Common Classifications Research Articles

Myocardial morphology in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the current state of the problem

The objective. Based on the modern sources of scientific data to analyze the morphological features of the myocardium in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The paper presents a literature review on current views on the features of structural remodeling of the left ventricular myocardium in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, as well as the most common classifications of this pathology. The emphasis is made on the problem of the interrelation of myocardial disarray and fibrosis. The “small vessel disease” is an important pathogenetic link in the development of heart failure, which enhances the relation between disorder of myocardial histoarchitectonics and progressive cardiac ischemia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Conclusions. Notwithstanding the numerous research data on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, no consensus among the authors regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy exists to date. Controversial data on the interrelation and sequence of disarray, myocardial hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, changes in the microvasculature and structural changes of the mitral valve in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hamper the search for adequate etiotropic treatment. Polymorphism of clinical and morphological manifestations of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy requires collaborative efforts to study the disease by cardiologists and pathologists.

How well do we reduce ankle fractures intra-operatively: A retrospective 1 year review using Pettrone’s criteria

IntroductionAnkle ORIF is a common orthopaedic procedure. Assessment of the reduction is often performed by ‘eyeballing’ the intra-operative images. AimsThis study aimed to assess the radiographic reduction of all ankle fracture ORIFs at COCH over a 1-year period using Pettrone’s criteria MethodUsing the trauma database at the COCH all patients admitted for ankle ORIF over a 1 year period (n = 284) were identified. Each patient was retrospectively reviewed, duplicates or non-ankle fractures excluded and data collected on: patient demographics, Lauge-Hansen classification, time from injury to theatre, level of primary surgeon, type of fixation, reduction of medial, lateral or posterior malleolar reduction, syndesmosis reduction, date and satisfaction at last clinic appointment and complications. ResultsAfter exclusions 187 patients were included in the study. The average age of patients was 49 years old (14–93). The most common Lauge-Hansen fracture classifications were SER (51.6% (98)) and PER (29.9% (57)). Registrars were first surgeon in 49.7% (93) of cases. 80% (111 of 139) of medial malleoli were reduced, 90% of lateral malleoli were reduced 11% (21) had residual talar shift. The syndesmosis was reduced in 76.4% (143) of cases. 19% (36) had further operations. There were 35 major complications in 25 (13.4%) patients. Not all malposition of fracture fixation were in the same ankles, 34.2% (64) ankle ORIFs had residual deformity after being fixed. ConclusionThe implications of this study are very important. The authors aim to raise awareness of Pettrone’s radiographic criteria of a successful ORIF of the ankle and subsequently improve the mal-reduction rate of post-fixation ankle ORIF.

Higher Mortality in Men Compared with Women following Distal Radius Fracture in Population Aged 50 Years or Above: Are Common Distal Radius Fracture Classifications Useful in Predicting Mortality?

Introduction Distal radius fractures (DRF) are one of the most common fractures with growing incidence in developed countries and are a reliable predictor of another osteoporotic fracture. Data concerning DRF mortality are conflicting and vague. Usefulness of common DRF classification systems in predicting mortality is unexplored. Methods We identified all patients hospitalized between January 1st 2008 and May 30th 2015 with isolated distal radius fracture, aged 50 y/o or above, in a 1st level trauma center in Poland. Fractures were evaluated according to AO, Frykman, and Fernandez classifications. Mortality ratios and long-term survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier estimator and log-rank tests with univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model were used. Results We enrolled 1308 consecutive patients. The average age of the entire cohort was 72.5 ± 12 years. The study group consisted of 256 men (19.6%) with mean age 66 ± 12 y/o and 1052 women (80.4%) with mean age 74 ± 12 y/o. Men were statistically younger at the time of the fracture than women (p<0.0001). After 1-year follow-up the overall study group mortality ratio was 4.5%, being 2.2-fold higher in men compared to women. In long-term survival analysis, excess men mortality remained significant. Factors associated with higher mortality at any point of the study were age (HR: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.07-1.10, p<0.000001), male sex (HR: 1.92, 95%CI: 1.34-2.77; p<0.001), AO type A (HR: 1.64 95%CI 1.19-2.25, p<0.01), and Frykman type I (HR: 2.12 95%CI: 1.36-3.29, p<0.001). Conclusion Distal radius fractures are connected with premature mortality. Men have higher mortality compared with women following distal radius fracture in population aged 50 years or above. Simple extra articular fractures classified as AO type A or Frykman type I may be predictors of higher mortality in DRF cohort.

Clinical and histopathological prognostic factors affecting the renal outcomes in childhood ANCA-associated vasculitis.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) are very rare in childhood with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. We aimed to evaluate renal prognostic factors in childhood AAV from the perspective of ANCA serotype, histopathological classification, and five-factor score (FFS). Pediatric AAV patients from 11 referral centers in Turkey had been included to the study. The demographics, clinical findings, AAV subtypes, outcomes, and FFS were evaluated retrospectively. Kidney biopsies were classified histopathologically. Totally, 39 patients were enrolled in the study. Among all patients, 74.4% had renal involvement, 56.4% ear-throat-nose involvement, and 51.3% had musculoskeletal involvement. Proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA was positive in 48.7%, and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA was positive in 30.8%. 69.2% of patients had impaired renal function, and 28.2% had progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) during the follow-up. At the time of diagnosis, FFS was ≥ 2 in 53.8%. The most common histopathologic classifications were as follows: crescentic type in 40.7% and sclerotic type in 25.9%. Gastrointestinal and renal involvement, MPO-ANCA positivity, serum creatinine levels, and impaired renal function during the follow-up were significantly higher in patients with FFS ≥ 2, compared to patients with FFS < 2. Patients with FFS ≥ 2 had more common crescentic, mixed and sclerotic histopathologic findings in biopsies. By logistic regression analysis forward method, the strongest single-risk factor among all the parameters was the initial level of creatinine in patients with ESRD, compared to the other patients (p = 0,007). Evaluation of the FFS, ANCA serology, and the creatinine levels may help to predict renal prognosis.

The creation of the Flemish research discipline list, an important step forward in harmonising research information (systems)

In 2011, Peters et al. [1] wrote a report on the administrative simplification of research reporting in Flanders. Next to the description of several data flows that could be harmonised, validated and merged into CRIS systems, the report also contained important recommendations on the use of common standards and classifications that could lead to more efficient and qualitative research information (systems) and thus more efficient research reporting. As such, in Flanders several classifications are used in research reporting. In the context of reporting on research output and expertise, data is clustered based on research disciplines. Currently, a variety of research discipline classification lists are utilised in Flanders, each depending on the authority to whom a researcher is obliged to report. Because the existence of several research discipline lists for a region as small as Flanders is redundant and inefficient, one of the most important recommendations of the report by Peters et al. [1] was the creation of a single research discipline code list that could be used to tag information inside CRIS systems for reporting, dissemination and visualisation purposes. The uniform definition and management of the semantics of this research discipline code list for all research actors in Flanders could have an immediate impact on the accuracy of reporting and the policy pursued on the basis thereof. In addition, such managed classification systems can be used in dynamic research information systems that drastically reduce the administrative burden of the research population, which automatically entails an important investment in research and innovation.

AGN photoionization of gas in companion galaxies as a probe of AGN radiation in time and direction

We consider AGN photoionization of gas in companion galaxies (cross-ionization) as a way to sample the intensity of AGN radiation in both direction and time, independent of the gas properties of the AGN host galaxies. From an initial set of 212 AGN+companion systems, identified with the help of Galaxy Zoo participants, we obtained long-slit optical spectra of 32 pairs which were a priori likely to show cross-ionization based on projected separation or angular extent of the companion. From emission-line ratios, 10 of these systems are candidates for cross-ionization, roughly the fraction expected if most AGN have ionization cones with 70-degree opening angles. Among these, Was 49 remains the strongest nearby candidate. NGC 5278/9 and UGC 6081 are dual-AGN systems with tidal debris, complicating identification of cross-ionization. The two weak AGN in the NGC 5278/9 system ionize gas filaments to a projected radius 14 kpc from each galaxy. In UGC 6081, an irregular high-ionization emission region encompasses both AGN, extending more than 15 kpc from each. The observed AGN companion galaxies with and without signs of external AGN photoionization have similar distributions in estimated incident AGN flux, suggesting that geometry of escaping radiation or long-term variability control this facet of the AGN environment. This parallels conclusions for luminous QSOs based on the proximity effect among Lyman-alpha absorbers. In some galaxies, mismatch between spectroscopic classifications in the common BPT diagram and the intensity of weaker He II and [Ne V] emission lines highlights the limits of common classifications in low-metallicity environments.

Evidence based classification/staging system for Obstetric Fistula: Planning and preliminary intervention in Nigeria

Aims: To review the classification systems of obstetric fistula (OF). &#x0D; Methods: A two-day stakeholders’ meeting in Nigeria involving fistula surgeons, nurses, anesthetists, trainee, fistula desk officers at the federal and state government levels and other stakeholders was facilitated by Engender health. The meeting involved presentation of common classifications of obstetric fistula, critical analysis of each classification, group and plenary discussions. Presentation involved a critical analysis of classification parameters, strength and weakness. Three working groups designed classification criteria, prognostic scoring and suggested level of surgical skills needed to manage the patient. Outcome of each group work was presented and discussed in plenary. Each of the classification scenarios were modified by consensus and ratified at subsequent follow up meeting.&#x0D; Results: Three new classification systems of the OF were developed, and from these, a consensus classification was also developed in plenary. The initial three classifications developed from group work were similar to each other. Each classification considered size, location, previous repair, scaring, associated morbidity involvement of closing mechanism of the bladder neck, degree of urethral involvement and presence of transection of bladder neck (circumferential defect). The consensus classification, that was adopted, considered classification and prognostic scoring system. The four classification systems will be field tested to generate evidence for reliability and reproducibility.&#x0D; Conclusions: We believe a new classification system of obstetric fistula that will provide robust information to the managing team and patient is long overdue. This modest idea is a wake-up call for practitioners to design appropriate tool that is back up with reproducible evidence.

Reducing risk through crop diversification: An application of portfolio theory to diversified horticultural systems

In agricultural sciences, it is frequently stated that diversified systems are more likely to cope with risks, but rarely demonstrated in a quantitative way. On the theoretical perspective, risk reduction based on asset diversification is a well studied mechanism in economics that has been formalized in the Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). In this paper, we thus explore the opportunities for application of MPT to quantify the benefits of diversification for risk reduction in a context of highly diversified horticultural systems. Our analysis relies on a model of the effect of crop diversification on risk and expected yield. It is based on a dataset obtained from a range of 44 species and over a period of 10 years. Results show that (i) the variability of expected crop yield can be reduced up to 77% by choosing the appropriate crop combination; (ii) most common crop classifications such as botanical classification or functional types do not make it possible to identify suitable diversification strategies. These results provide insight into how different horticultural crop combinations may shape the relationship between production and risk in diversified farming systems. Our findings also provide indications on new diversification strategies based on a quantification of risk reduction.

Computational discovery of direct associations between GO terms and protein domains

BackgroundFamilies of related proteins and their different functions may be described systematically using common classifications and ontologies such as Pfam and GO (Gene Ontology), for example. However, many proteins consist of multiple domains, and each domain, or some combination of domains, can be responsible for a particular molecular function. Therefore, identifying which domains should be associated with a specific function is a non-trivial task.ResultsWe describe a general approach for the computational discovery of associations between different sets of annotations by formalising the problem as a bipartite graph enrichment problem in the setting of a tripartite graph. We call this approach “CODAC” (for COmputational Discovery of Direct Associations using Common Neighbours). As one application of this approach, we describe “GODomainMiner” for associating GO terms with protein domains. We used GODomainMiner to predict GO-domain associations between each of the 3 GO ontology namespaces (MF, BP, and CC) and the Pfam, CATH, and SCOP domain classifications. Overall, GODomainMiner yields average enrichments of 15-, 41- and 25-fold GO-domain associations compared to the existing GO annotations in these 3 domain classifications, respectively.ConclusionsThese associations could potentially be used to annotate many of the protein chains in the Protein Databank and protein sequences in UniProt whose domain composition is known but which currently lack GO annotation.

Image Predictors of Treatment Outcome after Thoracic Aortic Dissection Repair.

Treatment of thoracic aortic dissection remains highly challenging and is rapidly evolving. Common classifications of thoracic aortic dissection include the Stanford classification (types A and B) and the DeBakey classification (types I to III), as well as a new supplementary classification geared toward endovascular decision making. By using various imaging techniques, the extent of the dissection, the location of the primary intimal tear, the shape of the aortic arch, and the zonal involvement of the aortic arch-factors that affect the treatment strategy-can easily be identified. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is generally performed in two groups of patients: (a) those with a surgically repaired type A dissection, and (b) those with a complicated type B dissection. Several imaging findings can help predict the course of remodeling of the dissected aorta after a repaired type A dissection and TEVAR. A spectrum of imaging findings exist with regard to favorable (positive) or failing (negative) remodeling. A schematic model with imaging support allows the classification of important causes of failing remodeling into proximal and distal groups, on the basis of the origin of the refilling of the false lumen and the underlying pathophysiology of pressurization. Refilling of the false lumen of the aorta after repair of a type A dissection is usually secondary to a persistent intimal tear at the aortic arch, a leak of the distal graft anastomosis, or refilling from the false lumen of a dissected aortic arch vessel. After TEVAR, false lumen refilling is most commonly due to an incomplete seal of the proximal landing related to the aortic tortuosity, an arch branch stump, a supra-arch chimney stent, or the TEVAR technique. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2018.

Investigating the geomorphic characteristics of an Amazonian headwater stream draining a páramo ecosystem

ABSTRACTPáramos are neotropical alpine grasslands located in the northern Andes of South America. Although they cover important headwater regions, little is known about the hydro-geomorphic characteristics of páramo river systems, which are increasingly being impacted by human use and climate change. The objective of this research is to characterize the geomorphology of the Ningar River, Ecuador, an Amazonian headwater river that drains a 22.7 km2 páramo sub-basin, by (1) classifying the geomorphology based on common geomorphic classifications, (2) deriving downstream hydraulic geometry relationships, and (3) performing a global comparison with mountain river systems. Common geomorphic field surveying techniques were used to acquire the necessary data. Results suggest that the Ningar River has similar form-function characteristics as other known mountain headwater streams and corresponds to commonly known stream classification systems, but displays more of an alluvial character than might be expected for montane headwater streams as a result of a convexity in the stream’s longitudinal profile. Additionally, preliminary analyses suggest that other páramo headwater streams may exhibit similar characteristics; thus, the findings of this research are important for future management and protection of these valuable headwater ecosystems.

Research Progress of Raman Spectroscopy in Drug Analysis.

Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic analysis technique that enables rapid qualitative and quantitative detection based on inelastic collision and Raman scattering intensity. This review detailed the generation principle, instrument composition, influencing factors, and common classifications of Raman spectrum. Furthermore, it summarized and forecast the research progress of Raman spectroscopy in the field of drug analysis simultaneously over the past decade, including the identification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), qualitative and quantitative studies of pharmaceutical preparations, detection of illicit drugs, the identification of Chinese herbal medicines, and the combination with other technologies. The development of Raman spectroscopy in other fields is additionally summarized.

Patterns of symptom change in major depression: Classification and clustering of long term courses

To evaluate treatment effects in depression, it is important to monitor change during treatment and also to follow up for a reasonably long time. Describing the variability of symptom change trajectories is useful to better predict long-term status and to improve interventions.Outcome data (N_complete = 518, 4 time points, 1 year of observation time) from a large naturalistic multi-center study on the effects of inpatient and day hospital treatment of unipolar depression were used to identify clusters of symptom trajectories. Common outcome classifications and statistical methods of longitudinal cluster analysis were applied. However, common outcome classifications (in terms of e.g. remission, relapse or recurrence) were not exhaustive, as 49.3% of the trajectories could not be allocated to its classes. Longitudinal cluster analysis reveals 7 clusters (fast response, slow response, retarded response, temporary or persistent relapse, recurrence, and nonresponse). Nonresponse at the end of treatment was a predictor of poor outcome at long term follow up. The classification of patterns of symptom change in depression should be extended. Longitudinal cluster analysis seems a valid option to analyze outcome trajectories over time if a limited number of time points of measurement are available.

Early Change Trajectories in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Binge-Eating Disorder

Rapid response is considered the most well-established outcome predictor across treatments of binge-eating disorder (BED), including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This study sought to identify latent trajectories of early change in CBT and compare them to common rapid response classifications. In a multicenter randomized trial, 86 adults with BED (DSM-IV) or subsyndromal BED provided weekly self-reports of binge eating over the first 4 weeks of CBT, which were analyzed to predict binge eating, depression, and body mass index at posttreatment, 6-, and 18-month follow-up. Using latent growth mixture modeling, three patterns of early change—including moderate and low decreasing—as well as low stable binge eating were identified, which significantly predicted binge-eating remission at 6-month follow-up. Other classifications of rapid response based on Receiver Operating Characteristics curve analyses or on the literature (≥ 10% reduction in binge eating at week 1, ≥ 70% reduction in binge eating at week 4) only predicted posttreatment remission or overall depression, respectively. Latent change trajectories, but not other rapid response classifications, predicted binge-eating frequency over time. A fine-grained analysis of change over the first 4 weeks of CBT for BED revealed different trajectories of early change in binge eating that led to an improved prediction of binge-eating outcome, compared to that of common rapid response classifications. Thorough monitoring of early change trajectories during treatment may have clinical utility.

Tibial plateau fractures: Fracture patterns and computed tomography evaluation of tibial plateau fractures in winter sports.

The purpose was to analyze tibial plateau fractures (TPF) by computed tomography (CT) by creating a frequency map (FM). We hypothesized that a FM shows clinically important aspects of involvement that are not expressed in classic classifications. 185 TPF were retrospectively evaluated in this single center study. We created a FM onto an axial template of an intact subarticular tibial plateau and separated the joint surface in 9 areas, counted the frequency of involvement. The FM gives information of location and grade of damage and expressed three major fracture areas in 76%. 5 specific fracture types add up to 51%. The dorsal parts of the tibial plateau are involved in a higher percentage (+8%). True lateral fractures are less often than plane radiographs suggest. An impression was found in 50%. The complexity of TPFs is high, but 5 specific types could be identified in >50%. The complexity is not sufficiently covered in common classifications, especially the dorsal involvement. The FM is a simple and useful tool that complements common classifications and can be used as guideline for surgical treatment.

Psychological Outcomes of Cyber-Violence on Victims, Perpetrators and Perpetrators/Victims

Adolescenti mogu imati različite uloge u nasilju putem interneta, a najčešća podjela je na žrtve, nasilnike, nasilnike/ žrtve i pojedince neuključene u nasilje. Neke od posljedica za ove skupine su jednake, no postoje psihološke posljedice koje su specifične za pojedinu ulogu koju pojedinac ima u nasilju preko interneta. Relevantni nalazi pokazuju kako se depresivni simptomi i nisko samopoštovanje pojavljuju i kod žrtvi i kod nasilnika, dok se stres pojavljuje jedino kod žrtvi. Budući da skupina nasilnika/žrtvi iskazuje obje vrste uloga u nasilju preko interneta, pretpostavlja se kako je to skupina s najviše negativnih posljedica i najlošijim obrazovnim uspjehom. U ovom istraživanju, uspoređeni su adolescenti koji imaju različite uloge u nasilju preko interneta s obzirom na različite psihološke posljedice (depresivni simptomi, stres, anksioznost i samopoštovanje), sate provedene na internetu i obrazovni uspjeh. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 1,176 sudionika koji su podijeljeni u skupine žrtvi, nasilnika, nasilnika/ žrtvi i skupinu pojedinaca koji nisu uključeni u nasilje. Skupina nasilnika/žrtvi razlikuje se u svim mjerenim varijablama od skupine koja nije uključena u nasilje putem interneta i ima više negativnih posljedica, što je potvrda nalazima o tome kako ova skupina doživljava najviše negativnih posljedica, uz skupinu žrtvi. Nasilnici jedino pokazuju više razine stresa i imaju slabije ocjene nego skupina koja nije uključena u nasilje putem interneta, što upućuje na manje posljedice činjenja nego doživljavanja nasilja putem interneta. Dobiveni rezultati pružaju uvid u doživljene psihološke posljedice, ukazujući da su nasilnici/žrtve skupina koja bi trebala biti uključena u selektivne ili čak indicirane preventivne programe usmjerene na smanjivanje uključenosti u nasilje putem interneta, kao i posljedica, osobito depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa. Indicirani preventivni programi trebali bi biti prilagođeni ovoj skupini, na primjer raditi na nedostatku osjećaja krivnje i promicanju empatije za žrtve te smanjenju pozitivnih posljedica (npr. postizanje socijalnog statusa na temelju nasilja).

Using greenhouse gas fluxes to define soil functional types

Soils provide key ecosystem services and directly control ecosystem functions; thus, there is a need to define the reference state of soil functionality. Most common functional classifications are vegetation-centered, such as plant functional types (PFTs), and neglect soil characteristics and processes. We propose Soil Functional Types (SFTs) as a conceptual approach to represent and describe the functionality of soils based on characteristics of their greenhouse gas (GHG) flux dynamics. We used automated measurements of CO2, CH4 and N2O soil fluxes in a forested area to define SFTs as surface areas with similar GHG dynamics. We performed mixed effects models, and independent cluster analyses of environmental variables and SFT classifications. Unique groupings based on SFTs, but not environmental variables, supported the hypothesis that SFTs provide additional insights on the spatial variability of soil functionality beyond information represented by commonly measured soil parameters (e.g., soil moisture, soil temperature, litter biomass). This approach could complement vegetation-based functional classifications to better represent the broad range of ecosystem functions. A global application of the proposed SFT framework will only be possible if there is a community-wide effort to share data and create a global database of GHG emissions from soils.

Trends in Upper Extremity Injuries Presenting to US Emergency Departments.

The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of upper extremity injuries presenting to emergency departments (EDs) nationally. The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) database was queried using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes specific for hand/wrist injuries to identify national estimates of ED visits. The incidence, mean age, gender, payer mix, hospital type, location (metropolitan vs nonmetropolitan), and geographic region were recorded. In total, 2 791 257 patients with upper extremity injuries and infections were treated at an ED in 2010. In total, 7.4% resulted in hospital admission; 57% of patients were male. Most common age group affected was 18 to 44 years (44%), followed by those less than 17 years (24%) and 45 to 64 years (21%). The 3 most common injury classifications were soft tissue contusions (37%), fractures (27%), and infections (17%). Thirty-seven percent of patients had private insurance, 21% had Medicaid, 19% were uninsured, 13% Medicare, and 10% other. In total, 63% of visits were seen in nonteaching EDs, 80% were seen in metropolitan cities, and 65% of visits were seen at non-trauma-designated hospitals. Geographically, 37% of visits were in the South, 25% Midwest, 20% Northeast, and 18% in the West. Soft tissue contusion was the most frequent diagnosis. More than half of the patients were male, while the majority of patients were under the age of 44. Ninety-three percent of patients did not require hospital admission. Half had private insurance and the two-thirds of these patients were seen at nonteaching facilities.

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR ORGANIZATION OF MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION OF FUTURE TEACHER

The important characteristic of the future teacher in the higher pedagogical educational institution is theoretical knowledge of multicultural education and practical skills necessary for the successful professional activity. Therefore, the efficiency of the cognition process when studying disciplines aimed at multicultural education of the future teacher in the higher educational institution is essential and depends entirely on the cognitive activity of the student. The achievement of this goal depends not only on the content of studies but also on the fact what methods and techniques of teaching are chosen for the organization of the process of multicultural education.We have analyzed most common classifications of teaching methods. We have found that the classification proposed by Yu. K. Babanskiy is appropriate in the choice of teaching methods for the discipline "Multicultural Education of the Future Teacher in the Higher Education Institution". Accordingly, we have selected and characterized the following three groups of methods: methods for the organization and conducting of the educational and cognitive activity; methods for the stimulation and motivation of the educational and cognitive activity; methods for control and self-control of the educational and cognitive activity. In addition, we have worked on the training in the development of critical thinking that involves the use of such methods and techniques as: the method of cluster analysis; the method of the use of questions which helps to develop critical thinking («Bloom's Camomile»); techniques for the analysis of information quality (separation of judgments, assumptions and assertions; use of technology of effective reading (INSERT), and the like.

Sulfate Reduction in Sediments Produces High Levels of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter

Sulfate reduction plays an important role in altering dissolved organic matter (DOM) in estuarine and coastal sediments, although its role in the production of optically active chromophoric DOM (CDOM) and a subset of fluorescent DOM (FDOM) has not been previously investigated in detail. Freshwater sediment slurries were incubated anaerobically with added sulfate and acetate to promote sulfate-reducing bacteria. Ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) absorbance and 3-dimensional excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra were measured over a five weeks anaerobic dark incubation period. Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) of FDOM determined components that increased significantly during dark and anaerobic incubation matching three components previously considered of terrestrially-derived or humic-like origin published in the OpenFluor database. The observed FDOM increase was strongly correlated (R2 = 0.96) with the reduction of sulfate. These results show a direct experimental link between sulfate reduction and FDOM production, which impacts our understanding of coastal FDOM sources and early sediment diagenesis. As 3D fluorescence techniques are commonly applied to diverse systems, these results provide increasing support that FDOM can have many diverse sources not consistently captured by common classifications such as “humic-like” fluorescence.