Common Type Of Stroke Research Articles

Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Diagnosis, Treatments, and Neurorestoration in Ischemic Stroke.

Stroke is a major public health issue, corresponding to the second cause of mortality and the first cause of severe disability. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 87% of all strokes, where early detection and clinical intervention are well known to decrease its morbidity and mortality. However, the diagnosis of ischemic stroke has been limited to the late stages, and its therapeutic window is too narrow to provide rational and effective treatment. In addition, clinical thrombolytics suffer from a short half-life, inactivation, allergic reactions, and non-specific tissue targeting. Another problem is the limited ability of current neuroprotective agents to promote recovery of the ischemic brain tissue after stroke, which contributes to the progressive and irreversible nature of ischemic stroke and also the severity of the outcome. Fortunately, because of biomaterials’ inherent biochemical and biophysical properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, renewability, nontoxicity, long blood circulation time, and targeting ability. Utilization of them has been pursued as an innovative and promising strategy to tackle these challenges. In this review, special emphasis will be placed on the recent advances in the study of nanomaterials for the diagnosis and therapy of ischemic stroke. Meanwhile, nanomaterials provide much promise for neural tissue salvage and regeneration in brain ischemia, which is also highlighted.

Characteristic of Red Blood Cell Profile as a Predictor of 30-Day Clinical Outcome in Ischemic Stroke Patients

Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke in Indonesia. Measuring inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6) is a way to predict clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke patients. However, the laboratory test is very expensive, so it requires another test that can represent the inflammation, for instance, by measuring RDW and MCV value when hospitalized. Hence, this study aims to measure RDW and MCV value of ischemic stroke patients at admission with a 30-day clinical outcome (disability). This study is a retrospective cohort that used secondary data from medical records of ischemic stroke patients in Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta and was conducted on 105 subjects. They are divided into two groups by their mRS score in 30-day after onset, (1) the independent group (mRS score of 0- 2), (2) the dependent group (mRS score of 3-6). After that, these two groups are analyzed by an independent t-test. High RDW and low MCV value at admission increased 30-day disability risk. There was a statistically significant RDW value and 30-day clinical outcome (p=0,008), but there was no statistically significant MCV value and 30-day clinical outcome (p=0,277). 30-day clinical outcome in ischemic stroke patients can be predicted by their characteristic of red blood cell profile at admission.

Echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness and immature granulocyte are novel inflammatory predictors of acute ischemic stroke: a prospective study.

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the most common type of stroke. Inflammation is the primary factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Use of immature granulocytes (IGs) has been recommended as a new indicator of systemic inflammation. However, data on the association between echocardiographic epicardial fat tissue thickness (EFT) and IGs in patients with AIS are limited. To evaluate the association between the presences of IGs, epicardial fat tissue and AIS. Prospective study in a tertiary-care university hospital in Antalya, Turkey. Our study included 53 AIS patients and 41 healthy controls with age and gender compatibility. Blood samples and transthoracic echocardiography of all participants were compared. IG levels were significantly higher in patients with AIS than in controls (0.62 ± 0.36 versus 0.28 ± 0.02, P < 0.001). The mean EFT was 3.74 ± 0.61 mm in the control group and 6.33 ± 1.47 mm in the AIS patient group. EFT was significantly greater in AIS patients than in controls (P < 0.001). For the optimum cut-off value for IG (0.95), the area under the curve (AUC) was determined to be 0.840; sensitivity was determined to be 81.1% and specificity, 92.5%. For the optimum cut-off value for EFT (4.95 mm), the AUC was determined to be 0.953; sensitivity was determined to be 90.6% and specificity, 90%. IG and echocardiographic EFT are clinical markers that can be used to predict AIS risk.

The efficacy and safety of fingolimod plus standardized treatment versus standardized treatment alone for acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the most common type of stroke. Fingolimod is a sphingosine analog that acts on sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptors (S1PR). Recently, the safety and efficacy of fingolimod in both patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and patients with AIS have been investigated in proof‐of‐concept trials. In this review, we performed a meta‐analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of fingolimod for AIS. This study was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic review and Meta‐Analysis) statement. We searched for publications on the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Clinical trials, CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, CBM up to August 2021. We compiled five studies; a main meta‐analysis forest plots were conducted for the values of the proportion of patients whose modified Rankin scale (MRS) score was 0–1 at day 90. There were heterogeneities in each study; the method of sensitivity analysis was performed. A sensitivity analysis was performed with a mean difference (MD) of the efficacy of fingolimod plus standardized treatment versus standardized treatment alone. Random effect model is used for meta‐analysis regardless of the I2 index. The analysis was carried out for categorical variables using the risk ratio (RR), LogRR, and its 95% CI. The methodological quality of each randomized controlled trial (RCTs) was assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration tool to assess the risk of bias (ROB). A meta‐analysis of five studies with 228 participants was conducted. The risk ratio of patients whose MRS score was 0–1 at day 90 between fingolimod plus standardized treatment and standardized treatment alone was 2.59 (95%CI, 1.48–4.56). The Fingolimod plus standard treatment group decreased infarct growth and improved clinical function than the standard treatment.

Novel Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets for Ischemic Stroke: A Focus on Gut Microbiota.

Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke with limited treatment options. Although the pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of ischemic stroke have been comprehensively studied, no effective therapies were translated into clinical practice. Gut microbiota is a complex and diverse dynamic metabolic ecological balance network in the body, including a large number of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. The composition, quantity and distribution in gut microbiota are found to be associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as individual immune abnormalities, metabolic disorders, and neurodegeneration. New insight suggests that ischemic stroke may lead to changes in the gut microbiota and the alterations of gut microbiota may determine stroke outcomes in turn. The link between gut microbiota and stroke is expected to provide new perspectives for ischemic stroke treatment. In this review, we discuss the gut microbiota alterations during ischemic stroke and gut microbiota-related stroke pathophysiology and complications. Finally, we highlight the role of the gut microbiota as a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke and summarize the microbiome-based treatment options that can improve the recovery of stroke patients.

Exploring the pivotal variables of tongue diagnosis between patients with acute ischemic stroke and health participants

Background and aimStroke is a major cause of disability worldwide, and ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke. The prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke remain a challenge worldwide. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is often sought to provide an alternative therapy for the prevention and rehabilitation intervention of ischemic stroke in Taiwan. Therefore, this study explored the pivotal variables of tongue diagnosis among acute ischemic stroke and healthy participants in middle and older age. Experimental procedureThis was a cross-sectional and case-controlled study. Data were collected from 99 patients with acute ischemic stroke and 286 healthy participants who received tongue diagnoses at Changhua Christian Hospital (CCH) from September 1, 2014, to December 31, 2016. Tongue features were extracted using the automatic tongue diagnosis system. Nine tongue features, including tongue shape, tongue color, fur thickness, fur color, saliva, tongue fissures, ecchymoses, teeth marks, and red spots were analyzed. Results and conclusionObjective image analysis techniques were used to identify significant differences in the many tongue features between patients with acute ischemic stroke and individuals without stroke. According to the logistic regression analysis, pale tongue color (OR:5.501, p = 0.001), bluish tongue color (OR:4.249, p = 0.014), ecchymoses (OR:1.058, p < 0.001), and tongue deviation angle (OR:1.218, p < 0.001) were associated with significantly increased odds ratios for acute ischemic stroke. The research revealed that tongue feature abnormalities were significantly related to the occurrence of ischemic stroke.

Deep learning derived automated ASPECTS on non-contrast CT scans of acute ischemic stroke patients.

Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide. The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) is considered as a systematic method of assessing ischemic change on non‐contrast CT scans (NCCT) of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients, while still suffering from the requirement of experts' experience and also the inconsistent results between readers. In this study, we proposed an automated ASPECTS method to utilize the powerful learning ability of neural networks for objectively scoring CT scans of AIS patients. First, we proposed to use the CT perfusion (CTP) from one‐stop stroke imaging to provide the golden standard of ischemic regions for ASPECTS scoring. Second, we designed an asymmetry network to capture features when comparing the left and right sides for each ASPECTS region to estimate its ischemic status. Third, we performed experiments in a large main dataset of 870 patients, as well as an independent testing dataset consisting of 207 patients with radiologists' scorings. Experimental results show that our network achieved remarkable performance, as sensitivity and accuracy of 93.7 and 92.4% in the main dataset, and 95.5 and 91.3% in the independent testing dataset, respectively. In the latter dataset, our analysis revealed a high positive correlation between the ASPECTS score and the prognosis of patients in 90DmRs. Also, we found ASPECTS score is a good indicator of the size of CTP core volume of an infraction. The proposed method shows its potential for automated ASPECTS scoring on NCCT images.

Efficacy, Influencing Factors, and Safety of Alteplase Intravenous Thrombolysis in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Combined with Atrial Fibrillation

Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke. Intravenous thrombolytic therapy with alteplase is currently the most effective method to improve the prognosis of patients with acute cerebral infarction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase in patients with acute ischemic stroke combined with atrial fibrillation and to analyze the related influencing factors. It turns out, alteplase intravenous thrombolysis is effective for patients with ICS combined with atrial fibrillation, and the incidence of sICH are lower than those without alteplase intravenous thrombolysis, but the efficacy is worse than that of patients without atrial fibrillation. At the same time, the baseline NHISS score and systolic pressure before the thrombolytic were independent risk factors affecting the efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase in ICS patients with atrial fibrillation. This study has provided a scientific basis for making an active decision to perform ultraearly intravenous thrombolysis in our hospital to reduce the mortality and disability rate of stroke in the region.

Risk of Incident Epilepsy After a Middle Cerebral Artery Territory Infarction.

BackgroundAmong poststroke morbidities, poststroke epilepsy (PSE) has been identified as a significant clinical issue. Although middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarct is the most common type of stroke among all vascular territories, very few studies specifically focused on the risk factors leading to PSE in patients with MCA infarct.MethodsA population study in Taiwan has been conducted, linking the National Health Insurance Research Database and Hospital Stroke Registry, from 2001 to 2015 and 2006 to 2010, respectively. Patients were divided into MCA and non-MCA groups, and the diagnosis of incident epilepsy between the groups has been compared. The multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify the risk factors for developing PSE. The distribution of time to PSE was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsIn total, 1,838 patients were recruited, with 774 and 1,064 in the MCA and non-MCA groups, respectively. PSE incidence in the MCA group was 15.5% vs. 6.2% in the non-MCA group, with a hazard ratio of (95% CI) 2.06 (1.33–3.19). Factors significantly associated with PSE included atrial fibrillation, depression, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores of ≥ 16, and alert on arrival. For patients with MCA infarct, higher NIHSS and Glasgow coma scale scores, the presence of visual field defects and weakness, urination control impairment, and complications during hospitalization were associated with a higher risk for PSE development.ConclusionsThis study established the conditions leading to a higher risk of PSE and identified the important clinical risk factors in patients experiencing MCA infarct. Efforts to manage these risk factors may be important in preventing PSE in patients with MCA infarct.

Novel targets, treatments, and advanced models for intracerebral haemorrhage.

SummaryIntracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common type of stroke and a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Despite advances in surgical interventions and acute ICH management, there is currently no effective therapy to improve functional outcomes in patients. Recently, there has been tremendous progress uncovering new pathophysiological mechanisms underlying ICH that may pave the way for the development of therapeutic interventions. Here, we highlight emerging targets, but also existing gaps in preclinical animal modelling that prevent their exploitation. We particularly focus on (1) ICH aetiology, (2) the haematoma, (3) inflammation, and (4) post-ICH pathology. It is important to recognize that beyond neurons and the brain, other cell types and organs are crucially involved in ICH pathophysiology and successful interventions likely will need to address the entire organism. This review will spur the development of successful therapeutic interventions for ICH and advanced animal models that better reflect its aetiology and pathophysiology.

A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF RISK FACTORS, CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF STROKE PATIENTS IN SOUTHERN KASHMIR, INDIA

Background and Purpose:Stroke is a devastating and major disabling disease affecting 15 million people worldwide per year and causing 6 million deaths annually (the third leading cause of death after cardiovascular and cancer disease). One in six people worldwide suffers from a stroke in their lifetime.This study aims to find the clinical profile, risk factors, and radiological profile of stroke patients in Southern Kashmir of India. Which will be beneficial for taking various preventive measures and planning treatment protocols for stroke patients in the future. Methods:This is a retrospective observational study carried out in south Kashmirfrom August 2016 to February 2020. Stroke was diagnosed clinically and confirmed by Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Lumbar Puncture (wherever needed). Results:There were 1632 stroke patients (males 64.82% and females 35.18%) in the age group of 24-85 years. A large number of stroke patients (30.39%)were in the age group of 51 to 65 years. The most common presentation of these stroke patients was hemiplegia (64.58%),dysarthria (55.84%), and altered sensorium(30.14%). The dominant risk factors observed were hypertension (69.54%), smoking (65.93%), and dyslipidemia (23.48%). The most common type of stroke was hemorrhagic stroke (67.27%) whereas ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage were observed in 28.55% and4.16% of patients respectively. The most common site of hemorrhage in hemorrhagic strokewas at basal ganglion (44.34%) whereas the parietotemporal areawas the most common affected area in ischemic stroke(40.18%). Conclusions:Hemorrhagic strokes are more common in Kashmir because of peculiar social, environmental, and unique food habits causing hypertension and dyslipidemia.In addition, environmental pollution especially during winters also contributes to this type of stroke.The younger generation is becoming increasingly vulnerable to strokes because of extreme stress conditions due to turmoil and unemployment.Furthermore, a sedentary lifestyle, increased use of junk foods, and lack of exercise in winter also add to the risk for stroke. Hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes were more common in maleswhereassubarachnoid hemorrhages are more common in females. Hospital mortality is higher in males in all three types of strokes. Higher hospital mortality in all strokes was associated withmultiple risk factors and an ICH score of 4 or 5.

Chlorogenic acid alleviates cerebral ischemia-induced neuroinflammation via attenuating nuclear factor kappa B activation

Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke and is caused by vascular closure. Chlorogenic acid is a polyphenolic compound that is present in various plants. It is used as a traditional oriental medicine because of its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated whether chlorogenic acid mediates neuroprotective effects by regulating pro-inflammatory proteins. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery in adult rats. Chlorogenic acid (30 mg/kg) or vehicle was injected into the abdominal cavity 2 h after MCAO. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after MCAO surgery and brain tissues were isolated immediately. MCAO caused histopathological changes in the ischemic cerebral cortex, and chlorogenic acid attenuated these changes. Chlorogenic acid reduced MCAO-induced reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress increase in the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, cerebral ischemia increased the expression of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which are microglia and astrocyte activation markers, respectively. However, chlorogenic acid prevented MCAO-induced these increases. MCAO damage also increased the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Chlorogenic acid treatment attenuated these increases caused by MCAO. These proteins are representative pro-inflammatory markers. This study confirmed that chlorogenic acid exerts an anti-oxidative effect and elucidated anti-inflammatory effect through regulating NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α on cerebral ischemia. Thus, we can suggest that chlorogenic acid has neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and controlling pro-inflammatory proteins against cerebral ischemic damage.

The Impact of Body Mass Index Classification on Outcomes After Stroke Rehabilitation: A Retrospective Study.

With improving stroke mortality rates, more individuals are living with the consequences of stroke. Obesity is a known risk factor for stroke, but its effect on functional outcomes poststroke is less clear. The aim of this study was to determine the association between body mass index classification (underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese) and functional outcomes, as measured by Functional Independence Measure change, Functional Independence Measure efficiency, and rehabilitation length of stay after inpatient stroke rehabilitation. A retrospective cohort study of individuals with a diagnosis of stroke admitted to a high-intensity inpatient rehabilitation program was performed. Patients were divided into 4 groups based on body mass index category using normal body mass index as the reference. Overall, 34 individuals (4.5%) were classified as underweight, 303 (40.1%) had body mass indices within the normal range, 269 (35.6%) were overweight, and 149 (19.7%) were obese. Ischemic stroke was the most common stroke type across all body mass index categories. Patients in the overweight and obese groups tended to be younger. There were no statistically significant differences in rehabilitation length of stay, Functional Independence Measure change, or Functional Independence Measure efficiency with all groups demonstrating significant functional improvements. Based on these findings, patients admitted for inpatient rehabilitation after stroke can be expected to make similar functional improvements regardless of BMI class.

TO STUDY THE SERUM LIPID PROFILE IN ISCHEMIC AND HEMORRHAGIC STROKE AMONG THE PATIENTS IN TERTIARY HEALTH CENTRE

Objectives: To assess, correlate and compare the levels of various parameters of lipid profile in patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Methods: The study was conducted as an observational study at the Department of Medicine, People’s Hospital on 100 patients presenting with focal neurological deficit, altered sensorium, or with CT/MRI findings suggestive of stroke during the study duration of 18 months. Based upon the type of stroke, patients were categorized into two groups, i.e. ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. NCEP-ATP III guidelines were used for estimation of dyslipidemia and association of dyslipidemia was observed with type of stroke. Results: Of 100 cases, ischemic stroke was documented in 74% cases, whereas 26% of patients presented with hemorrhagic stroke. Two groups were comparable in terms of baseline characteristics (p&gt;0.05). Mean total cholesterol levels and total cholesterol and total cholesterol to HDL ratio was significantly higher in ischemic stroke as compared to hemorrhagic stroke (p&lt;0.05). However, mean serum HDL level was significantly lower in patients with ischemic stroke as compared to hemorrhagic stroke (p&lt;0.05). Total cholesterol, and total cholesterol: HDL ratio showed statistically significantly negative correlation with type of stroke and positive correlation was noted between HDL and hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusion: The prevalence of stroke is rising rapidly and the age of presentation of stroke is reducing. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke whereas hemorrhagic stroke is less commonly observed in less than one-third of patients. Dyslipidemia is a significant risk factor for ischemic stroke. Raised Total cholesterol, and total cholesterol: HDL levels and lower HDL levels are independent predictors of ischemic stroke.

Effectively Improve Ischemic Stroke’s Strategy: Attenuate Oxidative Stress

Stroke, as the second mortality ranks after heart disease all over the world, belongs to a cardiovascular and neurological illness and result in a huge burden on medical resources and seriously threatens people’s lives and health. And Ischemic Stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for more than four-fifths of stroke. Therefore, how to effectively treat Ischemic Stroke is urgent. Currently, there are many treatments for Ischemic Stroke, such as drug therapy, physical therapy, stem cell transplantation and so on. Interestingly, oxidative stress is found to be a vital factor in Ischemic Stroke, and attenuating oxidative stress can effectively improve the Ischemic Stroke disease. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to appraise the recent progress and draw more researchers attention to improving Ischemic Stroke in terms of attenuating oxidative stress.

Clinical Profile of Cerebrovascular Disease Population in Sorsogon: A Hospital-based Study.

In the Philippines, an estimated half million are affected annually by stroke. It is the third most common cause of mortality among Filipinos. Locally, there are limited data on the epidemiology of stroke in the country. This study aimed to study cerebrovascular disease in the rural setting in the country, primarily exploring the demographic characteristics, risk factors, clinical profile, and outcomes of patients assessed with cerebrovascular disease in the province of Sorsogon. This was a retrospective study of all adult patients admitted to two tertiary hospitals in Sorsogon between February 1, 2020, and January 31, 2021, with a stroke diagnosis (International Classification of Diseases, Revision 10). A manual review of the charts and demographics, risk factors, clinical presentation, neuroimaging findings, and outcome were recorded. A total of 721 cases with a mean age of 63.06 ± 13.96 years were involved in the analysis. Of all the stroke cases, 64.7% were ischemic, and 29.7% were hemorrhagic strokes. The most common risk factors for stroke occurrence were hypertension (65%), history of stroke (16.2%), and diabetes (11.4%). Most sought consultation was due to one-sided weakness (41.3%) and slurring speech (14.2%). In a third-class province in the Philippines, the most common type of stroke was an ischemic stroke. Analysis showed that diabetes was more associated with ischemia while hypertension was significantly associated with hemorrhagic stroke. A mortality rate of 26.8% was seen in this cerebrovascular disease population.

Heparin and Arginine Based Plasmin Nanoformulation for Ischemic Stroke Therapy.

Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke and thrombolytic therapy is the only approved treatment. However, current thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is often hampered by the increased risk of hemorrhage. Plasmin, a direct fibrinolytic, has a significantly superior hemostatic safety profile; however, if injected intravenously it becomes rapidly inactivated by anti-plasmin. Nanoformulations have been shown to increase drug stability and half-life and hence could be applied to increase the plasmin therapeutic efficacy. Here in this paper, we report a novel heparin and arginine-based plasmin nanoformulation that exhibits increased plasmin stability and efficacy. In vitro studies revealed significant plasmin stability in the presence of anti-plasmin and efficient fibrinolytic activity. In addition, these particles showed no significant toxicity or oxidative stress effects in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, and no significant blood brain barrier permeability. Further, in a mouse photothrombotic stroke model, plasmin nanoparticles exhibited significant efficacy in reducing stroke volume without overt intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) compared to free plasmin treatment. The study shows the potential of a plasmin nanoformulation in ischemic stroke therapy.

Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common type of stroke. This article summarizes the basic pathophysiology, classification, and management of ICH and discusses the available evidence on therapy for hematoma, hematoma expansion, and perihematomal edema. Current available data on potential therapeutic options for ICH are promising, although none of the trials have shown improvement in mortality rate. The literature available on reversal of anticoagulation and antiplatelet agents after an ICH and resumption of these medications is also increasing. ICH continues to have high morbidity and mortality. Advances in therapeutic options to target secondary brain injury from the hematoma, hematoma expansion, and perihematomal edema are increasing. Data on reversal therapy for anticoagulant-associated or antiplatelet-associated ICH and resumption of these medications are evolving.

Comparison of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in the Medical Ward of Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study.

Background Distinguishing the category of stroke plays a vital role in planning patient care. Simple clinical findings help distinguish the type of stroke. However, there is a need for diagnostic imaging. In Ethiopia, stroke is the most common neurological condition in patients admitted to hospitals. Yet, there are limited data on comparisons of stroke subtypes. Thus, this study was designed to determine the prevalence of stroke and to compare ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study design was employed. Medical records containing complete information and confirmed diagnosis using imaging techniques were included. The data were entered into SPSS version 24.0 for analysis. Results with a P value of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results From a total of 312 stroke patients, 204 (65.4%) patients were admitted due to ischemic stroke. More females, 59 (18.9%), were admitted for hemorrhagic stroke than males. In both ischemic, 175 (56.1%) and hemorrhagic, 91 (29.2%) stroke cases, most of the patients were 45 years and above. Middle cerebral artery territory was the most common site of arterial territory infarctions in ischemic stroke, 158 (50.7%). Middle cerebral artery territory also was the most common site of hematoma in hemorrhagic stroke, 91 (29.2%). Infarctions in more than one lobe of the cerebrum (16.4%) and intracerebral hemorrhage in multiple areas of the cerebrum (7.4%) were observed in ischemic as well as hemorrhagic stroke cases. Most of the ischemic, 124 (39.8%), and hemorrhagic, 39 (12.5%), stroke patients presented loss of sensation and weakness of body parts. Hypertension was observed in 124 (39.8%) ischemic and 73 (23.4%) hemorrhagic stroke patients. The mortality rate of ischemic stroke, 47 (15.3%), was two times higher than hemorrhagic stroke, 20 (6.5%). Hypertension was the most common predictor of death in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke cases. Conclusions Ischemic stroke is a common type of stroke in the medical ward of the study hospital. More females were affected by hemorrhagic stroke than males. Middle cerebral artery territory was the most affected area of the brain in both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Most ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients were admitted due to loss of sensation and weakness of body parts. Hypertension was the most common risk factor of stroke as well as a predictor of stroke-related deaths. Identification of the stroke subtypes may be important in the management of stroke. Thus, health professionals, government officials, community leaders, and the population at large could be involved in creating awareness about antecedent risk factors and clinical presentations of stroke subtypes.

Behavioral Assessment of Sensory, Motor, Emotion, and Cognition in Rodent Models of Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common type of stroke and has one of the highest fatality rates of any disease. There are many clinical signs and symptoms after ICH due to brain cell injury and network disruption resulted from the rupture of a tiny artery and activation of inflammatory cells, such as motor dysfunction, sensory impairment, cognitive impairment, and emotional disturbance, etc. Thus, researchers have established many tests to evaluate behavioral changes in rodent ICH models, in order to achieve a better understanding and thus improvements in the prognosis for the clinical treatment of stroke. This review summarizes existing protocols that have been applied to assess neurologic function outcomes in the rodent ICH models such as pain, motor, cognition, and emotion tests. Pain tests include mechanical, hot, and cold pain tests; motor tests include the following 12 types: neurologic deficit scale test, staircase test, rotarod test, cylinder test, grid walk test, forelimb placing test, wire hanging test, modified neurologic severity score, beam walking test, horizontal ladder test, and adhesive removal test; learning and memory tests include Morris water maze, Y-maze, and novel object recognition test; emotion tests include elevated plus maze, sucrose preference test, tail suspension test, open field test, and forced swim test. This review discusses these assessments by examining their rationale, setup, duration, baseline, procedures as well as comparing their pros and cons, thus guiding researchers to select the most appropriate behavioral tests for preclinical ICH research.