Common Cartridge Research Articles

A longitudinal interprofessional case based learning experience: The HIV/AIDS care continuum in the rural South

HIV/AIDS remains a significant public health issue in the United States. Recent advances in prophylactic treatment coupled with comprehensive interventions that enhance patient care provide promise. While new treatments and interventions are important, the US still needs to increase the size and strength of the HIV clinical workforce. As a member of the Southeastern AIDS Education Training Center, we developed an online, three-module, longitudinal case-based curriculum to facilitate interprofessional learning for students from multiple health professions related to contemporary issues associated with HIV/AIDS in the United States. This curriculum was designed to introduce students to clinical, psychosocial-behavioral and social determinants of health issues associated with HIV care. It is intended to provide foundational learning to reduce HIV-related stigma, educate about the challenges associated with HIV care in the Southeastern United States, and empower healthcare professions to continue their HIV specific education and training with the goal of reducing the rate of new HIV infections. The activities draw from aspects of team-based and problem-based learning to facilitate interprofessional learning for a large cohort of learners in a resource efficient manner. The modules include pre-readings, and collaborative activities for students to complete in interprofessional teams. Assessment methods consist of knowledge-based assessments and team-based learning products. Instructional Management Systems Common Cartridge File (IMSCC). This file is included in the supplementary materials and is compatible with a range of learning management learning management systems (LMS). By downloading this file and importing it into your LMS, the curriculum will be ready for use, though syllabus materials, due dates and other minor details will need to be adapted based upon institutional standards. Analysis of data from learners provides evidence of perceived increased knowledge of professional roles, increased understanding related to teamwork and patient safety and positive changes in attitudes relative to HIV care.

Determination of atmospheric organochlorine pesticides using isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry

建立了测定大气中25种有机氯农药(OCPs)的同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法(ID-HRGC/HRMS)。样品用正己烷/二氯甲烷(1:1, v/v)进行加速溶剂萃取(ASE)。通过柱洗脱实验、单柱和组合柱净化实验,最终确定样品的净化方案为弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱和石墨化炭黑固相萃取柱组合净化。样品萃取液净化后进行HRGC/HRMS分析。采用平均相对响应因子(RRF)法对样品中目标物进行定量,6点校准溶液RRF的相对标准偏差(RSD)均≤20%。线性范围为0.4~800 μg/L,相关系数R2均>0.992。对空白样品依次进行100 pg、400 pg和15 ng水平下的加标试验,各添加水平下OCPs测定值的RSD为0.64%~16%,加标回收率为67.2%~135%。穿透试验表明,滤膜+聚氨酯泡沫/聚氨酯泡沫作为吸附介质的大体积主动大气采样器(AAS)在采集环境空气时,五氯苯极易发生穿透,有效采样模式待进一步研究。在上述采样模式下,六氯苯的有效采样体积较小,标准状态(101.325 kPa, 273 K)采样体积应≤30 m3,其他OCPs应≤1200 m3。以上述体积计算,25种目标化合物的检出限为0.002~0.7 pg/m3。对北京环境空气样品分析测定,结果显示除反式-环氧七氯、异狄氏剂、顺式-九氯和4,4'-滴滴滴在部分样品中未检出外,其他OCPs均为100%检出;六氯苯浓度在514~563 pg/m3之间,其他OCPs的浓度在0.01~18.9 pg/m3之间;替代标回收率为33.9%~155%。由于现有相关监测标准的仪器灵敏度较低、方法检出限较高,已无法满足目前空气中痕量OCPs的测定需求,因此亟待修订新的高灵敏度监测方法标准。该方法适用于目前大气中OCPs的超痕量水平分析,为新标准的制订奠定基础,也为国家履行相关国际公约提供有力技术指导。

A Study of Wildfire Ignition by Rifle Bullets

Experiments were conducted to examine the potential for rifle bullets to ignite organic matter after impacting a hard surface. The tests were performed using a variety of common cartridges (7.62 × 51 [.308 Winchester (The use of tradenames is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.)], 7.62 × 39, 7.62 × 54R, and 5.56 × 45 [.223 Remington]) and bullet materials (steel core, lead core, solid copper, steel jacket, and copper jacket). Bullets were fired at a steel plate that deflected fragments downward into a collection box containing oven-dried peat moss. We found that bullets could reliably cause ignitions, specifically those containing steel components (core or jacket) and those made of solid copper. Lead core-copper jacketed bullets caused one ignition in these tests. Thermal infra-red video and temperature sensitive paints suggested that the temperature of bullet fragments could exceed 800°C. Bullet fragments collected from a water tank were larger for solid copper and steel core/jacketed bullets than for lead core bullets, which also facilitate ignition. Physical processes are reviewed with the conclusion that kinetic energy of bullets is transformed to thermal energy by plastic deformation and fracturing of bullets because of the high-strain rates during impact. Fragments cool rapidly but can ignite organic matter, particularly fine material, if very dry and close to the impact site.

Application Profiles and Tailor-Made Conformance Test Systems

This article examines the potential of application profiles and domain profiles as means to adapt technical specifications of data structures to particular needs. The authors argue that application profiling is better suited to increase the use of formal specifications than the creation of new specifications. The authors also describe a method to generate specific conformance test systems for machine-readable application profiles. The authors describe the respective tool set of the SchemaProf Application Profiling Tool and the Generic Test System and report on the experience of their usage in developing and introducing the IMS Common Cartridge domain profile.

Trend of E-Learning

With the improvement of internet technologies and multimedia resources, traditional learning has been replaced by distance learning, web-based learning or others’ e-learning learning styles. According to distance learning, there are many research organizations and companies who make efforts in developing the relevant systems. But they lack interoperability. The only way to reuse these applications is to redevelop them for specific purposes. In order to solve this situation and norm the various learning resources, IMS proposes a new e-learning standard named “Common Cartridge”. This standard not only integrates the past e-learning standards like LOM, SCORM and QTI but also proposes a technical architecture called Learning Tools Interoperability to allow applications to reuse different systems without reprogramming. In this paper, we firstly introduce the current e-learning environment. Then we pay attention on the usage of Common Cartridge standards and discuss the architecture of Learning Tools Interoperability. According to these standards, we will point out the e-learning standard that might be widely utilized in the future.

From SCORM to Common Cartridge: A step forward

Shareable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) was proposed as a standard for sharable learning object packaging, delivering and sequencing. Several years later, Common Cartridge (CC) is proposed as an enhancement of SCORM offering more flexibility and addressing needs not originally envisioned, namely assessment and web 2.0 standards, content authorization, collaborative forums, outcomes reporting, accessibility. Educational policy makers, specialists responsible for learning systems deployment, educational content authors and teachers committed to the learning object paradigm must opt for or coexist with two different, partially overlapping proposals for content packaging. While SCORM was conceived for self-paced computer based learning, Common Cartridge attempts at providing support for all forms of teaching and learning with a stress on interactive and collaborative environments. Variety of content, distributed content, discussion forums, assessment, student’s tracking, interaction with external tools and authorization to access resources are listed as its main enhancements. This article reviews and compares SCORM and Common Cartridge from an educational perspective, seeking to provide some ground and guidelines on how to stand before these proposals. A simple process for authoring a Common Cartridge is described, as well as testing and conversion from SCORM. Suggestions are made to education practitioners on learning objects standards adoption in the most common scenarios.

Sampling characteristics of octadecylsiloxane-bonded silica particle-embedded glass fiber discs for solid-phase extraction

Forced flow planar chromatography was used to characterize the physical and retention properties of an octadecylsiloxane-bonded particle-embedded glass fiber medium used for solid-phase extraction. The carbon loading, intraparticle porosity, binding capacity, and hydrophobicity index indicate that the medium has a large volume of bonded phase essentially filling the pore volume. The interparticle porosity and specific permeability indicate favorable flow characteristics. The flow resistance parameter and the diameter of the largest pore by the bubble method are consistent with a macroscopic homogeneous medium structure free of holes and channels. The silanophilic index indicates a significant concentration of accessible silanol groups and/or other strong hydrogen-bond acid sites. A comparison of retention characteristics to a common cartridge sorbent using the solvation parameter model indicated that the cartridge sorbent had a more favorable cavity term for retention but the particle-embedded glass fiber medium was more competitive with the sample solvent, water-methanol (99:1), for the retention of polar compounds with significant dipole-type interactions and those behaving as hydrogen-bond bases. The physical and retention properties of the particle-embedded glass fiber medium confirm its suitability for use in solid-phase extraction.

Le contr�le automatique du flux lumineux dans l'oeil compos� des Dipt�res

In the compound eye of the fly Musca, tiny pigment granules move within the cytoplasm of receptor cells Nos. 1---6 and cluster along the wall of the rhabdomeres under light adaptation, thus attenuating the light flux to which the visual pigment is exposed (Kirschfeld and Franceschini, 1969). Two recently developed optical methods (the neutralization of the cornea and the deep pseudopupil) combined with antidromic and orthodromic illumination of the eye (Fig. 1) make it possible to analyse the properties of the mechanism at the level of the single cell, in live and intact insects (Drosophila and Musca). The mechanism is shown to be an efficient attenuator in the spectral range (blue-green) where cells Nos. 1---6 have been reported to be maximally sensitive (Figs. 4c and d, 5b and 11b). In spite of the fact that the granules do not penetrate into the rhabdomere, the attenuation spectrum they bring about closely matches the absorption spectrum of the substance of which they are composed (ommochrome pigment, dotted curve in Fig. 11b). The dramatic increase in reflectance of the receptors after light adaptation (Figs. 3, 4b, 5a and 11a) can be explained as a mere by-product of the high absorption index of the ommochrome pigment, especially if one takes into account the phenomenon of anomalous dispersion (Chapter 8). The vivid green or yellow colour of the rhabdomeres would thus have a physical origin comparable to a metallic glint. Contrasting with the lens eye in which the pupillary mechanism is a common attenuator for both receptor types (rods and cones), the compound eye of higher Diptera is equiped with two types of "pupils" adapted respectively to both visual subsystems. A scotopic pupil is present in each of the six cells (Nos. 1---6) whose signals are gathered in a common cartridge of the first optic ganglion. This pupil comes into play at a moderate luminance (0,3 cd/m2 in Drosophila; 3 to 10 cd/m2 in Musca. Figs 13, 14, 15, 16). A photopic pupil is present in the central cell No. 7 whose signal reaches one column of the second optic ganglion. Attenuating the light flux for both central cells 7 and 8, the photopic pupil has its threshold about two decades higher than the scotopic pupil, just at the point where the latter reaches saturation (Fig. 3b, e-State II of Figs. 6b and 15). The photopic pupil itself saturates at a luminance one to two decades higher still (Fig. 3c, f=State III of Figs. 6c and 15). The two-decades-shift in threshold of these pupil-mechanisms supports the view that receptors 1---6 are a scotopic subsystem, receptors 7 and 8 a photopic subsystem of the dipteran eye. The luminance-threshold of the scotopic pupil (as determined with the apparatus described in Fig. 2) appears to be located at least 3.5 decades (Drosophila) or even 5 decades (Musca) higher than the absolute threshold of movement perception (Fig. 16). After a long period (1 hr) of darkness a light step of high intensity can close the scotopic pupil within about 10 sec (time constant ??2 sec as in Fig. 9) and the photopic pupil within no less than 30---60 sec. Some mutants of Drosophila possess only a scotopic pupil (w ?, Figs. 4 and 5) whereas ommochrome deficient mutants lack both types of pupil (v, cn, see Fig. 7c, d). Comparable reflectance changes, accomplished within about 60 sec of light adaptation, are described for two insects having fused rhabdomes: the bee and the locust (Fig. 17).