Commonwealth Of Independent States Countries Research Articles

AZƏRBAYCAN VƏ BİR SIRA DİGƏR MDB ÖLKƏLƏRİNDƏ MÜƏLLİM HAZIRLIĞI İLƏ BAĞLI APARILAN TƏDQİQATLAR

This article examines the evolution and current landscape of teacher education in Azerbaijan and other CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries, focusing on reforms, institutional development, and pedagogical innovations in the post-Soviet period. The study also analyzes the functional role of key state institutions, such as the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, which has played a significant role in establishing systematic and continuous professional development for educators.

The tasks of verifying evidence at the scene during the investigation of road traffic crimes

Subject of the study: patterns of collecting, examining, evaluating, and using evidence during the on-site investigation in the case of road traffic crimes. By identifying these patterns, the author emphasizes the practical importance of clarifying the objectives of on-site examination for the law enforcer, as it enables them to effectively plan and prepare for this investigative action in the investigation of this category of criminal cases. Special attention is given to possible investigative situations in which each of the examined objectives may be relevant to the law enforcer specifically in the investigation of road traffic crimes. The author analyzes literary sources to establish the most optimal list of objectives for this investigative action, refers to the criminal procedural legislation of Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), as well as to materials from judicial practice. The methodological basis of the study: method of critical analysis (examined the objectives of on-site examination highlighted by different authors), method of legal modeling (analysis of Article 194 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation), comparative legal method (analysis of criminal procedural legislation of CIS countries), and observation method (the author used official statistical data and examples from judicial practice). Scientific novelty of the research: the author examines the objectives of the on-site investigation of road traffic crimes at a monographic level in the absence of similar studies over the past twenty years. The author summarizes new material on the topic: official statistical data for 2023 and 2024, examples from judicial practice for 2024, as well as the author's experience in investigating road traffic crimes in the position of investigator. Main conclusions of the study: first, conclusions about highlighting specific objectives of the on-site investigation as a result of literature and criminal procedural legislation analysis, such as the objective of determining the details of the incident loci; second, conclusions about the author's formulations of some highlighted objectives, such as the search by the verified person for traces, items, and documents; third, a conclusion about the necessity of grouping all considered objectives based on their significance in the investigation of road traffic crimes and the current legislative regulation in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation into primary and additional ones.

Comparative Analysis of Administrative Liability for Driving While Intoxicated in the Commonwealth of Independent States

The aim of this paper was to reveal the specifics of administrative legislation of Kazakhstan and other Commonwealth of Independent States countries. The authors employed various methods of scientific research, namely analysis, synthesis, comparison, deduction, abstraction, and the formal- legal method, and defined the dominant role of fully functioning administrative liability in the country’s legal environment. In addition, they investigated administrative sanctions as one of the legal norms applied to a person who is driving while intoxicated. Distinctive features of the legal acts of the above countries were singled out, and the corpus delicti of this administrative offence, possible sanctions, and qualifying characteristics examined. This helped to identify the main approaches among CIS lawmakers to the rules of administrative law. The authors also noted the advantages of Kazakhstan’s code of administrative offences, in particular a large number of qualifying characteristics.

Energy intensity in CIS economies: Insights into convergence with OECD benchmarks

This study evaluates energy intensity convergence in Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) economies in comparison to the OECD average from 2000 to 2019, utilising ?-convergence and ?-convergence analyses based on conventional unit root analysis alongside the KSS stationarity approach, which accounts for data nonlinearities, and the Phillips-Sul club convergence procedure. The results indicate that most CIS countries did not achieve energy intensity convergence during the period under review. Furthermore, while the Phillips-Sul test classifies all studied countries, including the OECD-20, into a single convergence club, it only presents weak evidence of significant convergence. This limited convergence is likely hindered by the continued presence of Soviet-era manufacturing infrastructure in many CIS economies. From a policy perspective, the development of comprehensive economic frameworks that incorporate legal, institutional, technical, and financial reforms, supported by targeted investments in research, cutting-edge technologies, and updated standards, is essential to significantly boost energy efficiency and effectively address challenges on both the supply and demand sides.

NOTARY OF THE MEMBER STATES OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES: MODERN TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT

The article is devoted to the study of modern trends in the development of international notarial activity on the example of the states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The author analyzes the legal mechanisms for the harmonization of legislation and concludes that the development of unified notarial procedures is a promising direction for the harmonization of legislation of the CIS Member - States on notaries. The actual direction of technological progress in the CIS countries is the development of a Model Law on Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies. The regulated use of artificial intelligence technologies in the professional activities of notaries will help optimize and reduce the time required to provide notary services.

RESULT OF EXPERIMENTAL TESTS CONDUCTED TO EXPAND THE RAW MATERIAL BASE AND IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF ISOMERATION PLANT PRODUCTS

This article proposes ways to increase the octane number of the isomerate and increase the volume of plant feedstock by isomerizing pentane-hexane hydrocarbons. Modern changes in requirements for petroleum products in the country and coordination of the direction of development of the country's oil refineries and improving the quality of petroleum products, the use of new technologies such as hydrogen purification, alkylation, catalytic cracking, catalytic reforming, isomerization, etc. are becoming a fundamentally important link in oil refining. Over the past ten years, the efforts of the commonwealth of Independent States countries to replace old and obsolete equipment with new ones produced abroad and in distant countries, as well as the transition to European quality of transport fuel, have made it possible to use new methods of processing petroleum raw materials in our country, as well as to offer new domestic methods. The described technological method is aimed at improving the isomerization unit operating in practice; experimental and testing work was carried out in the central laboratory of the plant and tested in the specified production. Relevant research work related to production and the specified technological method was carried out with the participation of highly qualified specialists from the specified plant. The lack of research institutes and centers in the country, the weakness of scientific and business ties between industry and the research center, as well as the weak interest of financial companies supporting new methods invented by individual authors are a significant obstacle to conducting research in various directions. Test work was carried out at the “light naphtha isomerization” installation with an annual capacity of 600 thousand tons/year, which is part of the integrated installation LK-6u, which is an integrated installation of the Shymkent Refinery (Petro Kazakhstan Oil Products LLP). The main goal of the experiment is to obtain high-quality gasoline that meets Euro-4 and Euro-5 requirements by increasing the volume of raw materials and the temperature regime of the splitter column.

Inflation comovement in emerging economies: The facts and impact of global prices

Inflation comovement in emerging economies: The facts and impact of global prices

Evaluation of secondary prevention of noncommunicable diseases at the outpatient healthcare level in the Commonwealth of Independent States countries

Aim. To conduct a survey among doctors in 4 countries of the Com­mon­wealth of Independent States (CIS) to assess the effectiveness of se­condary prevention of noncommunicable diseases in outpatient health­care.Material and methods. Outpatient healthcare physicians from 6 cities in 4 neighboring countries participated in the cross-sectional study. A total of 210 physicians of the internal medicine profile took part in the survey: Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) — 42 physicians, Minsk (Belarus) — 37 physicians, Astana, Shymkent, Aktobe (Kazakhstan) — 55, 30, 10 physicians, respectively, Baku (Azerbaijan) — 36 physicians. The survey was carried out using an original questionnaire of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, which consisted of 11 blocks of questions. Answers in several gradations were offered for each question.Results. In 3 countries, among men who sought primary care in health care institutions, patients in the age range of 50-59 years prevailed, while in Azerbaijan, men aged 60-65 years dominated. In the CIS countries, patients most often seek medical attention at a outpatient clinic due to chronic coronary artery disease. In Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Belarus, the number of patients with type 2 diabetes with or without complications is >20%. Doctors in large cities of the CIS countries do not recommend non-drug treatment methods in up to 10% of cases. Subsidized pharmaceutical provision varies slightly between the analyzed cities. In Kazakhstan and Belarus, 70% of doctors note reaching 75% of the target indicators. In Kyrgyzstan and Azerbaijan, a similar level is achieved 2-3 times less often. In Kazakhstan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan, a relatively high frequency is noted (satisfaction in 75% of cases), while Azerbaijani doctors claim that 52% are dissatisfied and 44% are partially satisfied with the interaction with specialized hospital-based doctors. In Azerbaijan and Belarus, 75% staffing of outpatient doctors in medical and preventive institutions prevails. In Kyrgyzstan, 100% staffing is detected in 84% of cases. At the same time, in Kazakhstan, 50% and 75% staffing has a comparable frequency. In these countries, a similar picture is observed in terms of provision of mid-level outpatient health workers.Conclusion. Among patients with noncommunicable diseases ob­served in outpatient clinics, patients with coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes predominate. Adherence to therapy in every second case is at an insufficient level. Coverage of subsidized drugs and achievement of target levels of the main risk factors among patients is on average 60% of cases. In 3 of the 4 analyzed CIS countries, there are problems with staffing with doctors and medical staff.

Mathematical modeling methods in assessing the prospects of export development in the Republic of Tatarstan of the Russian Federation

In the conditions of instability of the Russian economy, Russian regions have faced the problem of finding new directions of foreign economic development. Mathematical modeling methods, considering the distance between partner regions and their economies volumes, can be effective tools for solving the problem. The article touches upon the modeling foreign trade relations issues in the Republic of Tatarstan on the gravity models’ basis. The purpose of the study is to identify potential trade partners and assess the prospects for the export relations development in the Republic of Tatarstan. The structure, dynamics, and main directions of exports of the constituent entity have been analyzed. Potential trade partners of the Republic of Tatarstan among the Commonwealth of Independent States countries have been identified using the classical gravity model based on assessing the internal regional product and the distance among the regions. The prospects of foreign trade relations with Belarus and the Republic of Uzbekistan have been assessed. Based on J. Tinbergen’s gravity model models of interaction among the regions have been built and forecast values of export volumes for the short term calculated. It was revealed that the Republic of Azerbaijan can become a potential partner for the Republic of Tatarstan. The analysis of the forecast data on the domestic regional product of the Republic of Tatarstan and the gross domestic product of Azerbaijan in 2023 suggests that the exports volume between these entities is expectedly high.

Water resources in Commonwealth of Independent States countries: a literature review

Research on the assessment of water resources in agricultural regions is a prominent area of study. These resources are vital for many arid and agricultural areas, including those in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). This paper provides a comprehensive review of research trends, analyzing scientific production and published articles on water resources in CIS countries from 2000 to 2023. We collected, reviewed, and analyzed 163 publications from the Scopus database meeting our selection criteria. The bibliometric analysis revealed publications in English (149) and Russian (15), annual publication counts, document types, top papers, journals, funding sponsors, subject categories, and affiliations by country and institution. We also examined co-authors and keyword co-occurrence to identify knowledge clusters in the literature. The analysis highlighted the need for international research to enhance scientific exchange on this topic. Long-term, continuous research and sustainable development of water resource concepts are essential for future agricultural and water management integration. This study may inspire new trends in agricultural development, focusing on irrigation efficiency, water distribution, and climate change within a sustainable circular economy.

Discourse to the Factors of Decision-making of Students in Choosing a University Major

The purpose of this paper to investigate the factors that influence students' choice of major, by conducting a literature review and identifying research gaps. There was adopted a methodical approach PRISMA that included a systematic literature review based on the Scopus database. The results of this study indicate a noteworthy trend in the literature related to major choice within the Scopus Database. The number of papers on this topic has exhibited consistent growth since 2008, reaching a peak in 2021, albeit with an annual publication count not exceeding 12 articles. Prominent authors have primarily contributed to discussions surrounding major choice, with a focus on the medical and engineering fields, while engagement with business-related disciplines, such as marketing, management, remains limited. Notably, most retrieved documents were articles (85%), with a minority being reviews (15%), some of which did not directly align with the research question. The affiliations of these documents were predominantly associated with research centers and universities in the United States, underscoring a gap in contextualizing major choice within the Kazakhstani and broader Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) region. In summary, this study underscores a growing interest in major choice research since 2008, predominantly concentrated in specific disciplines and geographic regions, with notable disparities in representation among academic fields. Key factors that play a pivotal role in shaping students' decisions regarding their majors were identified. This paper emphasizes the foundation for the empirical research related to customers in roles of students and stakeholders in higher education institutions based on CIS countries.

Assessing privatization efficiency in CIS countries: financial, non-financial, and GDP-linked indicators

This study investigates the impact of privatization on the relationship between gross capital accumulation, employment, labor resources, government spending, and gross domestic product (GDP) in Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. Employing econometric analysis and cointegration evaluation, the study reveals that privatization has had a mixed impact on CIS economies. While privatization has contributed to increased capital accumulation and employment in some countries, it has also led to reduced labor resources and government spending in others. The study also finds that government spending is an indirect indicator of privatization efficiency that significantly influences GDP in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan.

Assessing the Effect of Joining the World Trade Organization on Trade Performance: A Study of CIS Countries

This research delves into the impact of World Trade Organization (WTO) membership on trade dynamics in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) region, focusing on the potential augmentation or diversion of trade resulting from CIS countries’ WTO accession. The study context is grounded in the interplay between regionalism, represented by regional trade agreements and historical connections, and global integration facilitated by WTO membership. The study also scrutinizes the potentially complicating role of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) regional bloc, referencing the ‘Spaghetti Bowl’ phenomenon of overlapping trade agreements. The gravity model of trade serves as a conceptual foundation to understand the effects of WTO membership and regional trade agreements on trade costs. Empirical results suggest that WTO membership has not enhanced trade for the CIS. Instances of trade within the CIS region where there is only one WTO member have resulted in a positive trend, even though there is no robust evidence that it is due to WTO membership. The EAEU enhances trade and serves as a trading bloc within the region. This study highlights that while the WTO strives to foster trade liberalization and growth, its effects can be region-specific and complex, as demonstrated by the CIS region’s experience. The research also hints at the importance of intra-regional trade and unique regional factors as critical determinants of trade patterns, which can enhance broader trade expansion and economic development.

Essence and Role of Electronic Money

[Purpose] The purpose of the study is to conduct legal analysis on the legal regulation problems concerning the concept of “electronic money” and the development of the modern monetary system of Kazakhstan based on the digitalisation of certain processes in the modern state. [Methodology/approach/design] Based on the legal and general scientific research methods, an analysis of the existing legal framework and other documents in the studied area was carried out. Also, a comparative-structural analysis of individual norms of legal acts of the Commonwealth of Independent States countries was made. [Findings] The issues of legal regulation and the incorporation of various concepts related to electronic money circulation into the laws of individual countries were examined based on the focus of the study. The idea of introducing a single digital electronic currency into Kazakhstan's national payment system, which would be backed by government finances and the obligations of the country's National Bank, was also substantiated. The arguments in support of this initiative by Kazakhstan's “main” bank and the country's government to launch a pilot process for the introduction of the digital tenge were formulated. This process will operate in circulation along with other cash and non-cash fiat currencies. In this regard, the chosen subject of the study is certainly promising for further scientific and theoretical deepening. This includes a further study of the prospects of digitalisation of the country's monetary system. Furthermore, a legal approach to the issue has revealed particular shortcomings in the enshrining of certain terms in Kazakhstan's legislation.

Prospects for the Process of Modernization of the Public Power Mechanism: The Experience of Constitutional Reforms in the CIS Countries

The development of society provides for constant changes in the axiological foundations of legal regulation within the State. The Constitution, on the other hand, acts as a fundamental document that forms the basis of relations between the cells of society, taking into account current values. Based on the study of the world experience in constitutional construction, a conclusion is made about the presence of a general trend in the replenishment of the value catalogue of Constitutions, taking into account the historical experience accumulated by States and national priorities. The article discusses the process of improving the organization of the State power system in the context of constitutional reforms on the example of Russia and others Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries and some European countries in recent years. It concludes that the conditions improving the efficiency and consistency of the entire public administration system in the countries under consideration have unconditionally formed due to ongoing constitutional reforms that have updated the system of social relations. The subject of the study are the constitutional amendments in the countries under study, mainly in the context of changes in the model of functioning and interaction of the higher State authorities.

OMMODITY MARKETS OF THE CIS AND EAEU AND THEIR IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY IN RUSSIA

In the article, the author analyses historical and political factors, including the role of the country’s leaders and the legal basis for the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in the post-Soviet space and, later in time, the formation of an integration association of a different format - the EAEU. The author also considers the differences in the organisational and legal architecture of building associations, their international legal status, the competence of governing bodies, the ways of development of each of them, and the competitive opportunities between them. In addition, in the article, the author compares the customs legislation of the CIS and the EAEU in terms of regulating trade relations of a duty-preferential nature between their member states based on the corresponding free trade regimes in the CIS and the EAEU. Moreover, the author evaluates the statistical and calculated indicators (value and physical) of the results of mutual trade in food and agricultural products within the commodity markets operating in the CIS and the EAEU, their correlation with similar indicators of international trade of the CIS countries and the EAEU with third countries, the impact and significance mutual trade of the CIS countries and the EAEU with the Russian Federation on the food security of Russia.

Foreign economic and trade relations of the CIS countries in the context of the transformation of integration processes worldwide

Subject. This article discusses the strengthening of political and economic ties between the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Objectives. The article aims to analyze some selected national measures by CIS country, identify the strengths and weaknesses of the economic cooperation between the CIS countries, and assess their positions in the context of the formation of a multipolar system. Methods. For the study, I used the historical and logical, and scientific abstraction methods. Results. The article presents the results of analysis of the key economic indicators of the CIS countries and states that the structure of industrial products by type of economic activity differs between partner countries significantly. Conclusions. The article concludes that in the context of tightening the sanctions regime, it is necessary to strengthen cooperation ties between the economic entities of the CIS countries.

The Panel Analysis of the Effects of FDI and Export on the Economic Growth of CIS Countries

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) and export on the economic growth of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and, based on the research results, provide some policy implications for the government of Uzbekistan. Design/Methodology/Approach – A panel data regression model and a panel dataset covering the period 1997 to 2020 were utilized for empirical investigation. The collected data were divided into two groups by income level and two groups by period, namely before and after the global financial crisis of 2008. This paper analyzes the aforementioned groups separately and provides a summary. Pooled OLS, fixed-effects models, and random-effects models were applied through panel data, and the Hausman test and the Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier test were performed. Findings – The findings corroborate the study’s hypothesis by proving that FDI facilitates growth in the former Soviet republics. Similarly, the comprehensive findings demonstrate that export is crucial for the economic growth of CIS countries, but the fixed-effects regression results for the first country group indicate that the influence of export on economic growth is insignificant when examined separately. Research Implications – The paper recommends that the government of the Republic of Uzbekistan enhance multilateral trade agreements to improve its international trade balance and adopt an export-stimulating strategy. To encourage FDI, the government should take steps to improve the country’s investment climate.

Garantindo a segurança alimentar e a competitividade do complexo agroindustrial

Abstract The formation of the Kazakh national agricultural market is complicated by a sharp decline in government assistance to the country's agricultural sector, a decrease in the effectiveness of its regulation, a violation of economic relations between market entities, a drop in effective demand of the population, the disintegration of the economic space of the Commonwealth of Independent States countries, an increase in food imports. The presented study is aimed at considering the regulation of processes and the security of the grocery market and the support by the state of Kazakhstan for its own agro-industrial complex. The following research methods were applied in the study: analysis and synthesis of information, parsing of literature data on the subject of the study, and classification of information and data. The paper discussed the issues of regulating the development and safety of the food market and state aid for the agricultural industry of the republic. Local and international food security was thoroughly studied as a mechanism of national security. In addition, the basic principles were determined of guaranteed supply of the population with necessary foodstuffs at the national level, and food safety in a globalizing world, which has aroused special interest in the research on the competitiveness in the agricultural sector and its management system. The competitive ability of agricultural products from the perspective of economists is the ability to compete on price terms and quality parameters while ensuring steady growth in sales volumes in the internal and external markets. The agro-industrial complex is an important segment of diversification. This research is of practical value for scientists who work and conduct scientific activities in the fields of public catering, agriculture, and the food industry.

The Impact of Sanctions Imposed on Russia on Other CIS Countries

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is being significantly affected by sanctions related to the Russian–Ukrainian war. In this paper, we describe the major social and economic characteristics of the CIS countries and examine the impact of sanctions on the Russian economy, Russian trade with other CIS countries, and the exchange rate of the Russian ruble. We assess the interconnectedness between the GDPs and foreign exchange markets of Russia and other CIS countries. We demonstrate how sanctions have affected the Russian economy and foreign exchange market and how their impact may spill over to the economies and foreign exchange markets of other CIS countries. Based on the research findings and contemporary political and economic conditions in the region and the world, we make suggestions helpful for improving the international economic and trade policies of the CIS countries. Based on the statistical features of the data, a combination of the vector autoregressive (VAR) model and the Granger causality test (Granger 1969) were used in the estimations. Pre-tests for a unit root and cointegration were implemented before estimating the VAR model. If the first differences of the variables did not have a unit root and there was no cointegration relation (long-run relationship) between the variables, the VAR model was used. Otherwise, a vector-error correction model (VECM) was used. Keywords: The Commonwealth of Independent States; interconnectedness; sanctions