Common Contraceptive Method Research Articles

Knowledge, attitudes and practices on contraceptive use among young people in selected universities in Zimbabwe.

Contraception is vital, not only because of the statistical evidence on utilisation of the services by women, but for economic and societal reasons. Uptake and use of contraceptives among youth in Zimbabwe is low at 12% for the 15-19 years and 49% for the 20-24 years compared to 67% of all married women in the country. Unmet need for family planning remains high at 13% (15-19 years) and 10.4% (20-24 years) compared to 10% among all women in Zimbabwe. Students in tertiary institutions are within these age groups and use of contraception among them is vital. The study was conducted to explore the knowledge level, attitudes and practices among young people towards the use of contraceptives in purposively selected universities. A mixed method approach using both qualitative and quantitative research design was used. Data was collected from 537 female students aged 18-24 years using structured questionnaires. Twenty Key informant interviews and 12 focus group discussions with bouth young males and females were conducted. Quantitative data was cleaned and analysed using STATA while content analysis was used for qualitative data. Ninety five percent (95%) of the young women in tertiary institutions had ever heard of contraception and 27% had ever used contraceptives. Students had myths and misconceptions regarding use of contraceptives including causing cancers, infertility in future and unbearable side effects. The pill was the most common contraceptive method known (85%). Religion and the involvement of family members, peers as well as other relatives were among the factors contributing to barriers of FP services uptake. The study has provided evidence that awareness on contraceptives among young people in tertiary institutions, does not necessarily lead to increased uptake. Educational campaigns with emphasis on the benefits of contraception will help reduce misconceptions and increase access and utilization of family planning services among the tertiary institution students.

Evaluation of Testosterone, Blood Antioxidants, and Histopathological Changes Following Chemical Castration With Calcium Chloride in Rats

Objectives: Castration is one of the most common methods of contraception in animals. This method can prevent animals from contracting various diseases, such as testicular tumors, and prevent the overgrowth of animal populations. Materials and Methods: In this experiment, 10 adult and clinically healthy male Wistar rats weighing approximately 250-200 g were divided into two equal groups of control and treatment (n=5 in each). In the control group, normal saline and in the treatment group, 20% calcium chloride was injected into the testicular tissue. Blood samples were taken at the beginning and end of the experiment (day 21) and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and testosterone levels were measured. Then, the tissue samples of testis were evaluated on days 7, 14, and 21. Results: On day 21, SOD and GPx enzymes significantly increased in the treatment group compared to day zero (P=0.01). However, calcium chloride injection reduced the mean testosterone levels on day 21 compared to day zero (P=0.06). Meanwhile, the mean number of sperms in the right testis of treated mice significantly decreased (P=0.03). Seminiferous tubule necrosis significantly increased on day 7, neutrophil infiltration significantly increased on days 7 and 14, and calcification significantly increased on days 7 and 21 (P<0.01). Conclusions: Although chemical sterilization using 20% calcium chloride can lead to testicular degeneration, it is not a recommended method because it does not reduce testosterone and activates oxidative stress biomarkers. However, the negative effects might be eliminated in future studies using some substances such as tannic acid.

Сlinical features of disorders of reproductive health and sexual behavior in women with HIV

Objective. The research of clinical features, reproductive health and sexual disorders with women of childbearing age, involved in HIV epidemic.Materials and methods. Cross-sectional, cohort, clinical sociological research of gynecological pathology and comorbid conditions among 85 women with HIV infection. The results of sociological research by anonymous survey among 50 women and 35 men of reproductive age with HIV infection are presented. The research was held using a questionnaire, based on WHO thematic map-questionnaire (WHO project №88093).Results and discussion. The main group with HIV infection and reproductive disorders contains 27 women (median age 30,8±2,9). The comparison group consisted of 23 women with HIV infection without reproductive disorders (median age 31,4±7,1). The frequency of medical abortion appeared twice as often in the group of HIV-infected women with reproductive disorders. Statistically significant differences in occurrence of chronically related diseases: ENT organs, gastritis/duodenitis, pancreatitis, cystitis, pyelonerphritis, viral hepatitis (В, С), Papilloma Viral Infection in the compared groups has not been identified. The women with HIV infection and reproductive disorders experienced inflammatory disease of pelvic organs, provoked by chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, syphilis twice as often. Statistically significant differences in occurrence of hysteromyoma, chronic cervicitis, chronic endometritis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia haven’t been detected. Menstrual function analysis among the women with HIV infection and reproductive disorders identified a considerable predominance of secondary amenorrhea, opsomenorrhea, secondary oligomenorrhea and dysmenorrhea. The women with HIV infection and reproductive disorders experienced hyperprolactinemia syndrome 3 times as often. The men were married more often than the women, had regular sexual intercourse, were not interested in their partners’ pregnancy. The most common method of contraception for women as well as for men was contraception sheath and rejected sexual intercourse. However, 20% and 26% men and women with HIV infection, who had sexual intercourse, didn’t use any methods of contraception. The main reason for both men and women to refuse pregnancy planning was unsatisfactory financial situation and having current HIV infection.Conclusion. Early diagnosis of menstrual disorders, prevention of abortion and sexually transmitted diseases, and also early infertility treatment are necessary for women with HIV infection. Apart from medical care, medical workers should take into account social and psychological needs to help patients with HIV improve their quality of living, including sexual and reproductive health.

Sexual and Reproductive Health Assessment in a Group of Female Renal Transplant Recipients

Fertility and sexual health are impaired in individuals with chronic kidney disease and can be restored after a successful renal transplant. This is a single-center prospective study about the sexual and reproductive health (including contraceptive methods and gynecologic cancer screening) in renal transplant recipients. Female renal transplant recipients, aged 18 to 49 years at transplant, were interviewed about their gynecologic history, sexual health, and use of contraceptive methods. Ninety-one patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The majority of women maintained menstrual cycles during dialysis therapy, being almost 60% of the women in an irregular rhythm. Pregnancies were reported for 51 women, 20% after transplant, and associated with low-weight newborns. The incidence of spontaneous abortion was 12.5%. Thirty-one patients were denied contraceptive methods due to the vasectomy of the partner (n=16) or the belief that they would not become pregnant (n=15). The most common contraceptive method was a condom, and the use of an intrauterine device was rare. Gynecologic assessment and cancer screening were out-of-date in almost one-third of patients. In this study, the majority of women were from low-income areas and had low levels of education. Despite access to public universal health care, adherence to yearly screening tests and use of contraceptive methods were lower than expected.

Contraception method among pregnant women with HIV delivered in Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia

HIGHLIGHTS 1. HIV transmission from HIV positive mothers to their children should be reduced by strengthening family planning programs.2. Characteristics of contraceptive methods among women with HIV infection delivered in a tertiary hospital were investigated.3. IUD was the most common contraceptive method used by women with HIV infection. Its use was related to age, gravida and method of delivery. ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe characteristics of contraceptive methods among women with HIV infection who delivered in a tertiary hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The inclusion criteria were pregnant women with HIV infection who delivered in Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital (RSCM), Jakarta, Indonesia, from January 2016 to December 2020. Data were retrieved from medical records, registered HIV and laboratory result. The included data were demographic data, obstetric data, mode of delivery, contraception method, ARV history, and laboratory history of the mothers. Results: From January 2016 to December 2020 there were 119 HIV patients who delivered at the RSCM. Most of the subjects were 35 years old (84%), had low education (52.9%) and worked as housewives (76.5%). A total of 79.8% of the subjects were gravida >2 and most of the subjects delivered by caesarean section (87.3%). The choice of contraceptive methods were IUD (72.4%), tubectomy (26.8%) and implants (0.8%). There was a statistically significant relationship between contraceptive method with age (p 0.040), gravida (p 0.016) and delivery method (p 0.049) Conclusion: The most common contraceptive method was IUD. The choice of this method of contraception was related to age, gravida and method of delivery.

FSFI score and timing of tubal ligation in patients: preliminary results of an online survey

IntroductionTubal ligation is the most common contraceptive method worldwide. Apart from a very low pearl index and anxiety relief, other benefits are not commonly recognised. In young patients, there is the post-operative risk of regretting the decision with the need for In-Vitro-Fertilisation or refertilising surgery. Positive side effects have not been widely published. In our study we investigated the change in the female sexual function index score after tubal ligation.Material and methodIn this survey the FSFI score of participants around the time of the tubal ligation was compared with the FSFI score of intermediate and long-term time distance to the ligation.ResultsThe data indicate an increase in younger women seeking information on permanent contraception and whilst the FSFI score of the early group indicates a risk of female sexual dysfunction, the intermediate and long-term FSFI scores are comparable to published control groups.DiscussionBesides the obvious benefit of a low pearl index, tubal ligation may contribute to reduce the risk of female sexual dysfunction in the mid and long term. Informed consent is essential for the surgeon and patient to weigh up the risks and benefits individually including possible future perspectives on family planning.

Penggunaan Kontrasepsi pada Perempuan dengan HIV di Dunia

Background: HIV infection is a public health problem. In 2019, more than 38 million people were living with HIV, and more than 1.7 million people contracted HIV. On the other hand, it was reported that infant morbidity and mortality remained high, with more than 160,000 infants contracting HIV and more than 100,000 dying from AIDS-related causes. Increased access and improved service programs to control HIV transmission from mother to child are in line with the increasing number of pregnant women with HIV. Women with HIV and their partners need to plan carefully before deciding to have children. Women living with HIV and their partners need to take advantage of services that provide information and contraceptive tools to prevent unplanned pregnancies. The study aimed to understand how HIV-infected women chose contraceptives.Method: Search for articles with a systematic review using four databases consisting of Pubmed, Science Direct, Sage, and Emerald Insight with a publication range of 2017-2020. The keywords used were contraceptive use AND HIV women. The inclusion criteria used were women with HIV aged 15-49 years and used a cross-sectional design.Results: The findings indicated that injections, condoms, and implants were the most common methods of contraception used by women with HIV. Motivation for contraceptive use in women with HIV is influenced by age, marital status, knowledge, number of children, education, previous history of contraceptive use, history of childbirth, lack of fertility desires, income, residence, CD4 count, child's HIV status and partner's HIV status.

Family planning practices among women seeking induced abortion: An institution-based cross-sectional study from Eastern India.

Unmet need for contraceptive use indicates the gap between women's reproductive intentions and their contraceptive behavior. It is a direct contributor to the increased incidence of unwanted pregnancies leading to abortion. Abortions, particularly septic abortions constitute an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to determine the pattern of family planning practices among women seeking an induced abortion. The study also aimed to assess the awareness and attitude towards contraceptive methods along with reasons for the nonuse of contraceptives in this study population. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted during October 2020 to October 2021. Data was collected using a preformed validated structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to describe data. The Chi-square test was used to find the significance of differences between categorical variables. A total of 256 pregnant women seeking induced abortion were recruited. Despite high knowledge (99.2%) and attitude (63.7%), a history of contraceptive use could be elicited in 43.8% of study subjects. The most common contraceptive methods used previously were oral contraceptive pills followed by the barrier method of contraception. A significant association was found between contraceptive use and age of the woman, urban or rural background, and marital status. Unplanned sex or infrequent sex was the most common reason for the nonuse of contraceptives followed by fear of side effects. Enhancement of knowledge of contraceptive users through adequate information by health care providers can be helpful. Consideration of socio-demographic characteristics of women and contraceptive barriers is indispensable in implementing family planning interventions.

Permanent method of postpartum contraception (Bilateral tubal ligation): Experience at the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital

Background: Bilateral tubal ligation is the most common and popular method of permanent contraception in women. It is an effective method of contraception. Objectives: To determine the rate, trend, indications, complications and outcome of bilateral tubal ligation (BTL) at the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of all cases of bilateral tubal ligation done at the RUTH from 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2020. Data collected were analyzed using IBM, Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS), version 25.0 (Armonk, NY). Result: There were 12,406 deliveries and 153 cases of BTL; giving the prevalence of BTL as 1.23% or 12.3 per 1000 deliveries or 1 in 81 deliveries with a decreasing pattern of use. Of the 153 cases of BTL, 148 were done during a caesarean section while 5 with the repair of uterine rupture. Most of the cases were done electively and modified Pomeroy’s method was the commonest technique used by surgeons. The mean age and gestational age of the women at delivery were 35.0 SD 3.6 years, 95% confidence interval 34.8 to 35.6 and 37.4 SD 1.5 (95% CI 37.2 to 37.6) respectively. Majority were booked [145(94.8%)], multipara [138(90.2%)], Christians [147(96.1)] and had tertiary level education [84(54.9)]. Parity was significantly associated with BTL [X2 =11.203, p=0.004, (95%CI:0.0441,0.052)] while the association with other sociodemographic variables did not attain significance. The mean foetal weight was 3.05 SD 0.57 kg, 95% confidence interval: 2.92 to 3.18. There were no maternal or foetal complications from the procedure during the period of review. Conclusion: The prevalence of BTL in RSUTH is low and with a decreasing trend. The procedure was carried out mostly during caesarean section. However, other forms such as mini-laparotomy and laparoscopic surgery should be encouraged to create high uptake of the permanent method of contraception especially in our environment, where aversion for caesarean section is high.

Intravesical Migration of the Longest Forgotten Intrauterine Contraceptive Device with Secondary Vesicolithiasis in a 70-Year-Old Female: A Rare Case Report

Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD) is the most common method of contraception due to its low cost and reversibility. Longstanding IUCD’s can cause complications like menorrhagia, chronic pelvic pain, perforation of uterus and migration into adjacent structures as pouch of douglas, rectum or bladder. The Copper T acts as a foreign body and its presence for a long time causes secondary stone formation in bladder. Most of the cases in literature have been managed with open surgery. The author reports a case of a 70-year-old female presenting with transmigration of a forgotten Copper T into bladder with secondary calculus formation. The unique features of the presented case were the age of the patient, the longest duration of the forgotten Copper T (31 years) and the successful removal of both the calculi and Copper T device using an endoscopic approach.

CONTRACEPTION IS THE MAIN COMPONENT OF FAMILY PLANNING

Abstract: Contraception is a family planning mechanism, by regulating the birth rate. In the Russian Federation, the main mechanism of birth control today is medical abortion. That is why the issue of birth control through the use of contraceptives is relevant and needs to be addressed. It is emphasized that the use of contraception helps to solve both social and medical problems, as it prevents medical abortions and, consequently, the development of complications after them. And in a separate case, contraception prevents the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. The article discusses the most common and popular methods of contraception among the population. It is noted that the most common option of contraception is the use of a condom, which is due to its availability and ease of use. Hormonal contraception, represented by combined oral contraceptives, is the second most popular method of preventing unwanted pregnancy. They have proven high efficiency. However, there is a certain tendency to switch from combined oral contraceptives to prolonged hormonal releasing systems, the most common are vaginal systems. They are easy to use, provide good protection against unwanted pregnancy, but at the same time have less systemic effect on the body, and do not require daily intake of the drug. Intrauterine contraception deserves special attention. Its peculiarity lies in the duration of the action. The intrauterine device is installed for a period of 3 to 10 years, and this type of contraception is ideal for women who are not planning pregnancy in the next few years, but the reversibility of the contraceptive is important.

Combined oral contraceptive use in rheumatoid arthritis for the purpose of pregnancy prevention and additional benefits: A narrative review.

Combined oral contraceptives are a common method of contraception and many females prefer them regardless of their medical history. The use in patients with rheumatoid and autoimmune disorders has not been extensively studied with previous reviews focusing on the safety component. This review seeks to address the effectiveness and benefits of utilizing combined oral contraceptives in females with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Current literature regarding combined oral contraceptives was surveyed for its use in RA and two PubMed searches were conducted, yielding 202 and 142 results, respectively. Results were screened and analyzed for relevance to this review topic. Eighteen results, consisting of clinical trials, observational studies, patient cases, and meta-analyses were used in this narrative review. Historically, it was thought that females with an autoimmune disorder such as RA need to be on contraception due to the teratogenicity potential with disease-modifying therapy but no evidence exists about which type of contraception is the most effective and least interacting. Current evidence available shows no preference for types of contraception in this population, but it has been demonstrated that combination oral contraceptives may provide contraceptive benefits and have a potential for other benefits such as less disability and the prevention of disease progression. Although current evidence provides reasoning to believe combination oral contraceptives are safe and efficacious in patients with RA and may even offer additional benefits, further studies and clinical trials are needed to completely understand the role combination oral contraceptives play in this patient population.

The History of Female Surgical Sterilization: A Social and Ethics Perspective

Introduction Female surgical sterilization is one of the most common methods of contraception used in the United States. Unfortunately, the development of sterilization procedures is rooted in racism, eugenics, and misogyny. It is this history that provides the impetus for this companion review, which accompanies our concurrent review on the history of female surgical sterilization. We first present the basis of coercive sterilization practices in the United States, the eugenics movement. The eugenics movement, which gained popularity in the United States in the early 20th century, promoted the idea that certain individuals should be discouraged or actively prevented from reproducing, especially through coercive sterilization practices. Second, we discuss the coercive sterilization practices of the early 20th century that became the foundation for coercive practices in our more recent history. During the early part of the 20th century, coerced sterilization became a state mandated procedure for those considered to be “unfit” to reproduce. A link between intelligence and race, and the disproportionate effect of eugenics policies on women provided the setup for the coerced sterilization of women from southern and eastern Europe, black women, Native American women, Hispanic, and Latinx women. We move on to discuss the coercive practices that took place in the mid-20th century, namely in the 1960s and 1970s. Our presentation includes the involuntary sterilization of women of Mexican origin in the 1960s at the Los Angeles County Medical Center, and the sterilization of thousands of Native American women in the 1970s. We then present examples of coercive sterilization in the 21st century, including the sterilization female inmates in California state prisons without appropriate consent, and reports of hysterectomies performed on women in a Georgia immigration detention center without their knowledge or consent. Finally, we include a discussion on the continued control over the reproductive choices of some individuals. We discuss the creation of a standard sterilization consent and policy for patients with Medicaid, which were intended to protect women from coercive sterilization practices; in reality, these policies have become barriers to obtaining a desired method of permanent contraception for low-income and minority women. We also examine the barriers to reproductive health care individuals face when seeking care at Catholic-based institutions, which now account for 4 of the 10 largest health care systems in the United States. Understanding the social history of surgical sterilization in the United States is of paramount importance to provide a more complete review of the history of the procedure. As surgeons who perform tubal sterilizations, obstetrician-gynecologists have an obligation to acknowledge the historical physical and social harm associated with the procedure, and advocate for better policies and practices that preserve patients' reproductive dignity. (J GYNECOL SURG 37:465)

Prevalence and determinants of contraception use in Pakistan: trend analysis from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (PDHS) dataset from 1990 to 2018

Background: In developing countries, pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of death among women. In this context, family planning and access to contraceptives are crucial for reducing pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality. Therefore, we aimed to look into the trends of contraception and determinants of contraceptive use in Pakistan.Methods: This study used data for women of reproductive age from four Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys datasets. Contraception was the outcome variable, whereas, women’s and partner’s education, occupation, wealth quintile, region, place of residence, and exposure to family planning messages were the explanatory variables. Pooled prevalence was estimated using SUMARI and regression analysis was undertaken using SPSS to produce an adjusted prevalence ratio with 95% confidence intervals.Results: Data of 40,259 ever-married women of reproductive age (EMWRA) was analysed. Of the total EMWRA, 30% were using contraception. Of these, 26% were using traditional methods and 74% were using modern methods. The most common method of contraception was condoms (30.5%). The pooled prevalence of contraception used was 29.5% (95% CI 29.1 to 30.0). Through multivariate analysis, women's age, place of residence, region, wealth index, women’s education, their working status, and exposure to family planning messages were found to be significant determinants of contraception usage.Conclusions: There is a noticeable gap regarding awareness and uptake of contraception leading to low contraceptive use among women in Pakistan. In the light of our results, it is important to highlight the importance of girl’s education for building awareness and empowerment.

Prevalence and determinants of contraception use in Pakistan: trend analysis from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (PDHS) dataset from 1990 to 2018.

Background: In developing countries, pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of death among women. In this context, family planning and access to contraceptives are crucial for reducing pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality. Therefore, we aimed to look into the trends of contraception and determinants of contraceptive use in Pakistan. Methods: This study used data for women of reproductive age from four Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys datasets. Contraception was the outcome variable, whereas, women's and partner's education, occupation, wealth quintile, region, place of residence, and exposure to family planning messages were the explanatory variables. Pooled prevalence was estimated using SUMARI and regression analysis was undertaken using SPSS to produce an adjusted prevalence ratio with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Data of 40,259 ever-married women of reproductive age (EMWRA) was analysed. Of the total EMWRA, 30% were using contraception. Of these, 26% were using traditional methods and 74% were using modern methods. The most common method of contraception was condoms (30.5%). The pooled prevalence of contraception used was 29.5% (95% CI 29.1 to 30.0). Through multivariate analysis, women's age, place of residence, region, wealth index, women's education, their working status, and exposure to family planning messages were found to be significant determinants of contraception usage. Conclusions: There is a noticeable gap regarding awareness and uptake of contraception leading to low contraceptive use among women in Pakistan. In the light of our results, it is important to highlight the importance of girl's education for building awareness and empowerment.

Choice of temporary contraception based on client’s demographic status and parity

Aim: To analyse the demographic factors and parity in women influencing choice of contraceptive methods.
 Methods: This is a hospital record based retrospective study at Bhaktapur hospital, a tertiary hospital in a span of 6 months from October 2020 to March 2021. Data were collected from medical record and descriptive analysis was done.
 Results: There were 142 women taking contraceptive service in six months.Implant was the most commonly used method of contraception (48%), followed by the IUCD (26%), Injectable (16%) and OCP (10%). Age group of 20-39 had more acceptance of contraception as compared to adolescent and women above 40. More the parity more usage of long acting reversible contraception was found.
 Conclusion: The most common contraceptive method used among women was implant. Client having two or more children are more to receive long acting contraception.

FAMILY PLANNING KNOWLEDGE, PRACTICE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS CONTRACEPTION

Background: This paper presents the findings of a qualitative assessment aimed at exploring knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding family planning and factors that influence the need for and use of modern contraceptives. Educational interventions can help increase knowledge of available contraceptive methods, enabling individuals to make informed decisions and use contraception more effectively .This systematic review evaluated contraceptive education interventions to guide national recommendations on quality family planning services.
 Material and method: This descriptive study using Cross-sectional survey was carried among reproductive age group women of 15-45 year in sir t hospital bhavnagar.
 Results: This study shows most common contraceptive method used by patients is cupper –t (33.33%) followed by oc pills (19.16%), barrier method (15.83%), behavioral method (14.16%), and sterilization method (13.33)
 Least method used by patients is injectable DMPA (4.16%)

Effect of Contraceptive Methods on Female Sexual Function

Background: Female sexual function is the ability to achieve sexual arousal, lubrication, orgasm, and satisfaction, which results in a state of wellness and a life with good quality. Some women experience sexual dysfunction (SD), which is an important public health problem. Objective: To study the effect of commonly used contraceptive methods on female sexual function. Patients and methods: A cross sectional-controlled study on 314 female divided into two groups, study group of 164 females taking one of the common contraceptive methods and a control group of 150 females were not on any method. Each one answered the questions of the female sexual function index questionnaire (FSFI) and a female sexual dysfunction (FSD) was diagnosed when the FSFI total score was< 26.55. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between FSFI scores of the study group (28.40±5.92) with that of the control group (31.34±4.83) in each domain except pain. And a significant lower FSFI scores among depomedroxy progesterone acetate (DMPA) and progestin only pills (POP) subgroups in comparison to controls and other subgroups. However, no significant difference was found between FSFI scores of the combined oral contraceptive (COC) subgroup and control group in each domain except for satisfaction, also no difference was found between the intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) subgroup scores and control group in each domain. Moreover, large percent of impaired sexual function (40%, 16.9%) was in DMPA and POP group. 53% of good sexual function cases had not any contraception and 15% were on IUCD. Conclusion: Progestin only contraceptives were associated with impairment of FSF; the injectable was worse than the POP while neither IUDs users nor participants on combined oral pills (COP) suffered from impaired sexual function.

An overview of the psychological effects of common contraceptive methods on women

IntroductionThe psychological effects of using any method of contraception are not hidden from anyone but in different methods, they have different effects.ObjectivesWe aim to investigate the different psychological effects of common contraceptive methods in women.MethodsA search conducted by keywords “contraception”, “psychological effects” and “women” in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Clinical Key and Google Scholar search engine. Finally, data from 12 articles were used for this review study.ResultsThe positive and negative psychological effects were slightly different in consumers. The effect of OC and IUD and sterilization on sex life compared to condoms was reported to be positive and in menstrual experiences, OC consumers reported higher satisfaction than other methods, in particular, IUD. The regret in using sterilization was higher than in other methods. Psychopathological disorders and psychological disorders developed while using these methods should be differentiated. Negative psychological effects of women using contraceptive methods are often due to their mental background to a mother’s role and fertility and the conflict that exists in these methods with their mental image. Also, cooperation and understanding of spouses on the acceptance of these methods and their positive or negative impact has been reported to be very effective.ConclusionsBefore providing any method of contraception, it is recommended to provide comprehensive counseling on each method and follow up with women while consuming to reduce these symptoms and improving their effectiveness.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Common Methods of Contraception Used at Monkey Bay Community Hospital in Mangochi District, Malawi

To determine commonly used methods of contraception at Monkey Bay Community hospital, to compare different methods of contraception used by people of various age groups, parity, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Marital status, a clinical audit of family planning methods used by clients at Monkey Community hospital from January 2018 to June 2019 was done. Data was collected from the registers. A total number of 1734 clients reported at family planning clinic of Monkey-Bay Community Hospital between January 2018 and June 2019. All the clients were females. Most of these clients were in the age range of 15 - 34 years (83.33%). There were 1,486 (87%) HIV negative clients, 208 (12%) HIV positive clients and 24 (1%) had unknown HIV status. Most clients had a parity of 1 - 2 (905, 52.71%) followed by 3 - 4 (540, 31.45%) and 5 or plus (272, 15.84%). There were more married people (1641, 97.23%) than unmarried ones (46, 2.73%). There was only one person who was divorced (1, 0.05%). Education status was not recorded. The five commonly used contraceptive methods were: Intramuscular (IM) injectable Depo-IM (1366, 79.51%), Jadelle (122, 7.10%), Subcutaneous (SC) injectable Depo-SC (65, 3.78%), Combined Oral Contraceptives (COC) (60, 3.49%) and Implanon (40, 2.33%). None of the clients was used female condoms as a method of contraception. The contraceptive use was common between the age group of 15 - 24 (707, 44.92%) and 25 - 34 (709, 45%). Depo-IM was most used in age group 25 - 34 (44.5%) while Jadelle was mostly used by 15 - 24 years old (48%). 1181 clients (79.5%) of HIV negative clients used Depo-IM as the contraceptive method while 164 clients (78.8%) of HIV positive clients used Depo IM as a method of contraception. More HIV negative clients used Jadelle and COC as compared to HIV positive clients. The choice of a particular method of contraception was influenced by many factors. Parity, marital status, age as well as HIV status did have some association with the preferred method of contraception. Our study shows that there could be varied reason for women chose types of contraception in this part of Malawi. Interventions that aim to increase access to family planning methods, should consider exploring the reasons why clients use some methods more than the other for better planning of these services. Absence of male clients accessing vasectomy at the hospital raises concern and more studies will be needed to determine the reason why men do not come forward for family planning services at Monkey Community Hospital.