Common Contraceptive Method Research Articles

Migration of an intrauterine contraceptive device into the bladder complicated by stone formation an exceptional complication: case report and literature review

BackgroundWe report a rare and unusual case of intravesical migration of an intrauterine device with stone formation. The intrauterine device (IUD) is the most common method of reversible contraception in women. However, its insertion is not without risk, it can cause early or late complications. IUD can perforate the uterus wall and migrate into adjacent structures.Case presentationA 35 year-old female 5 gravid, 4 para has been benefited from intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) 5 years ago, she was presented to gynecological consultation for chronic pelvic pain with urinary symptoms. There was history of a good IUD insertion 5 years ago, considered expelled after one month of its pose. Physical examination was normal, but a pelvic ultrasound and a plain abdominal radiography allowed the detection of an IUD outside the uterine cavity, but inside bladder. A diagnostic and therapeutic cystoscopy was performed, and the IUD with calculus was successfully removed. There were no postoperative complications.ConclusionThis case is reported to highlight and to reiterate the need to think about one of the rare complication of IUD insertion, which every practitioner must know, it’s the transuterovesical migration, before concluding wrongly to its expulsion. It’s a consequence of, non-compliance with the rules for inserting an IUD and poor monitoring. The evolution towards calcification is a certain consequence; its screening involves rigorous clinical monitoring.

Acceptance of contraception in couples receiving contraceptive counselling in antenatal period.

Objective: To conduct research in order to determine the effect that antenatal counseling has on the use of contraception during the immediate postpartum period in the conservative society that exists in the rural areas surrounding Lahore, Pakistan. Study Design: Randomized Clinical Trial. Setting: Central Park Teaching Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Period: Jan, 2022 to April, 2022. Methods: A random selection was used to divide 400 antenatal patients who were at least 28 weeks along in their pregnancies into two groups. Patients who did not receive antenatal counseling regarding birth control options were included in Group X while patients who received antenatal counseling regarding the use of birth control were included in Group Y. A pre-designed proforma was completed following a written informed consent. Data was analyzed using SPSS 26. Results: Data was collected from 400 females (200 in each group) who visited CPTH. The mean age of the female participants was 27.26 + 4.78 years. Most of the participants lived in extended family systems. Nearly one third of the females was illiterate or has primary level of education. Approximately one-fourth of the females were graduated or above. After first pregnancy, 68% in group I and 86% in group II mentioned that they used contraceptive method, (p = 0.005, statistically significant). After second and fifth pregnancy, effect of counseling was affective and difference was statistically significant. The most common contraceptive method was barrier method followed by injection after first and second pregnancy. Conclusion: Antenatal contraceptive counseling proves to be a highly effective intervention in enhancing the acceptance and utilization of contraceptives within the conservative societies of Pakistan. Health care providers ought to undergo comprehensive training and exhibit unwavering motivation in order to effectively engage in antenatal contraceptive counseling.

Contraceptive use in the Gaza Strip: A systematic review

Background: Between 2017-2019, the average total fertility rate in Gaza was 3.9 births per woman, which is significantly higher than the average global total fertility rate at 2.4 births per woman in 2018. Reliable family planning methods allow women and men to avoid unintended pregnancies and reduce maternal mortality. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine what is known about contraceptive use in the Gaza Strip, including: 1) common contraceptive methods used, 2) access to contraceptive services, and 3) barriers impacting family planning services.Methods: The review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Articles published in the English language within the last 10 years (2013 to 2023) were screened from the following databases: CINAHL, PubMed, and Google Scholar.Results: Seven articles were included in the final analysis. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) was found to be the main family planning service provider in the Gaza Strip (61%). Intrauterine devices (35.4%) were found to be the main method of contraception. Factors identified that impact contraceptive use included: 1) access to contraceptives, 2) cultural beliefs, 3) demographic characteristics (e.g., occupation and education), and 4) healthcare provider (HCP) and system influence. The restriction of goods into the Gaza Strip continues to impact contraceptive accessibility. Educational interventions should focus on addressing contraceptive misconceptions among Gazan women and HCPs while giving special attention to cultural beliefs (e.g., desire for several children) and demographic characteristics, specifically relating to occupation and education status.Conclusion: Unintended pregnancies are preventable through the effective use of contraceptives. Future studies should prioritize interventions aimed at overcoming barriers to contraceptive use in the Gaza Strip, thereby promoting and safeguarding Gazan individuals' ability to exercise their reproductive health rights freely.

Using laparoscope to remove an ectopic intrauterine device in the anterior wall of urinary bladder: A case report

BACKGROUND An intrauterine device (IUD) is a contraceptive device placed in the uterine cavity and is a common contraceptive method for Chinese women. However, an IUD may cause complications due to placement time, intrauterine pressure and other factors. Ectopic IUDs are among the most serious complications. Ectopic IUDs are common in the myometrium and periuterine organs, and there are few reports of ectopic IUDs in the urinary bladder, especially in the anterior wall. CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old woman was hospitalized due to a urinary bladder foreign body found via abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) examination. The patient had a 2-year history of recurrent abdominal distension and lower abdominal pain, accompanied by frequent urination, urgency, dysuria and other discomfort. Ultrasound examination revealed foreign bodies in the bladder cavity, with calculus on the surface of the foreign bodies. CT revealed a circular foreign body on the anterior wall of the urinary bladder, suggesting the possibility of an ectopic IUD. After laparoscopic exploration, an annular IUD was found in the anterior wall of urinary bladder, and an oval calculus with a diameter of approximately 2 cm was attached to the surface of the bladder cavity. The IUD and calculus were successfully and completely removed. The patient recovered well after surgery. CONCLUSION Abdominal ultrasound and CT are effective methods for detecting ectopic IUDs. The IUD is located in the urinary bladder and requires early surgical treatment. The choice of surgical method is determined by comprehensively considering the depth of the IUD in the bladder muscle layer, the situation of complicated calculus, the situation of intravesical inflammation and medical technology and equipment.

Health care and contraceptive decision-making autonomy and use of female sterilisation among married women in Malawi.

Female sterilisation is the most common contraceptive method used globally. The use of female sterilisation is disproportionately low in sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) at just 1%. Nonetheless, the prevalence of sterilisation among married women in Malawi is quite high at about 11%. While a few recent studies in SSA have examined the relationship between women's decision-making autonomy and use of long-acting contraceptives, very few have investigated whether different dimensions of decision-making autonomy predict the use of female sterilisation differently. The objective of this study was therefore to examine the relationship between health care and contraceptive decision-making autonomy and the use of female sterilisation in Malawi. The study relied on secondary data from the 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey. The sample comprised 9,164 married women in Malawi that were using a modern contraceptive. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between health care and contraceptive decision-making autonomy and the use of female sterilisation, controlling for key socio-demographic characteristics. The study revealed that the percentage of married women that made health care and contraceptive decisions independently was quite low. The main finding of this study was that contraceptive decision-making autonomy increased the relative likelihood of using female sterilisation while health care autonomy was associated with a lower likelihood of being sterilized. The socio- demographic characteristics that significantly predicted the use of female sterilisation included age, place of residence, household wealth and the number of children a woman had. This study demonstrates that health care and contraceptive decision making have different effects on the use of female sterilisation among married women in Malawi. Specifically, women with autonomy in health care decision making had a relatively lower likelihood of using female sterilisation while those with contraceptive decision-making autonomy had a higher likelihood of using female sterilisation. This suggests that intervention aimed at increasing the uptake of female sterilisation in Malawi need to focus on empowering women in the contraceptive decision-making domain.

Adolescents’ Intention to Use Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Postpartum

Study ObjectiveMultiparous teens, compared to primiparous teens, are at increased risk for adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes. Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) is infrequently used among postpartum teens. This study identifies predictors of teens’ intentions to use LARC postpartum when it is widely available. MethodsColorado teens who were patients during their pregnancy in an adolescent-centered clinic where all common methods of contraception were easily accessible were surveyed in clinic during their third trimester and following delivery regarding life circumstances (relationships, stress, and family function) and intended method of postpartum contraception. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to examine predictors of intended postpartum contraceptive method: LARC, non-LARC effective (condoms, birth control pills, shot, patch, or ring), or low-effective method or no contraception (abstinence, no method, or undecided). Results1,203 patients were enrolled. Greater life stress was associated with greater likelihood of intending to use low-effective contraception versus LARC postpartum. Teens in a longer relationship with their baby's father (versus those never in a relationship with the baby's father) were less likely to intend to use low-effective contraception or non-LARC effective methods and more likely to intend to use LARC postpartum. ConclusionWhen structural barriers are minimized, non-clinical factors such as relationship context and life stress are most associated with postpartum LARC use intentions. Health care providers can help teen patients obtain the postpartum contraception the patients believe is best by employing developmentally appropriate, person-centered care that is sensitive to life stressors and relationship context.

Signs and symptoms: Adverse events associated with a sterilization device

Sterilization is now the most common contraceptive method used by women of in the U.S., and sterilization devices have played an important role in its increased popularity. This mixed methods study examines a random sample of 2500 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adverse event reports made between 2006 and 2017 about Essure, a sterilization device. Quantitative coding was used to examine patient problems; pain and bleeding were reported most frequently. Qualitative coding analyzed impacts of symptoms on patients' everyday lives and patients' healthcare experiences, including intimate relationships, mothering, and paid employment. Findings suggest that some patients struggled when their reported “subjective” symptoms didn't result in “objective” clinical signs of problems, and when physicians dismissed or deflected their concerns in diagnostic encounters. This paper raises important issues regarding the symptoms patients associated with Essure, the diagnosis of device-driven disease and injury, and the FDA's regulation of medical devices.

Indiana Contraceptive Use Metrics through PATH4YOU Program: Initial Review

Objective—PATH4YOU is Indiana’s first state-wide contraceptive access project and provides contraceptive access via in-person and telehealth visits using a reproductive justice framework. Our objective was to evaluate outcomes of the PATH4YOU program to determine the distribution of contraceptive access among people in Indiana.
 Study Design—We analyzed programmatic data of reproductive-age people who received care in the PATH4YOU program from September 2021 to June 2023. All participants received pregnancy intention screening, comprehensive contraceptive counseling and decision support, and no-cost contraceptive method access, including long-acting reversible contraception (LARC). We evaluated age, location (county), primary method of contraception received, partner site visited, and in-person vs telehealth visit type using descriptive statistics. Geographical mapping analysis was used to determine areas of Indiana most impacted by the PATH4YOU program.
 Results—Between September 2021 and June 2023, 1,024 people received care at 1,231 visits through the PATH4YOU program. The average age of participants was 27.6 years old. A significant (49.3%) proportion of the participants live in Marion County. The most common primary methods of contraception were the implant (25.8%), contraceptive pills (20.5%), and intrauterine devices (16.0%). The most visited partner sites included People’s Health Center in Indianapolis (24.8%) and via telehealth (22.5%). Most people received contraceptive access in one in-person (66.0%) or telehealth (17.9%) visit.
 Conclusion—The PATH4YOU state-wide contraceptive access project provided a range of contraceptive methods via both in-person and telehealth visits to a wide reach of people across multiple counties in Indiana.
 Implications—The unique PATH4YOU model of care using both in-person and telehealth visits is a novel way to increase contraceptive access throughout a state with highly variable access to traditional in-person contraceptive care. Further research is necessary to evaluate direct impacts of the program on minoritized and traditionally excluded populations to evaluate long-term outcomes like maternal mortality.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Contraception Methods among Nursing and Paramedical Staff of Tertiary Care Hospital of Sabarkantha District, Gujarat

Background: Population control contribute towards social and economic growth to the country. Contraceptionis regarded as an important measure to improve maternal and child health. Hospital staff is major contributortowards proving correct information related to contraceptive use among community. This study aimed to assessthe knowledge, attitude, and practice of contraception among nursing and paramedical staff of our hospital.Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 350 nursing and para medical staff were interviewed relatedto their knowledge, attitude and practices pertaining to family planning. A written pre-designed, structuredquestionnaire was used for data collection which included questions on socio-demographic details and Study toolcontained three sections comprising of a total of 20 Questions (Knowledge: 8, Attitude: 7, Practice: 5). MicrosoftExcell was used for data entry and analysis.Results: Most of the participants (96.29%) were having the knowledge related to contraceptive methods. 78% ofparticipants had favourable attitude towards contraception and 74.29% participants were using any method ofcontraception for family planning. Common methods of contraception were condoms and OC pills.Conclusion: Knowledge regarding family planning is universal among hospital staff but still there is gap infavourable attitude and contraceptive use.

Determinants of Contraceptive Options among Postpartum Women Attending Selected Health Care Facilities in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Differences in availability and choices of contraceptive methods among postpartum women have been found to influence their quality of life as the fertility rate is very high, and the contraceptive usage rate persistently remains low in Nigeria. This study assessed the determinants of contraceptive options among postpartum women in Nigeria. Two Local Governments were randomly selected from the four Local Governments. Within these two local governments, five health facilities were selected. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the 240 respondents, while a structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Findings from the study indicated that 81.7% of the respondents have planned to have their current baby, and about 65.4% of the women have resumed sexual activities since delivery. Of those who have resumed sexual activities, the majority, 91.1% did so 6 weeks after delivery. Some form of contraceptive usage was prominent among 59.2% of the respondents, as the most common contraceptive method used was withdrawal (24.8%). Contraceptive prevalence was slightly lower for urban respondents than rural respondents, although the relationship was not significant. Also, there was a statistically significant relationship between the current use of contraceptives and resumption of sexual activities since delivery (p = .001), resumption of menstruation (p = .001), and information received about postpartum family planning (p = 0.013). Findings from this study emphasize the urgent need for enhanced accessibility and availability of contraceptive methods, with a parallel emphasis on targeted interventions and effective communication strategies to promote contraceptive uptake and family planning. Addressing these determinants is vital in improving postpartum women's overall quality of life in the study area.

The impacts of family planning and HIV service integration on contraceptive prevalence among HIV positive women in Tanzania: a comparative analysis from the 2016/17 Tanzania HIV impact survey

BackgroundPrevention of unplanned pregnancies through modern contraceptives among HIV-positive women is one of the essential strategies for reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Family planning and HIV services integration is a national strategy designed to scale-up modern contraceptives among HIV-positive women. This study aims to evaluate the success of a service integration strategy by comparing the prevalence of modern contraceptive use among HIV-positive women receiving ART within integrated services and those not on integrated services (HIV-negative women and HIV-positive women unaware of their status).MethodsWe used data from the Tanzania HIV impact survey (THIS) of 2016/17. THIS provided HIV counselling and testing with a return of results in over 30,000 adults over 15 years of age. Women tested positive self reported their enrollment into ARV with further confirmation through laboratory analysis for any detectible ARV in their blood. All non-pregnant women reported their contraceptive use. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the effect of accessing integrated services controlling for potential confounders.ResultsA total of 14,986 women were included in the analysis; HIV-positive women were 1,066 and HIV-negative women were 13,830. Modern contraceptive use prevalence was 35% among HIV-positive women and 30% among HIV-negative women. Among HIV-positive women, those enrolled in integrated services (ART) had a higher prevalence of modern contraceptive (40%) compared to HIV-positive women unaware of their status (27%, p-value = 0.0014). The most common contraceptive methods in HIV-positive women were injectables (32%) and male condoms (31%), while in HIV-negative women, injectables (39%) and implants (30%, n = 1032) were the most preferred methods. Among HIV-positive women, enrolment into integrated services (currently on ART) demonstrated an increase in the odds of modern contraceptives by 85% (AOD = 1.85, 95%CI: 1.27–2.71).ConclusionThis study found relatively low modern contraceptive use among HIV-positive women in the general population despite the existance of service integration program and guidelines to guide its implementation.Our study therefore calls for the evaluation on the implementation of the integration programme to identify factors that constrain or facilitate programme effectiveness.

Migrated intrauterine device: Case series report

Introduction and importanceImplantation of an intrauterine device (IUD) is a common method of contraception in Saudi Arabia. Although rare, IUD migration and colon perforation have been reported. The current report presented three cases of IUD migration into the colon and recto-uterine pouch. Methods and outcomesThe study included a series of three cases of migrated IUDs. The first case was a 25-year-old female, Gravida 2, Para 2 + 0, at 28 week-gestation, who presented with abdominal pain with a history of IUD placement that had not been removed or imaged before. The patient submitted to the caesarian section (CS), where IUD was found in the sigmoid colon. Elective laparoscopic removal of IUD with resection and primary repair of sigmoid colon was done later. The second case was a 37-year-old female, Gravida 1, Para 1 + 0, non-pregnant hypothyroidism, and a history of IUD placement. The patient got pregnant and gave birth through CS. She was then presented with abdominal pain and requested the removal of the IUD. On colonoscopy, IUD was seen in the pouch of Douglas with no evidence of a fistulous tract. IUD was removed through laparoscopy. The third case was a 47-year-old female, Gravida 14, Para 14 + 0, with a history of previous CS presented with a missing IUD that had been inserted 20 years ago after she had five pregnancies and subsequent deliveries. On colonoscopy, IUD was embedded on the wall of the transverse colon, and through abdominal surgery, IUD was removed by cutting through the colon and primary repair was done. Clinical discussionthe presentation of IUD migration cases was foundto vary according to the site of migration and type of IUD.however the cases are usually present with abdominal pain. An abdominal pelvic imaging with CT in these patients are essential in diagnosis.Retrival of migrating IUDs may be done through colonoscopy, laparoscopy, and in some cases with adhesion laparotomy is the solution. ConclusionAbdominal and pelvic CT scan are very important in the diagnosis and the localization of IUD. Elective colonoscopy and laparoscopy are successful management approaches for these cases.

Knowledge and preventive practice on Sexually Transmitted Infections among first year students in Nursing Colleges of Bhutan

Introduction: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are increasing globally and became the public health concerns particularly in adolescents. The adolescents are prone to get STI’s due to involvements of unhealthy behavior. However, adolescents having deficiency in identifying the signs and symptoms of STIs, could lead to complications such as infertility, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID). No studies have been conducted among nursing students regarding knowledge and preventive practice on STI. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining the information about nursing college students’ knowledge and preventive practice on STIs. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among first-year nursing students among four nursing colleges of Bhutan. Purposive sampling was used. Self-administrative questionnaire including information on demographic characteristics, knowledge and preventive practice on STI was given. Results: A total of 372 first year students from four nursing colleges in the age group of 18-22 years, participated in this study with 100% response rate. The mean age was 20.08 (±SD-1.83) years. Teacher (62.26%) was the main source of information on STI prevention. Majority of students (83%) knew that the most common methods of contraception (barrier) was condom. Half of the students (50.27%) had fair/intermediate level of knowledge, while less than 35% of the students had poor level of knowledge. Conclusions: Students knowledge level on STI was fair and found that condom was known as an effective barrier contraception.

Trends in female sterilisations in New South Wales, 2010-2019.

Female sterilisation remains a common contraceptive method in many countries. The aim is to analyse the recent changes in the incidence of female sterilisation in New South Wales (NSW). Data were obtained from the NSW Admitted Patients Data Collection for all female patients who had undergone one of the five sterilisation procedures in a public or private hospitals in NSW during 2010 and 2019. Denominators for calculating sterilisation rates were estimated using census and other population data. The number of sterilisation cases dropped from 3407 in 2010 to 2561 in 2019, and the sterilisation rate declined from 22.6 per 10 000 females aged 20-49 in 2010 to 15.4 in 2019. Incidence was at its peak in the 35-39 age group in both years. Indigenous females had higher sterilisation rates than non-Indigenous females born in Australia or overseas. While some foreign-born females had higher sterilisation rates than for those who were in Australia or overseas on average their rates were lower than those who were born in Australia or overseas. There was a clear socio-economic gradient such that females living in the most disadvantaged areas had much higher sterilisation rates than those living in the least disadvantaged areas. The Indigenous, ethnic and socio-economic differences in sterilisation rates persisted in both years of this study. Although fertility rates in NSW changed little over the 10-year interval a steady decline in sterilisation occurred, consistent with other forms of contraception (particularly long-acting reversible types) increasing concurrently in popularity.

Birth Control and Pregnancy Management Among Women Living with HIV

Objective: This study aimed to determine the birth control methods preferred by women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) followed by our clinic and to review their pregnancy management strategies. Methods: The medical records of HIV-infected women followed by our clinic between 1999 and 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. The following parameters were recorded from medical files: Demographic characteristics, birth control methods used and the duration of usage, conception methods in those who became pregnant after being infected with HIV, whether the pregnancy was planned or not, the antiretroviral treatments used before pregnancy and whether treatment was modified during pregnancy, HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts before delivery, type of delivery, prophylaxis given to the baby and the mother and its duration, and HIV serological status of the babies. Results: Out of 80 women actively followed by our clinic, 75 (93.7%) with available data were included in the study. The mean age of the cases was 43.5 +/- 11.4 (min=18-max=68). The number of cases using any birth control method was 51 (68%). The most common contraceptive method was a condom used by their partners (n=31, 60.7%). Thirty-six pregnancies developed in 25/60 (41.6%) sexually active cases not in the menopausal period and 33 babies were born. One baby was infected with HIV. Conclusion: Contraception methods in sexually active HIV-infected women should be chosen upon discussion between the healthcare provider and the patient. Close monitoring and standard care during pregnancy are critical for the long-term prognosis of both the mother and the baby.

Reproductive health of Syrian refugee women in Lebanon: a descriptive analysis of the Sijilli electronic health records database

BackgroundThe Syrian conflict has been responsible for the highest exodus of refugees, with Lebanon hosting the greatest number of refugees per capita, which placed a significant strain on an already overburdened healthcare system. Women are the most vulnerable group in times of conflict and displacement, with sexual and reproductive health and rights often neglected. This study focuses on the obstetric characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of Syrian Refugee (SR) women in Lebanon, in Comparison to their pre-displacement data.MethodsThis study is a secondary analysis of de-identified data from the Sijilli database. The data reported and analyzed were the refugees’ socio-demographics, obstetric history, pregnancy outcomes, experienced maternal and neonatal complications, breastfeeding history and duration, and contraception use and types. Data were reported in both frequencies and means/medians. Chi-square test, t-test, and ANOVA tests were used to compare pregnancies in Syria to those that happened in Lebanon.ResultsA total of 1065 female records were included in this study, with 634 ever-pregnant women and the total number of pregnancies being 3272. SR women were shown to get pregnant in Lebanon at a younger age compared to cases in Syria. The number of gravidities is equal in women who got pregnant in Syria and those who moved later to Lebanon. The mean spacing between pregnancies has decreased comparing SR women who got pregnant in Syria only versus those who got pregnant in Lebanon only. Among the mixed group, the mean spacing between pregnancies as well as the prevalence of spontaneous abortions significantly increased after displacing to Lebanon. C-section rate was higher among SR women after moving to Lebanon. Also, maternal complications and not breastfeeding have increased after moving to Lebanon. A prior pregnancy was significantly associated with higher contraception use rate. The most common methods of contraception were oral contraceptive pills and intra-uterine devices.ConclusionThe C-section deliveries, spontaneous abortions and maternal complications have all increased among SR women after being displaced to Lebanon. While the age at first pregnancy, mean spacing between their pregnancies and breastfeeding rates have decreased after moving to Lebanon. SR women are less likely to use contraceptives after their displacement. It is necessary to address access to reproductive healthcare and antenatal care delivery among displaced refugee women living in informal tented settlements.

The Association of Family Planning Methods With the Odds of Divorce Among Women in the 2015–2019 National Survey of Family Growth

ABSTRACT We sought to determine the influence of the most common methods of contraception and natural methods of family planning (NFP) on the odds of divorce among women of reproductive age. The influence of use of family planning methods and other factors on risk of divorce was examined in 5,403 ever-married women from the National Survey of Family Growth (2015–2019). Chi-square and relative risk odds ratios (ORs) of divorce were calculated for the family planning predictor variables (ever-use vs. never-use). Logistic regression analysis examined the influence of family planning methods relative to other known influencers of divorce (income, education level, etc.). Chi-square analysis revealed significant (p < .01–p < .001) ORs for ever-use of the hormonal pill (OR = 1.54), female and male sterilization (ORs = 1.78 and 2.02, respectively), male condoms (OR = 1.67), and natural methods of family planning (OR = 0.66, 0.53). Logistic regression indicated ever-use of contraception was associated with increased odds of divorce, from 30% to 200%, whereas ever-use of NFP was associated with 31% lower odds. Poverty level and education levels did not meaningfully influence divorce odds. In conclusion, ever-married women who have ever used NFP have lower odds of divorce, whereas those who have ever used most the common contraceptives have higher odds of divorce. Further research is needed to understand how and why choices in family planning affect stability of marriage.

COVID-19 pandemisi nedeniyle karantina Türk kadınlarının cinsel yaşamını nasıl etkiledi? Kesitsel bir anket çalışması

How did lock-down due to COVID-19 pandemia effect sexual life of Turkish women? A cross sectional survey study OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sexual behavior of women after the lockdown that was implemented for three months during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL and METHODS: This observational study was conducted between July-August 2020. Participants received an informed voluntary consent form and questionnaire via email, as well as via Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, and WhatsApp social media platforms on the Internet. Demographic characteristics of the participants were recorded. Whether the participants wanted to have a child during the pandemic, the birth control method they used, and the frequency of sexual intercourse (increase/decrease) during lock-in were evaluated, and sexual function was examined with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). RESULTS: A total of 1055 patients were included in the study. Patients’ mean age was 30.2±4.3 years (20–45 years). Most were married (n=1037, 98.3%). The percentage of those who wanted to have children during the pandemic was 26.6%(n=281). More than half did not use any contraceptive (52.3%, n=552). The most common method of contraception was condom use (n=370). The mean FSFI total score was 23.79±7.81(2–34.90). Statistically, sexual dysfunction was rather found to be the participants who were older than 30 years (p=0.003), who had high school and lower educational background (p=0.004), and those reporting that the frequency of sexual intercourse in the pandemic has decreased (p&lt;0.001). CONCLUSION: We observed a reduction in the frequency of sexual intercourse of women and their sexual function has been affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. This impact has been determined to depend on age, level of educational background, sharing the same house with the partner, and frequency of sexual intercourse. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, female sexual function, age, education, sexual attitude

Reasons Associated With Common Contraceptive Methods Used among Women in Qaladze District

Back groundFamily planning is the deliberate use of contraception to arrange a couple&amp;#39;s desiredchildbearing plan and number, family planning is the practice of using contraceptives to avoidunplanned pregnancies, have fewer children, and spacing out childbirths.AimTo assess reasons associated with common family planning methods used among women inQaladze district.Material and methodA cross-sectional study was conducted on 180 women of reproductive age 15-49 years old,who were attending in two private gynecology and obstetrical clinics and Qaladze generalteaching hospital in Qaladze district. Data collection started on 1 st of June, 2022 and ended in 1 st ,August, 2022.a non-probability purposive sampling used to recruit 180 women who were livingin Qaladze district and its surroundings. Special questionnaire constructed for proper datacollection based on extensive review of related literature and studies. For data processing andstatistical analysis, the statistical program for social science (SPSS, Version 25) was used. Thispackage featured descriptive statistical analysis, such as frequency and percentage to characterizethe essential characteristics of the data, as well as figures.ResultsThe mean age of the respondents was (34 ±6.842), most of the respondents (31.1%) fall in theage bracket of (31-36) years, regarding women’s occupational status. Most proportion of therespondents were house wife (73.9%, n=133). In the matter of women’s literacy most of the studysamples were illiterate (14.4%n=35) at the same time smallest group of them were at the postgraduate level (2.2%, n=4). With regards to the residential area of the study participants a largenumber of them were came from urban residents (78.9%, n=142) on the other side, the lowest partof the enrolled samples were rural residents (6.1%, n=11). Concerning to the type of families ofthe recruited women in the study mostly were nuclear parents (80.6%, n=145) whereas smallproportion of the participants were live with their in-laws (19.4%, n=35).Regarding the reasonsfor using the current method of contraception, most common reason for choosing was healthinessand safety (55.6%, n=100) least common chosen reason for using contraceptive methods wasbecause it is cheap (22.2%, n=40).concerning to the common contraceptive method used inQaladze district ,the majority were use coitous interruptus(51.7%), on the contrary injectablecontraceptive and lactational amenorrhea method not used at all.ConclusionMore than half of them in Qaladze chose healthiness and safety as a reason for using theircurrent contraceptive method, while easiness in using a contraceptive method was the secondmost chosen reason for using their method, common contraceptive method used in the area wascoitous interruptus which holds more than half of the participants, following by condom users,least methods used by them were lactational amenorrhea and injectable contraceptives&#x0D; Key word: Family planning (FP), Contraceptives, common method, reproduction.

CASE SERIES: HUMAN ERRORS AND TUBECTOMY FAILURE- REPORT OF FIVE CASES

Female sterilization is the most common permanent method of contraception in India. Most of those procedures are performed in various levels of public health facilities. Tubectomy failures due to spontaneous tubo-pertineal stula formation and recanalization is known in the literature. The human errors are also reported. However, the nature and frequency of human errors leading to failure are addressed in very few reports. This case series addressed the issues of preventable human errors, which helps physicians to revisit the procedure to prevent litigations.