Communication Capacity Research Articles

Improving power efficiency in 6G wireless communication networks through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for different phase information

With increasing needs for high-bitrate, ultra-reliability, spectral efficiency, power efficiency, and reducing latency in the wireless network, global studies on the sixth generation of this network began in 2020. In this paper, we will look at intelligent reconfigurable surface structure and its application in new promising physical layer technologies, such as terahertz communications and UM-MIMO systems, to support very high-bitrate and superior network capacity in the 6G wireless communications. However, terahertz communications and UM-MIMO systems are the primary research points and confront many challenges for practical implementation. They require many RF chains and create problems in terms of cost and hardware complexity which RIS can simplify hardware and reduce cost. Therefore, we will present different modeling of wireless communication systems based on RIS for different phase information. Simulation results obtained by examining SNR performance and the error probability that shows the improvement of the received signal quality. According to results, RIS-based wireless communications can become an optimized model for future wireless communication systems.

Frequency-polarization multiplexing reflective metasurface for orbital angular momentum generation

Frequency-polarization multiplexing metasurfaces (FPMMSs) capable of generating vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have facilitated the actualization of high information capacity in optical and microwave communication. However, poor frequency controllability and the deficiency of theoretical methodology for frequency modulation of meta-atom remain challenges for existing FPMMSs with orthogonal linear polarization. In this work, a strategy to customize the operating band of the “I”-shaped meta-atom (ISMA) based on phase analysis of the equivalent circuit is proposed. A frequency modulation factor is introduced to adjust the operating band of the ISMA over a wide range based on the relationships between element geometry parameters, capacitance and inductance values in the equivalent circuit model, and the reflected phase of ISMA-type meta-atom. Then, a dual-band dual-polarized meta-atom is proposed by placing subunits operating at different bands cross-orthogonally, allowing the subunits to modulate the phase independently. A dual-band dual-polarized dual-mode OAM beam generator is designed and constructed as a proof-of-concept to verify the methodology. The measured results are in excellent agreement with the simulations. The proposed methodology for customizing frequencies establishes the groundwork for the implementation of OAM-based FPMMSs for secure and high-capacity communication in 6G massive-MIMO systems.

A study of the effect of array geometry on improving channel hardening in mm-Wave massive MIMO systems

The impact of array geometry on enhancing channel hardening in mm-wave massive MIMO systems is investigated. As the number of physical radio links increases, small-scale fading is averaged out, leading to a hardened channel and increased communication capacity. A comprehensive analysis is conducted using the physical ray distribution model (3GPP) to investigate the impact of various array geometries on channel hardening. A clear insight is obtained through the derivation of a closed-form relation, providing an understanding of the corresponding effect. Additionally, a novel measure called Array Spread is introduced, offering a practical tool for designing array geometry that minimizes channel variations in every specific physical scenarios. The findings of this study contribute to the overall understanding and optimization of MIMO communication systems, particularly in the context of massive MIMO deployments in mm-wave frequencies.

Generating terahertz multiple vortex beams using graphene metasurfaces

This paper investigates the generation of orbital angular momentum vortex beams using a graphene metasurface in the terahertz frequency band. The proposed design consists of 20 × 20 unit-cell elements to operate in 1.2 THz applications. Each element is a graphene ring patch printed on a silicon dioxide substrate backed with a polysilicon ground plane of size 75 × 75 × 25 µm3. The graphene reconfigurable surface conductivity is used to control the beam shape, direction, and directivity radiated from the metasurface, through the application of DC biasing voltages. A parametric study on the effect of graphene chemical potential, relaxation time and temperature on the unit-cell reflection properties is introduced. The reflection magnitude varies from − 2.1 dB to -0.8 dB with a 350-degree phase variation for µc ranging from 0.25 eV to 1.6 eV at \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ au$$\\end{document} =5 ps, and T = 300 K. The effect of graphene relaxation time from 0.3 ps to 10 ps on the reflection coefficient at µc = 0.7 eV, and T = 300 K is investigated. The metasurface radiation characteristics are investigated under the illumination of two types of incidence sources, plane-wave, and focused-waves. A depiction of a single vortex beam in various orientations θ = 0, 30o, 50o, and 70o, φ = 90o for l = 1 is presented. The purity of the OAM single beam shows that 94% of the power is concentrated in the designed mode. A graphene metasurface can to convert linearly polarized input into multiple beams exhibiting orthogonal modes. Two/four vortex beams in different directions are demonstrated. The capacity for wireless communication in the terahertz band can be enhanced by utilizing a graphene metasurface.

Classification of Oral Ulcers and its Treatment by focusing on Exosome Loaded Hydrogel: A Comprehensive Review

Background: Oral ulcers significantly impact patient quality of life, manifesting as acute or chronic lesions that can cause considerable discomfort and pain. These ulcers arise from a variety of etiological factors and disrupt daily activities due to the painful loss of mucosal tissue. Objective: This review aims to elucidate the etiology and management of oral ulcers, with a focus on innovative treatment modalities involving hydrogels and exosomes. Methods: We reviewed current literature on the pathology and treatment of oral ulcers. Special attention was given to the properties of hydrogels and exosomes, their biomedical applications, and their roles in new therapeutic strategies for oral ulcers. Results: Hydrogels, due to their biocompatibility, biodegradation, and controlled release properties, have emerged as effective drug delivery systems. Exosomes, loaded within these hydrogels, enhance treatment outcomes due to their high cellular communication capacity and anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion: Innovative treatments utilizing hydrogels and exosomes offer promising alternatives for the management of oral ulcers, potentially improving drug delivery efficiency and patient compliance.

Deep learning and random light structuring ensure robust free-space communications

Having shown early promise, free-space optical (FSO) communications face formidable challenges in the age of information explosion. The ever-growing demand for greater channel communication capacity is one of the challenges. The inter-channel crosstalk, which severely degrades the quality of transmitted information, creates another roadblock in the way of efficient implementation of FSO communication systems. Here, we advance theoretically and realize experimentally a potentially high-capacity FSO protocol that enables high-fidelity transfer of an image or set of images through a complex environment. In our protocol, we complement random light structuring at the transmitter with a deep learning image classification platform at the receiver. Multiplexing unique, independent, mutually orthogonal degrees of freedom available to structured random light can potentially significantly boost the channel communication capacity of our protocol without introducing any deleterious crosstalk. Specifically, we show how one can multiplex the degrees of freedom associated with the source coherence radius and a spatial position of a beamlet within an array of structured random beams to greatly enhance the capacity of our communication link. The superb resilience of structured random light to environmental noise, as well as extreme efficiency of deep learning networks at classifying images, guarantees high-fidelity image transfer within the framework of our protocol.

Analysis of the Reasons why Chinese Fantasy Network Literature is Popular Overseas -- A Case Study of The Lord of the Mysteries

In recent years, China has attached great importance to international communication capacity building and vigorously promoted the going out of Chinese culture. With the continuous improvement of its external communication ability and overseas influence, Chinese fantasy network literature may become a new highlight of the national external communication strategy. Based on the concept of glocalization, this paper will take the rare phenomenon-level original works of Chinese fantasy network literature in recent years - The Lord of Mysteries as a successful case, and analyze how to carry out the glocalization development of Chinese fantasy network literature from three aspects, including culture, language, readers, so that Chinese fantasy network literature can go to the world. It provides a new strategy for China s cultural communication to the outside world.

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Transformation of Higher Education: Discussion of the Dimensions, Trends and Scenarios of Change in Ibero-America

Transformation of Higher Education: Discussion of the Dimensions, Trends and Scenarios of Change in Ibero-America

Multi-User Detection Based on Improved Cheetah Optimization Algorithm

Targeting the issues of slow speed and inadequate precision of optimal solution calculation for multi-user detection in complex noise environments, this paper proposes a multi-user detection algorithm based on a Hybrid Cheetah Optimizer (HCO). The algorithm first optimizes the control parameters and individual update mechanism of the Cheetah Optimizer (CO) algorithm using a nonlinear strategy to improve the uniformity and discretization of the individual search range, and then dynamically introduces a differential evolutionary algorithm into the improved selection mechanism of the CO algorithm, which is utilized to fine-tune the solution space and maintain the local diversity during the fast search process. Simulation results demonstrate that this detection algorithm not only realizes fast convergence with a very low bit error rate (BER) at eight iterations but also has obvious advantages in terms of noise immunity, resistance to far and near effects, communication capacity, etc., which greatly improves the speed and accuracy of optimal position solving for multi-user detection and can achieve the purpose of accurate solving in complex environments.

Polarization and frequency multiplexed multi-channel focusing terahertz vortex with a birefringent dielectric metasurface

We propose an approach to generate polarization and frequency multiplexed focusing vortex beams using a birefringent dielectric metasurface in terahertz (THz) range. The designed metadevice consists of Si nanopillars with different sizes. The transmission efficiency of each unit cell under orthogonal polarized illumination can exceed 70% at both operating frequencies 1 THz and 1.2 THz. Combining the functions of beam deflection, focusing, and vortex beam generation in the interference holography design strategy, polarization and frequency multiplexed multi-channel focusing THz vortex beams with different topological charges and generation positions can be achieved, which can greatly improve the transmission capacity of THz communications. Combining its compact and efficient features with multiplexing methods, our designed metadevice has enormous potential for application in THz vortex generation and information processing.

Cooperative Target Search Algorithm for UAV Swarms With Limited Communication and Energy Capacity

Cooperative Target Search Algorithm for UAV Swarms With Limited Communication and Energy Capacity

Animal sentience: The science and its implications, with particular reference to farmed animals

AbstractThere is an increasing amount of scientific research into animal sentience. Many scientists are studying the cognitive, emotional, and communicative capacities of a range of animals. The results of this research have led to a number of legal recognitions of the sentience of a range of animals. In 1997, the European Union (EU) gave legal recognition to the sentience of animals and updated and elevated this recognition in the Treaty of Lisbon. Other countries and states as well as the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH, formerly OIE) have followed it. Scientists are increasingly acknowledging that sentience and emotion have arisen in a wide range of species. Research now emphasizes that there is an extraordinary variation in how different animal species (such as mammals, birds, fish, or insects) perceive the world and their environment. This paper looks at the sentience of the main farmed land and aquatic animals and the implications of this for how such animals are bred and housed. The paper concludes that intensive farming systems deprive animals of opportunities for positive emotions, such as play, exploration, social interaction, and feeding to satiation, and stops them from satisfying naturally motivated behaviors. To truly respect animal sentience, production systems should be designed with the animal's characteristics and needs in mind. The authors conclude that regenerative, agroecological, or organic farming systems better protect and respect the sentience of animals leading to less suffering and more opportunities for positive experiences.

Bridging the Gap: Human and AI Interpersonal Communication Capacities for Veterinary Care Management

Bridging the Gap: Human and AI Interpersonal Communication Capacities for Veterinary Care Management

Beyond Borders: Unveiling the Media Representation of Zuzana Čaputová in Czech Online News

This study underscores the influential capacity of transborder media communication in transcending geographical and political barriers, profoundly influencing political inclinations, voter behaviour, and public sentiment in neighbouring countries. The study specifically evaluates the portrayal of Zuzana Čaputová in Czech online media. Transborder communication between linguistically similar nations can result in distinctive representations of political figures from adjacent countries. Therefore, analysing this communication is crucial for comprehending the dynamics between Slovakia and the Czech Republic. It also contributes to a broader understanding of transregional media narratives in Central and Eastern Europe. The research identified various thematic lines in the media representation of Čaputová, including comparison, fashion, personality, values, expertise, and a line of defenders, where commentators counteract hoaxes. Additionally, the study acknowledges that media framing is not gender-neutral and examines transborder communication from this perspective. The discussion provides a comprehensive overview of Čaputová’s media representation and her perceived role in the public and political spheres.

Research on the Role of College English Teaching in China’s Discourse System and International Communication Capacity Building

Research on the Role of College English Teaching in China’s Discourse System and International Communication Capacity Building

Hub Airport End-Around Taxiway Construction Planning Development: A Review

Hub airports typically have multiple parallel runways, requiring aircraft to transfer between them. This increases the risk of runway incursions. End-around taxiways (EATs) mitigate such risk by enabling bypassing without runway crossings. This review summarizes 15 EAT layouts worldwide and presents two classification methods: by configuration (N-type, M-type, Large N-type) and by operational relationship with runways (back-around, runway end-around, start-around). The key benefits of EATs were manifold, including the reduction of runway incursions, controller workload, and delays while improving communication safety, capacity, and efficiency. However, drawbacks such as increased land use, construction costs, and potentially longer taxi times and distances should be considered. Therefore, the optimization of the EAT layout is essential. In pursuit of optimal design, considerations should encompass limiting obstacle surfaces, flight procedures, navigation/lighting facilities, jet blast, and visual obstructions from end-around aircraft to departing aircraft. Notably, challenges arise in reducing distances between EATs and thresholds/ends. The given solutions include displacing thresholds, creating “sunken” lowered elevation EATs, and utilizing terrain shielding instead of metallic visual screens. A case study was introduced to demonstrate the successful improvement of the EAT via sunken EATs and terrain shielding at Guiyang Airport. The conclusion encourages further optimization of EAT layouts that balance safety and efficiency.

Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in diabetes and diabetic complications.

Diabetes, a group of metabolic disorders, constitutes an important global health problem. Diabetes and its complications place a heavy financial strain on both patients and the global healthcare establishment. The lack of effective treatments contributes to this pessimistic situation and negative outlook. Exosomes released from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have emerged as the most likely new breakthrough and advancement in treating of diabetes and diabetes-associated complication due to its capacity of intercellular communication, modulating the local microenvironment, and regulating cellular processes. In the present review, we briefly outlined the properties of MSCs-derived exosomes, provided a thorough summary of their biological functions and potential uses in diabetes and its related complications.

Synchro-waveform data compression using multi-stage hybrid coding algorithm

To augment situational awareness capabilities for high-frequency disturbances, the modern power system necessitates the implementation of high-sampling rates for real-time Synchro-Waveform (SW) measurements. Nevertheless, the nonlinear nature of data collected from SW measurement devices poses significant challenges to the communication and storage capacities of data centers. To effectively tackle this issue, this paper proposes a Multi-stage Hybrid Coding (MHC) method for the lossless compression of SW data. The MHC method utilizes a well-structured two-stage approach to achieve efficient compression. In the first stage, a variable frame-based method is designed to reduce redundant information and achieve initial compression using multiple periodic recursive compression. Subsequently, the dictionary-based method, specifically the Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm, is seamlessly integrated to further compress the SW data. Experimental and numerical analyses are conducted using both simulated and real-world source data, with real-time performance validation in SW measurement units. The obtained results convincingly demonstrate that the proposed method enables online compression of both event and non-event SW data, achieving an impressive reduction of over 73.4% in data space, while maintaining a data loss ratio lower than 0.4% for high-density SW data.

Communication architecture and operations for SDR-enabled UAVs network in disaster-stressed areas

The article presents a collaboration and communication architecture for disaster stressed areas where communication losses restrain disaster response and perplex rescue operations. In these areas, the fragile access networks such as cellular or Wi-Fi systems become congested or inaccessible, requiring a reliable emergency communication infrastructure. The proposed architecture involves Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), equipped with wireless technologies i.e., 3G/4G/5G/Wi-Fi systems, and manifestly Software Defined Radios (SDRs), enabling self-forming, self-organizing, and self-healing capabilities. The architecture uses a Hybrid Connectivity Module (HCM) which empowers cooperative communication capacities and abridge the technologies to achieve reliable communication link between UAVs, mobile-to-UAV, and UAV-to-mobile towards Ground Control Station (GCS) in catastrophic areas. The seamless connectivity via next generation SDR waveforms and designed algorithms ensure an implementation of versatile multi-user UAVs network. This enables the formation of a backbone network assisting ground devices to communicate GCS. For cooperative communication, the architecture provides a MAC-centric cross-layer protocol which offers efficient multihop routing between UAVs. The data (i.e., text, images, or voice) is routed to devices or GCS via UAVs, which can notify rescue services reliably and help to trace the catastrophic zones. Furthermore, the protocol helps to allocate network resources by creating virtual sub-nets for simultaneous interference-free data transmissions which maximizes the network throughput. The experimental results show the data latency far better than any other existing ad hoc routing protocol (e.g., OLSR or AODV) based designs which usually add delays in the emergency response operations.