Common Notation Research Articles

A Review on Multi-Label Learning Algorithms

Multi-label learning studies the problem where each example is represented by a single instance while associated with a set of labels simultaneously. During the past decade, significant amount of progresses have been made toward this emerging machine learning paradigm. This paper aims to provide a timely review on this area with emphasis on state-of-the-art multi-label learning algorithms. Firstly, fundamentals on multi-label learning including formal definition and evaluation metrics are given. Secondly and primarily, eight representative multi-label learning algorithms are scrutinized under common notations with relevant analyses and discussions. Thirdly, several related learning settings are briefly summarized. As a conclusion, online resources and open research problems on multi-label learning are outlined for reference purposes.

A naming convention for atmospheric organic aerosol

Abstract. While the field of atmospheric organic aerosol scientific research has experienced thorough and insightful progress over the last half century, this progress has been accompanied by the evolution of a communicative and detailed yet, at times, complex and inconsistent language. The menagerie of detailed classification that now exists to describe organic compounds in our atmosphere reflects the wealth of observational techniques now at our disposal as well as the rich information provided by state-of-the-science instrumentation. However, the nomenclature in place to communicate these scientific gains is growing disjointed to the point that effective communication within the scientific community and to the public may be sacrificed. We propose standardizing a naming convention for organic aerosol classification that is relevant to laboratory studies, ambient observations, atmospheric models, and various stakeholders for air-quality problems. Because a critical aspect of this effort is to directly translate the essence of complex physico-chemical phenomena to a much broader, policy-oriented audience, we recommend a framework that maximizes comprehension among scientists and non-scientists alike. For example, to classify volatility, it relies on straightforward alphabetic terms (e.g., semivolatile, SV; intermediate volatility, IV; etc.) rather than possibly ambiguous numeric indices. This framework classifies organic material as primary or secondary pollutants and distinguishes among fundamental features important for science and policy questions including emission source, chemical phase, and volatility. Also useful is the addition of an alphabetic suffix identifying the volatility of the organic material or its precursor for when emission occurred. With this framework, we hope to introduce into the community a consistent connection between common notation for the general public and detailed nomenclature for highly specialized discussion. In so doing, we try to maintain consistency with historical, familiar naming schemes, unify much of the scattered nomenclature presented in recent literature, reduce the barrier of comprehension to outside audiences, and construct a scaffold into which insights from future scientific discoveries can be incorporated.

MO1 - A Unified Framework For Classification Of Methods For Benefit-Risk Assessment

Patients, physicians, and other decision-makers make implicit trade-offs among benefits and risks of different treatments. Many methods have been proposed to conduct quantitative benefit-risk analysis (BRA). We propose a framework for classifying BRA methods based on factors that matter most to patients. Using common mathematical notation, we compare the methods using a hypothetical example. We classified available BRA methods into three categories: (1) un-weighted metrics, that use only probabilities of benefits and risks (e.g., number needed to treat and number needed to harm [NNT|NNH]); (2) metrics that incorporate preference weights to account for the impact and duration of outcomes (e.g., Maximum Acceptable Risk [MAR], relative value-adjusted life-years [RVALYs], quality-adjusted life-years [QALYs]); and (3) metrics that incorporate ad hocweights based on decision makers’ opinions (e.g., Multi-criteria Decision Analysis, Benefit-Less-Risk Analysis). We used two hypothetical antiplatelet drugs (A and B), probabilities of benefits (reduction in myocardial infarction and stroke) and harms (increases in major and minor bleeding) based on randomized trial data, and preference weights from the literature to compare the BRA methods within the proposed framework. Use of the framework and notation revealed BRA methods share substantial commonality. In the example, BRA using NNT|NNH indicated that -1.3% of patients would experience net benefit with drug A versus B, (an unfavorable benefit-risk balance for A). In contrast, 4.6% of patients would experience a net benefit with drug A if weighted using MAR. BRA using RVALYs and QALYs suggested gains of 3.8 RVALYs and 5.4 QALYs per 100 patient-years, respectively, with drug A versus B. The proposed framework provides a unified, patient-centered approach to BRA methods classification. All methods impose trade-offs between probabilities of benefits and risks. The weights used in the metrics is a key differentiating feature and can lead to quantitatively and qualitatively different results.

Unifying microscopic flocking motion models for virtual, robotic, and biological flock members

Flocking motions have been the subject of hundreds of studies over the past six decades. The vast majority of models have nearly identical aims: bottom-up demonstration of basic emergent flocking motions. Despite a significant fraction of the literature providing algorithmic descriptions of models, incompleteness and imprecision are also readily identifiable in flocking algorithms, algorithmic input, and validation of the models. To address this issue, this meta-study introduces a data-flow template, which unifies many of the existing approaches. Additionally, there are small differences and ambiguities in the flocking scenarios being studied by different researchers; unfortunately, these differences are of considerable significance. For example, much subtlety is needed to specify sensory requirements exactly and minor modifications may critically alter a flock's exhibited motions. We introduce two taxonomies that minimize both incompleteness and imprecision, and enable us to highlight those publications that study flocking motions under comparable assumptions. Furthermore, we aggregate and translate the publications into a consolidated notation. The common notation along with the data-flow template and the two taxonomies constitute a collection of tools, that together, facilitates complete and precise flocking motion models, and enables much of the work to be unified. To conclude, we make recommendations for more diverse research directions and propose criteria for rigorous problem definitions and descriptions of future flocking motion models.

Design of Locally Slender Structural Steel Columns

AbstractThe primary objective of this paper is to evaluate and compare design methods for locally slender steel columns. Three design methods utilized for such columns in the United States are explored: (1) the Q-factor method; (2) the unified effective width method; and (3) the direct strength method. The design strength formulas for locally slender W-section columns for all methods are provided in a common notation. The expressions highlight the prominent role of elastic local (cross-section) slenderness. A nonlinear shell finite-element analysis parametric study on short, intermediate, and long columns is conducted to explore the divergence in the design methods as a function of local slenderness. Recommendations for advancing the design methods are offered. In particular, based on the parametric study, an effective width method alternative is provided.

Prominence perception and accent detection in French: from phonetic processing to grammatical analysis

In the area of large speech corpora, there is a demonstrated need for a common prosodic notation system that would allow easy data exchange, comparison of annotations and analyses, and automatic processing. A single, simple scheme of prosodic transcription could also form the basis of guidelines for non-expert manual annotation, and be used for linguistic teaching and research. We present a corpus-based apporach for prominence labeling in French continuous speech, taking into account the effects of grammatical constraints on prominences perception.

Handbook of Blind Source Separation: Independent Component Analysis and Applications (Common, P. and Jutten, ; 2010 [Book Review

The purpose of this handbook is to bring together in-depth surveys reporting the state of the art of blind source separation (BSS) techniques. It presents a comprehensive account of the available knowledge in this maturing field, covering in depth the various existing approaches to tackle the BSS paradigms, their theoretical foundations, and main applications. The handbook consists of 19 chapters written by some of the most prominent researchers and experts on BSS techniques. The first nine chapters cover the more standard material, describing the various existing approaches to tackle the BSS problems. The reader will benefit from the fact that all 19 chapters composing this handbook can be read almost independently. It is also fortunate that some effort has been devoted to use a common notation and cross-references linking the chapters, which increases its value as a comprehensive reference textbook on the subject. In short, the Handbook of Blind Source Separation is a valuable reference for engineers, researchers and practitioners in the field of blind adaptive techniques. Moreover,this handbook may also be used in teaching graduate courses on blind signal processing and is a perfect systematic introduction for Ph.D. students starting the area.

Modeling and visualizing object-oriented programs with Codecharts

Software design, development and evolution commonly require programmers to model design decisions, visualize implemented programs, and detect conflicts between design and implementation. However, common design notations rarely reconcile theoretical concerns for rigor and minimality with the practical concerns for abstraction, scalability and automated verifiability. The language of Codecharts was designed to overcome these challenges by narrowing its scope to visual specifications that articulate automatically-verifiable statements about the structure and organization of object-oriented programs. The tokens in its visual vocabulary stand for the building-blocks of object-oriented design, such as inheritance class hierarchies, sets of dynamically-bound methods, and their correlations. The formalism was tailored for those pragmatic concerns which arise from modeling class libraries and design patterns, and for visualizing programs of any size at any level of abstraction. We describe design verification, a process of proving or refuting that a Java program (i.e. its native code) conforms to the Codechart specifying it. We also describe a toolkit which supports modeling and visualization with Codecharts, as well as a fully-automated design verification tool. We conclude with empirical results which suggest gains in both speed and accuracy when using Codecharts in software design, development and evolution.

Social learning graphs: combining social network graphs and analytics to represent learning experiences

The web is evolving towards higher levels of personalisation, and closer interaction through social networking sites. The wealth of available data about user interactions has prompted the appearance of highly personalised tools for social interaction. Learning experiences are following a parallel evolution, and they need more effective personalisation and a strong social component. Semantic web was presented as the solution to achieve a highly personalised learning experience. Analogously, social networks are used to represent relations among students. But a simple and common representation of these two perspectives in the context of a learning environment is missing. In this paper, Social Learning Graphs are presented as a framework to capture and represent the interactions and relations occurring among multiple entities in a learning environment. The advantage of this representation is that it combines structural in formation with observations in a common graph notation suitable to be used by procedures...

Families of Algorithms for Reducing a Matrix to Condensed Form

In a recent paper it was shown how memory traffic can be diminished by reformulating the classic algorithm for reducing a matrix to bidiagonal form, a preprocess when computing the singular values of a dense matrix. The key is a reordering of the computation so that the most memory-intensive operations can be “fused.” In this article, we show that other operations that reduce matrices to condensed form (reduction to upper Hessenberg form and reduction to tridiagonal form) can be similarly reorganized, yielding different sets of operations that can be fused. By developing the algorithms with a common framework and notation, we facilitate the comparing and contrasting of the different algorithms and opportunities for optimization on sequential architectures. We discuss the algorithms, develop a simple model to estimate the speedup potential from fusing, and showcase performance improvements consistent with the what the model predicts.

Unity in nominal equational reasoning: The algebra of equality on nominal sets

There are currently no fewer than four dedicated logics for equality reasoning over nominal sets: nominal algebra, nominal equational logic, nominal equational logic with equality only, and permissive-nominal algebra.In this survey and research paper we present these logics side-by-side in a common notation, survey their similarities and differences, discuss their proof- and model-theories, and discuss in detail what the implications of those differences are for mathematical reasoning in each of them.

Configuration of ad hoc multimodal logistic networks: approach and technological framework

One of the key issues in MC is ad hoc logistics for delivering personalised products and components on the just-in-time (JIT) or just-before-time (JBT) basis. The main idea of the proposed approach is to represent the ad hoc multimodal logistics network members by sets of services provided by them. This enables replacing the configuration of the logistics network with that of distributed services. For the purpose of interoperability the services use the common notation described by an application ontology. Depending on the problem considered, the relevant part of the application ontology is selected forming the abstract context that, in turn, is filled with values resulting in the operational context. The operational context represents the constraint satisfaction problem that is used during self-configuration of web-services for problem solving. The application of the context management technology significantly reduces the search space and thus makes it possible to provide for JIT and JBT solutions.

How to Perform Impossible Rhythms

This paper investigates a fairly common but seldom-studied rhythmic notation in the nineteenth-century piano literature, in which duplets in one voice occur against triplets in another, and the second duplet shares its notehead with the third triplet—a logical impossibility, as the former note should theoretically fall halfway through the beat, the latter two-thirds of the way. Examples are given from the works of several composers, especially Brahms, who employed such notations throughout his career. Several alternative realizations are discussed and demonstrated in audio examples; the most appropriate performance strategy is seen to vary from one example to another. Impossibilities of type1⁄2=2⁄3, as described above, are the most common, but many other types occur. Connections between such rhythmic impossibilities and the controversy surrounding assimilation of dotted rhythms and triplets are considered; the two phenomena are related, but typically arise in different repertoires. A few other types of impossible notations are shown, concluding with an example from Scriabin’s Prelude in C Major, op. 11, no. 1, in which triplets and quintuplets occur in complex superposition. The notation implies several features of alignment that cannot all be realized at once; recorded examples illustrate that a variety of realizations are viable in performance.

A Logical Calculus to Intuitively and Logically Denote Number Systems

Simple continued fractions, base-b expansions, Dedekind cuts and Cauchy sequences are common notations for number systems. In this note, first, it is proven that both simple continued fractions and base-b expansions fail to denote real numbers and thus lack logic; second, it is shown that Dedekind cuts and Cauchy sequences fail to join in algebraical operations and thus lack intuition; third, we construct a logical calculus and deduce numbers to intuitively and logically denote number systems. KeyWords: Number system; Logical calculus; Series

Echocardiographic speckle reduction comparison

In this paper, a detailed description and comparison of speckle reduction of medical ultrasound, and in particular echocardiography, is presented. Fifteen speckle reduction filters are described in a detailed fashion to facilitate implementation for research and evaluation. The filtering techniques considered include anisotropic diffusion, wavelet denoising, and local statistics. Common nomenclature and notation are adopted, to expedite comparison between approaches. Comparison of the filters is based on their application to simulated images, clinical videos, and a computational requirement analysis. The ultrasound simulation method provides a realistic model of the image acquisition process, and permits the use of a noise-free reference image for comparison. Application of objective quality metrics quantifies the preservation of image edges, overall image distortion, and improvement in image contrast. The computational analysis quantifies the number of operations required for each speckle reduction method. A speed-accuracy analysis of discretization methods for anisotropic diffusion is included. It is concluded that the optimal method is the OSRAD diffusion filter. This method is capable of strong speckle suppression, increasing the average SNRA of the simulated images by a factor of two. This method also shows favorable edge preservation and contrast improvement, and may be efficiently implemented.

Frailty, ageing and inflammation: reality and perspectives

The knowledge about frailty is rapidly growing, and improved understanding of molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in determining the increased vulnerability of frail older adults has encouraged investigators from many disciplines to contribute to this emerging field of research. Medical practitioners have often used the term ‘‘frailty’’ to characterize the weakest and most vulnerable subset of older adults. Recent research efforts have helped to better define clinical and physiological characteristics of frailty and to highlight the vulnerability of frail older adults to poor health outcomes. The term ‘‘frail’’ has various clinically relevant meanings (e.g., likely to fail or die quickly; unusually susceptible to some diseases or other infirmity; lacking normal strength or force; weak, thin, and slight). Although there is a wide range of common phenotypes in geriatric medicine to which such terms may be related, including muscle weakness, bone fragility, very low body mass index, susceptibility to falling, vulnerability to trauma, vulnerability to infection, high risk for delirium, blood pressure instability, and severely diminished physical capabilities, the word ‘‘frailty’’ in the common notation of clinical geriatric medicine usually describes a condition in which a critical combination of these specific impairments occurs. Nevertheless, researchers have applied different approaches describing these phenomena. As reported by Rockwood (2005), conceptual definitions of frailty have included a variety of domains with a multidisciplinary approach, including physical performance, cognitive function, psychological factors, as well as disability owing to the presence of illness. Other investigators defined frailty as a single syndrome coupled with the presence of clinical traits associated with aging, such as weakness, fatigue, weight loss, decreased balance, low levels of physical activity, slowed motor processing and performance, social withdrawal, mild cognitive changes, and increased vulnerability to stressors (Fried et al. 2009). Whatever is the definition of frailty we could consider, there is a general consensus that frailty is also characterized by specific alterations in physiological variables, including inflammatory biomarkers, altered glucose metabolism, mitochondria function and markers of clotting processes, providing further evidence of multisystemic involvement (Fried et al. 2009). Therefore, the old frail subject has to be considered as the sum of various patho-physiological components E. Mocchegiani (&) Ctr. Nutrition and Ageing, Italian National Research Centre on Aging (INRCA), Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy e-mail: e.mocchegiani@inrca.it

Finding the frequent items in streams of data

Many data generation processes can be modeled as data streams. They produce huge numbers of pieces of data, each of which is simple in isolation, but which taken together lead to a complex whole. F...

Automatically testing interactive applications using extended task trees

Task trees are common notations used to describe the interaction between a user and an interactive application. They contain valuable information about the expected user behaviour as well on the expected software reactions and, thus, they can be used to support model-based testing. In this paper, a method for automatically generating test data from task trees is introduced. The task tree notation is extended to support operational profile specification. The user behaviour is automatically extracted from such extended trees as a probabilistic finite input–output state machine, thanks to formal semantics defined for this purpose for the task tree operators. The resulting probabilistic machine can then be used to generate test data simulating the user behaviour. This simulation can be performed using Lutess, a testing environment developed for synchronous software. The translation of the user interaction model into a Lutess description is explained and experimental results are reported.

Interaction of the DNA bases and their mononucleotides with pyridine-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazonecopper(II) complexes. Structure of the cytosine derivative

Experimental studies of the binding interactions of [CuL(NO 3)] and [{CuL′(NO 3)} 2] (HL = pyridine-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, and HL′ = pyridine-2-carbaldehyde 4N-methylthiosemicarbazone) with adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and their mononucleotides ( dNMP), 2-deoxyadenosine-5′-monophosphate, ( dAMP), 2′-deoxyguanosine-5′-monophosphate, ( dGMP), 2′-deoxycytidine-5′-monophpsphate ( dCMP), and thymidine-5′-monophosphate ( dTMP) have been carried out in aqueous solution at pH 6.0, I = 0.1 M (NaClO 4) and T = 25 °C. The complexation constants of these compounds, calculated by Hildebrand–Benesi plots for the dye binding, D, ([CuL] or [CuL′]) to the nucleobases or nucleotides (P), have shown two linear stretches in adenine, guanine, dAMP and dGMP. The data were analyzed in terms of formation of 1:1 DP and 1:2 DP 2 complexes with increasing purine base or nucleotide content. For cytosine and dCMP only 1:1 complexes have been observed, whereas for thymine and dTMP such complex structures were not observed. The [CuL(Hcyt)](ClO 4) cytosine derivative has been isolated and characterized. The crystal structure consists of perchlorate ions and [CuL(Hcyt)] + monomers attached by hydrogen bond, chelate π−ring and anion–π interactions. The Cu 2+ ions bind to the NNS chelating moiety of the thiosemicarbazone ligand and the cytosine N13 site (N3, most common notation) yielding a square-planar geometry. A pseudocoordination to the cytosine O12 site (=O2) can also be considered.

Distress Selling and Asset Market Feedback

This paper examines the process of distress selling and asset market feedback. It splits this process into several stages, in order to analyze what triggers distress selling, why asset prices fall, and how falling prices generate additional rounds of selling. This framework enables us to understand and compare models relevant to distress selling from diverse literatures. The paper also considers what policy options are available at each stage to mitigate the adverse economic consequences of distress selling and asset market feedback.