could be improved with active outreach, better follow-up utilization, culturally tailored interventions, and regional multidisciplinary protocols to streamline care and address guideline inconsistencies.

Impact of UK National Clinical Communication Guidelines on Adults’ Perceptions of Doctors and Treatment Commitment

ABSTRACT UK national guidelines recommend how healthcare professionals should communicate with patients. However, the impact of following, or violating, these guidelines on how much the healthcare professional is respected, liked, or trusted, and the mechanisms underpinning, and consequences of, these perceptions have not been tested. To address these gaps, two UK-based, pre-registered studies using within-subjects designs required participants to rate how much they respect, like and trust general practitioners (GPs), as well as how competent, assertive, moral, and warm they are, and their commitment to adhere to their advice. After these baseline assessments, participants were presented with a series of vignettes where hypothetical GPs violated (Study 1, N = 329, and Study 2, N = 329) and followed (Study 2 only) recommended communication guidelines. Violations reduced respect for GPs more than liking and liking more than trust. Following communication guidelines increased liking for GPs the most followed by trust and respect the least. Violations of, and following, communication guidelines impacted (reduced/increased, respectively) patients’ commitment to treatment adherence via trust, primarily, as well as respect. Summarizing information and checking patients have understood the most important information impacted how GPs were evaluated more than the other tested communication recommendations, suggesting this specific recommendation could be prioritized over the other tested recommendations. Furthermore, by impacting how much patients trust and, to a lesser extent, respect their GP, how committed patients are to following treatment advice could be affected by how GPs communicate with their patients.

Managing cyber incivility in digital workplaces: a systematic review and HR strategies

Purpose This study aims to address workplace cyber incivility in digital environments by proposing human resource (HR) management strategies derived from a systematic review of the literature. It seeks to clarify the concept of cyber incivility, identify its antecedents and outcomes and provide practical recommendations for HR practices to mitigate its effects. Design/methodology/approach A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines analyzed 31 empirical studies (2006–2024) using Google Scholar, PsycINFO, Business Source Complete and Web of Science databases with keywords, including “cyber incivility,” “digital workplace” and “employee well-being.” Studies were included if they focused on workplace cyber incivility, provided primary data and were published in English, while those on cyber aggression or bullying were excluded. Two authors independently screened studies, resolving discrepancies through discussion. Thematic analysis synthesized findings on definitions, antecedents, outcomes and moderators. Findings The review identifies gaps in the literature, including inconsistent measurement approaches, limited understanding of cyber incivility’s multidimensional nature, insufficient examination of dyadic perspectives between perpetrators and targets and fragmented research across different digital platforms. The included studies (n = 31) examined diverse professional contexts, with sample sizes ranging from 69 to 830 participants. Cyber incivility is shaped by individual factors (e.g. personality traits, demographic characteristics), situational factors (e.g. workload, stress) and technology-driven factors (e.g. misinterpretation in digital communication). Its negative impacts include reduced job satisfaction, heightened stress, burnout and increased turnover intentions. Evidence-based HR recommendations include developing digital communication guidelines, implementing resilience-building programs and offering training on digital etiquette and conflict resolution. Originality/value This study provides a comprehensive framework for understanding cyber incivility in digital work environments and offers evidence-based HR interventions to foster respectful communication and improve employee well-being. It bridges existing research gaps by synthesizing fragmented studies and highlighting actionable strategies for HR professionals.

A Radiologist's Guide to IDH-Wildtype Glioblastoma for Efficient Communication With Clinicians: Part II-Essential Information on Post-Treatment Imaging.

Owing to recent advancements in various postoperative treatment modalities, such as radiation, chemotherapy, antiangiogenic treatment, and immunotherapy, the radiological and clinical assessment of patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase-wildtype glioblastoma using post-treatment imaging has become increasingly challenging. This review highlights the challenges in differentiating treatment-related changes such as pseudoprogression, radiation necrosis, and pseudoresponse from true tumor progression and aims to serve as a guideline for efficient communication with clinicians for optimal management of patients with post-treatment imaging.

Developing and integrating a destination decision support algorithm into an innovative electronic communication platform to improve injury care service coordination in Rwanda: The Rwanda912 study protocol.

Delays in getting injured patients to hospital in a timely manner can increase avoidable death and disability. Like many low- or middle-income countries (LMICs), Rwanda experiences delays related to lack of efficient prehospital communication and formal guidelines to triage patients for hospital care. This paper describes the protocol to develop, roll out, and evaluate the effectiveness of a Destination Decision Support Algorithm (DDSA) integrated in an electronic communication platform, '912Rwanda'. The DDSA will facilitate the linkage of patients to health facilities able to treat their condition(s). Work will be conducted in three phases: i. development, ii. training and roll-out, and iii. evaluation. Work will be conducted in the pre-hospital emergency service "SAMU - Service d'Aide Medicale Urgente" and health facilities in Kigali City and Musanze District, which serve predominately urban and rural populations, respectively. We will develop interfaces to capture facility and patient-relevant data, which feed into a guideline-based electronic DDSA to match patients to hospitals. We will assess existing trauma care processes using qualitative and quantitative methodologies. This will be followed by a series of consensus workshops to develop at-scene triage guidelines and agree variables to capture in the interfaces. The DDSA will be developed based on outputs from these workshops and tested against historical ambulance data and expert opinion until acceptable thresholds of performance are passed. User interfaces will be developed and tested using human computer interface design principles. The combined collaborative approach of bringing together experts and software developers, and with deep engagement of Rwandan stakeholders, including leadership of Rwanda Ministry of health through its technical arm, the Rwanda Biomedical Center, should lead to an ambulance communication system which is utilized, sustained, and effective.

"We are not ready for this": physicians' perceptions on climate change information and adaptation strategies - qualitative study in Portugal.

Climate change presents several challenges to public health and its professionals. This article aims to fill a significant gap in the current literature by understanding physicians' perceptions of their role in educating others about health adaptation to climate change. It also explores their knowledge of health policies related to this issue in Portugal and their perceived influence on the development of adaptation policies at both local and national levels within the health sector. To this end, we applied a qualitative and case study approach, interviewing 13 physicians in Portugal, including general practitioners and specialists. The data was collected using a semi-structured interview script, and a content analysis was performed to categorize the responses and gain a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. The main results of this study highlight the need for a more systematic approach to training physicians, including the relationship between climate change and health. Concerning policies, this research highlights the need for more consistent communication and precise guidelines for dealing with the impacts of climate change on public health. As the first exploratory study focusing on Portuguese physicians, this research provides unique insights into their views on the potential to influence patient behavior and health policy. Importantly, it offers valuable recommendations for health policy strategies, particularly in awareness-raising and training plans for these professionals, thereby demonstrating the research's practical implications.

How Inclusive Are Patient Decision Aids for People with Limited Health Literacy? An Analysis of Understandability Criteria and the Communication about Options and Probabilities.

Patient decision aids (PtDAs) can support shared decision making. We aimed to explore how inclusive PtDAs are for people with limited health literacy (LHL) by analyzing 1) the understandability of PtDAs using established criteria, 2) how options and probabilities of outcomes are communicated, and 3) the extent to which risk communication (RC) guidelines are followed. In a descriptive document analysis, we analyzed Dutch PtDAs available in 2021 that met the International Patient Decision Aid Standards. We developed and pilot tested a data extraction form based on key RC and health literacy literature. Most PtDAs (151/198) met most of the understandability criteria on layout (7-8 out of 8 items) such as font size but not on content aspects (121/198 PtDAs scored 5-7 out of 12 items) such as defining medical terms. Only 31 of 198 PtDAs used a short and simple sentence structure. Most PtDAs presented 2 to 4 treatment options. Many followed RC recommendations such as the use of numerical RC strategies such as percentages or natural frequencies (160/198) and visual formats such as icon arrays (91/198). Only 10 used neutral framing (10/198). When presented, uncertainty was presented verbally (134/198) or in ranges (58/198). Four PtDAs were co-created together with patients with LHL and used only verbal RC or no RC. Most PtDAs met most of the understandability criteria on layout, but content aspects and adherence to RC strategies can be improved. Many PtDAs used long sentences and mostly verbal RC and are therefore likely to be inappropriate for patients with LHL. Further research is needed on PtDA characteristics and RC strategies suitable for people with LHL. Despite meeting most criteria for understandability, many of the Dutch PtDAs use long sentences, which likely impede comprehension for patients with LHL.Most of the Dutch PtDAs follow established recommendations for risk communication, with room for improvement for some strategies such as framing and a clear reference to the time frame.Overall, more research is needed to tailor PtDAs to the needs of people with LHL.

The Determinants of Recall Event Timing of Contaminated Frozen Poultry Products in Retail Outlets in North-Central Nigeria

This study examined the determinants of the recall event timing of contaminated frozen poultry products in retail outlets in North-Central Nigeria. It specifically identified the potential sources of frozen poultry product hazards in retail outlets, assessed the effectiveness of existing management strategies employed by retailers in preventing frozen poultry product recall in the outlets, and examined the factors influencing the recall event timing of contaminated frozen poultry products in retail outlets in the study area. Multistage sampling was employed to sample 202 respondents, and the data collected using a well-structured questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics and discrete-time survival analysis. The results showed that most of the frozen poultry product retailers in outlets in the study area were men within the age bracket of 21 and 40 years and had a monthly restocking frequency of approximately four times. The result revealed that power outage was the highest potential source of hazards associated with frozen poultry products in retail outlets in the study area. Packaging poultry products before freezing, product labelling, and fridge segmentation are effective management strategies. The result of the factors influencing the recall event timing of contaminated frozen poultry products in retail outlets showed that retailing experience (P<0.01) and cooperative membership (P>0.01) significantly influenced the recall event timing of contaminated frozen poultry products in the study area. The study recommends that the Government offer tax incentives to retailers investing in reliable backup power solutions and provide guidelines for effective communication during recall events.

Cooperation: Conceptual Guidelines for Communication and Interpretation

Cooperation is an essential behaviour for the good of social life – when people cooperate they share knowledge, ideas, beliefs, values, actions. With special focus on the conceptual reflexes of the term, our aim is to problematize cooperation, in complementarity, in two areas of knowledge pertaining to the philological field: pragmatics and narrative semiotics. From the perspective of pragmatics, we will investigate the standards and principles of cooperation in the act of communication with the view to accounting for the inferential mechanism that bridges the gap between what is said and what is meant. Switching perspective and applying the framework of narrative semiotics, we will account for the strategies of interpretive cooperation that ensure the success of text interpretation. Putting the concept of cooperation back on the theoretical agenda is all the more relevant as the needs to understand and accept the differences between individuals, communities, and cultures become more and more stringent in the contemporary world if we are to safeguard such values as dialogue, tolerance or respect.

Communication strategies to strengthen the resilience of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review

This study investigates the role of communication resilience in Indonesian Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on how effective communication strategies contribute to MSME resilience and business continuity. Utilizing a systematic literature review of Scopus articles published between 2020 and 2024, the research is grounded in resilience theory, crisis communication, and organizational communication. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted businesses globally, with MSMEs being particularly vulnerable due to limited resources. This study aims to identify the factors influencing MSME resilience, the communication strategies used, the challenges in implementing these strategies, and the policy implications for supporting MSMEs in building resilience. Key findings highlight several factors that influence MSME resilience, such as adaptable business models, access to financial resources, the use of digital technologies, and effective crisis communication strategies. Effective communication is crucial for maintaining stakeholder trust, managing information flow, and coordinating crisis responses efficiently. Challenges in implementing effective communication strategies include limited technological infrastructure, lack of communication expertise, and cultural barriers, which can impede MSMEs' crisis response. Addressing these challenges is essential for enhancing the resilience of MSMEs.The study provides policy implications, suggesting that governments and stakeholders should enhance MSMEs' communication capabilities through training programs, financial support for digital infrastructure, and tailored communication guidelines for crisis situations. This research contributes to theoretical knowledge on resilience and communication in the context of MSMEs and offers practical insights for policymakers, business owners, and practitioners. By addressing the communication challenges faced by MSMEs, stakeholders can better support these enterprises in achieving resilience and ensuring business continuity during crises. This study highlights the importance of effective communication in MSMEs' ability to navigate and survive crises, providing a roadmap for future research and practical interventions in this critical area.

Regulatory Framework for Supporting the Integration and Use of Biosimilars in the Private Healthcare System of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Introduction Biologics are substantial in the treatment of different diseases; however, they can burden the healthcare systems due to their high cost. Biosimilars can help healthcare systems keep their financial sustainability and patients access to biological therapies. The research objective is to formulate a framework for integrating biosimilars in theprivatehealthcare sector of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This framework was based on local stakeholders' recommendations to ensure alignment with the UAE's healthcare market dynamics and needs. Methods Stakeholders from the private sector and regulators from the public sector completed a questionnaire tailored to the UAE healthcare system, based on recommendations from local stakeholders. The questionnaire encompassed five key domains: overall perceptions of biosimilars, pricing and reimbursement strategies, financing protocols, information sharing, and monitoring practices. They filled out the questionnaire during a workshop held during the 2ndConference of the Emirates Health Economics Society (EHES), conducted from 18thto 20thOctober 2022, in Jumeirah Emirates Towers, Dubai. Results Stakeholders showed a positive perception of biosimilars. They believed switching to biosimilars is safe, especially when it is medically supervised. Also, they advocated initiating treatment-naïve patients on the less expensive option. They also recommended that the first biosimilar should be priced at a minimum of 30% below the original product, with a preference for a discount of 50%. They also proposed that the price of the subsequent biosimilars is 80%-90% of the previous biosimilars. Health technology assessment (HTA) of biosimilars was deemed necessary by seven (58%) of the stakeholders only if the manufacturers submitted for expanding the reimbursed indication beyond the originator's licensed indications. They recommended introducing clinical guidelines for biosimilar switching and clinical communications to show biosimilars' effect on access to biological therapies. They advocated introducing strict financing protocols against which the prescribing patterns of the clinicians are monitored. Conclusion The policies proposed by the stakeholders are designed to enhance financial sustainability while optimizing spending efficiency within the Emirati healthcare system. In addition, it may enable budget reallocation to support reimbursement of high-value health technologies.

Toward Guidelines for Designing Holistic Integrated Information Visualizations for Time-Critical Contexts: Systematic Review.

With the extensive volume of information from various and diverse data sources, it is essential to present information in a way that allows for quick understanding and interpretation. This is particularly crucial in health care, where timely insights into a patient's condition can be lifesaving. Holistic visualizations that integrate multiple data variables into a single visual representation can enhance rapid situational awareness and support informed decision-making. However, despite the existence of numerous guidelines for different types of visualizations, this study reveals that there are currently no specific guidelines or principles for designing holistic integrated information visualizations that enable quick processing and comprehensive understanding of multidimensional data in time-critical contexts. Addressing this gap is essential for enhancing decision-making in time-critical scenarios across various domains, particularly in health care. This study aims to establish a theoretical foundation supporting the argument that holistic integrated visualizations are a distinct type of visualization for time-critical contexts and identify applicable design principles and guidelines that can be used to design for such cases. We systematically searched the literature for peer-reviewed research on visualization strategies, guidelines, and taxonomies. The literature selection followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The search was conducted across 6 databases: ACM Digital Library, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search was conducted up to August 2024 using the terms ("visualisations" OR "visualizations") AND ("guidelines" OR "taxonomy" OR "taxonomies"), with studies restricted to the English language. Of 936 papers, 46 (4.9%) were included in the final review. In total, 48% (22/46) related to providing a holistic understanding and overview of multidimensional data; 28% (13/46) focused on integrated presentation, that is, integrating or combining multidimensional data into a single visual representation; and 35% (16/46) pertained to time and designing for rapid information processing. In total, 65% (30/46) of the papers presented general information visualization or visual communication guidelines and principles. No specific guidelines or principles were found that addressed all the characteristics of holistic, integrated visualizations in time-critical contexts. A summary of the key guidelines and principles from the 46 papers was extracted, collated, and categorized into 60 guidelines that could aid in designing holistic integrated visualizations. These were grouped according to different characteristics identified in the systematic review (eg, gestalt principles, reduction, organization, abstraction, and task complexity) and further condensed into 5 main proposed guidelines. Holistic integrated information visualizations in time-critical domains are a unique use case requiring a unique set of design guidelines. Our proposed 5 main guidelines, derived from existing design theories and guidelines, can serve as a starting point to enable both holistic and rapid processing of information, facilitating better-informed decisions in time-critical contexts.

Reflecting With Teachers on Research-Based Tools: The ySKILLS Education Toolkit

This article focuses on the links between academic research and educational practices, examining how practitioners use, contextualize, and co-construct research findings on digital skills. To explore these issues, firstly we present an education toolkit developed within a European research project and aligned with normative and substantive guidelines for science communication. Aiming to grasp the potentialities and limitations of the toolkit in action, we then explore the perceptions of teachers from two educational settings in Portugal who employed it in their classrooms. Subsequent focus groups evidenced overall positive feedback from teachers, complemented by practical tips to improve the usefulness of the toolkit and adherence to it by teachers and students, thus adding layers of knowledge to the performative dimension of an evidence-based resource and building bridges between the academic and professional worlds.

What are the communication guidelines for people with dementia and their carers on the internet and are they evidence based? A systematic review.

Introduction: Communication difficulties of people with dementia can negatively impact well-being of them and their carers. There are evidence-based and clinically recommended strategies that can be used to support people with dementia which they are more likely to access on websites than via academic literature. We aimed to search the internet for communication advice for people with dementia and their carers, describe the strategies and compare these to the evidence-base.Methods: After a systematic search of websites offering communication advice to people with dementia and their carers, we described the strategies there, used reflexive thematic analysis to identify the rationale for recommended strategies and compared the strategies to the evidence base. We included websites aimed at people with dementia and their carers published by dementia-related health and social care, or third sector organisations. We compared strategies to those in published systematic reviews and practice guidance from UK health and social care agencies.Results: Our review identified 39 eligible websites, containing 164 individual strategies. These were grouped into 26 strategy types, with nine latent themes developed. These were supporting communication strengths, valuing the interaction, prioritising needs, providing emotional safety, working together, adapting communication for the situation, developing carer communication skills, knowing the individual and focusing on broader meaning.Conclusion: Our review highlights the need for flexible approaches to supporting communication for people with dementia which consider the individual's needs and preferences, the context of the interaction, and the priority in that moment. We identify the inherent challenges for carers in trying to interpret advice for their own needs.

Verifying a new historical stage in the ethics of communication: second generation ethics codes

Throughout the 20th century, most of the world’s countries and international journalistic organizations adopted codes of journalistic ethics with general principles governing the profession. In the 21st century, a significant number of proposals have emerged offering new ethics recommendations relating to the treatment of issues such as gender violence, disability, the environment and climate change, among other matters. The aim of this research is to confirm that we are faced with a second generation of ethics codes or guidelines for social communication. This study, based on the content analysis of 53 guides published in Spain on the three subject areas mentioned, shows the emergence of these codes from 1999 onwards, the existence of common features in relation to their endorsement, their structure, their dissemination and monitoring, and the widespread participation of individuals, experts and groups not professionally related to the field of communication in their promotion or implementation, which is evidence of what we call the social self-regulation of communication and represents the main novelty in this new stage of communication ethics.

ISBAR Communication Guideline: An Innovative Strategy to Facilitate Civility Among Prelicensure Nursing Students.

Competency in communication and collaboration is essential in forming interprofessional partnerships for nursing practice. However, many students in nursing programs struggle with professional oral and written communication, leading to poor communication and incivility. Generational differences and expectations exacerbate communication breakdown and incivility among students and faculty. Implementing communication guidelines using a standardized communication tool in a traditional bachelor of science in nursing program helped facilitate professional and civil communication between students and faculty. Using the standardized tool improved student civility, professionalism, and accountability.

Motivating Climate-Adaptation Actions in Dutch Private Gardens: Developing an Effective Communication Tool

In the effort to adapt the urban environment to climate change, motivating residents is key. Various communication guidelines have been proposed in the literature, but few have been tested in practice. This study reports on the development and use of an interactive communication tool based on these guidelines; this tool aimed to motivate climate-adaptation actions in private gardens through increasing self-efficacy. After using the tool, participants showed a significant increase in their willingness to act for climate adaptation. On this basis, some recommendations can be formulated to promote effective communication able to motivate action.

Zpátky ke kořenům: Základní nástroje pro obnovu komunit podle Erica Lawa a jejich pokračující význam

Eric H. F. Law’s tools for the support of diverse and sustainable communities continue to be used and integrated into curricula of Kaleidoscope Institute, which he founded, and two of them can be considered foundational – Mutual Invitation and Respectful Commu¬nication Guidelines. Both of these appear in nearly all curricula developed by Kaleidoscope Institute, and I believe that they are implicitly included in the background of all the work that Kaleidoscope Institute has done in line with its mission. In this article, I would like to present these two basic tools of multicultural dialogue in their original context and, at the same time, explain and exemplify their continuing importance and value for the present, as their regular user in a professional capacity. Mutual Invitation and Respectful Communication Guidelines continue to be introduced in many contexts and situations, and as such are a helpful entry point into understanding Eric H. F. Law’s thinking and work.

CHARACTERISTICS OF OFFICIAL COMMUNICATION CULTURE

The article reveals the specific features of Uzbek formal communication etiquette and describes the concept of formal speech etiquette. The Uzbek people’s culture has subjected the most important procedures and established rules of oral formal speech communication to scientific analysis. In Uzbek linguistics, various scientific sources have analyzed and commented on speech etiquette units, usage characteristics of typical examples that have become stereotyped in the Uzbek language, and the issue of their place in official communication. The Uzbek people’s culture proposes these rules as the most crucial procedures and established guidelines for oral formal communication.