Combined Energy Storage System Research Articles

Optimizing sustainable energy solutions: A comprehensive analysis of geothermal-powered compressed air energy storage system

The present study introduces a novel combined energy storage system that integrates geothermal and modified adiabatic compressed air technologies. The system employs both dual-pressure and single-pressure organic Rankine cycles, upgraded by a zeotropic mixture, to recover waste heat. The introduced combination is analyzed through thermodynamic and economic approaches. A detailed sensitivity analysis is applied to the geothermal plant and adiabatic compressed air system. Additionally, a triple objective optimization of energy, exergy, and economics is carried out to achieve the optimum state of the geothermal plant. Consequently, the geothermal plant produces 5.54 MW of power, of which 2.41 MW is consumed in the adiabatic compressed air system by compressors and high-temperature energy storage during the charging phase. The system provides 7.14 MW of power for peak shaving during the discharging phase, resulting in a 63.15 % exergy efficiency for the geothermal system and a 66.22 % exergy round-trip efficiency for the adiabatic compressed air system. The performance of the geothermal plant is highly sensitive to the inlet pressure of the second separator, while the pressure ratio between the charging and discharging phases significantly affects the performance of the adiabatic compressed air system. The payback period and net profit of the system are estimated to be approximately 4.09 years and $13.55 million at the optimum state.

Assessment of Power System Resiliency with New Intelligent Controller and Energy Storage Systems

This research investigates the role of various energy storage systems (ESS) in improving the power system resiliency. Different ESS configurations are analyzed individually and in combination to assess their impact on system performance. Additionally, a fuzzy-based controller (PIλDN + FFOPI) is proposed as a secondary controller for load frequency control, with control parameters optimized using an improved Volleyball Premier League algorithm (IVPL). This algorithm leverages the powerful synergy of opposition-based learning and the versatility of the VPL algorithm, resulting in a highly effective and innovative approach. To validate the proposed approach, the modified Kundur’s 2-area test system under deregulation is first utilized, and its effectiveness is confirmed through testing with both step and random load disturbances. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate system performance across a wide range of parameter variations. Furthermore, the modified IEEE 39 bus system is utilized to assess compatibility and scalability. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of combined ESS configurations and the fuzzy-based controller in enhancing system stability and reliability. This research contributes to power system engineering by offering insights into the benefits of energy storage systems for dynamic response enhancement. The proposed fuzzy-based control strategy, tuned by the IVPL algorithm, presents a promising approach for improving power system performance and stability.

Integrated Fuzzy-Logic and Triple-Loop PI-Based Management Strategy for a Lead-Acid/Lithium-Ion Hybrid Battery Energy Storage System

The huge success of electric vehicles across the world is challenged by a lack of infrastructure and a major increase in battery material prices. This challenge positions internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to remain a vehicle of choice. The majority of these vehicles use a lead-acid battery (LAB) for starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) functions. However, these LABs are faced with challenges of short lifespan and low storage capacity because of improved electronic systems in modern ICEVs. In this manuscript, we propose an extension application of a hybrid LAB and lithium-ion energy storage system (ESS) for a vehicle using a single source of 70 Ah and 90 Ah capacity. Whereas previously, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for use in a vehicle using a source of 50 Ah battery capacity was proposed. Hence, the unique contribution of the study is using an integrated fuzzy-logic and triple-loop-proportional-integral-based battery management strategy (BMS) to improve LAB performance in a wide range of vehicles with different battery capacities sizes. The results show that the proposed BMS can help increase LAB lifespan and improve the storage capacity of the system, thus ensuring reliability. Additionally, compared to a single use of LAB, the combined energy storage system shows superior performance.

An Effective Control for Lead-Acid Performance Enhancement in a Hybrid Battery-Supercapacitor System Used in Transport Vehicles

Modern vehicles have increased functioning necessities, including more energy/power, storage for recovering decelerating energy, start/stop criteria, etc. However, lead-acid batteries (LABs) possess a shorter lifetime than lithium-ion and supercapacitors energy storage systems. The use of LABs harms the operation of transport vehicles. Therefore, this research paper pursues to improve the operating performance of LABs in association with their lifetime. Integrated LAB and supercapacitor improve the battery lifetime and efficiently provide for transport vehicles’ operational requirements and implementation. The study adopts an active-parallel topology approach to hybridise LAB and supercapacitor. A fully active-parallel topology structure comprises two DC-to-DC conversion systems. LAB and supercapacitor are connected as inputs to these converters to allow effective and easy control of energy and power. A cascaded proportional integrate-derivative (PID) controller regulates the DC-to-DC converters to manage the charge/release of combined energy storage systems. The PID controls energy share between energy storage systems, hence assisting in enhancing LAB lifetime. The study presents two case studies, including the sole battery application using different capacities, and the second, by combining a battery with a supercapacitor of varying capacity sizes. A simulation software tool, Matlab/Simulink, is used to develop the model and validate the results of the system. The simulation outcomes show that the battery alone cannot serve the typical transport vehicle (TV) requirements. The battery and output voltage of the DC-to-DC conversion systems stabilises at 12 V, which ensures consistent DC bus link voltage. The energy storage (battery) state-of-charge (SoC) is reserved in the range of 90% to 96%, thus increasing its lifespan by 8200 cycles. The battery is kept at the desired voltage to supply all connected loads on the DC bus at rated device voltage. The fully active topology model for hybrid LAB and supercapacitor provides a complete degree of control for individual energy sources, thus allowing the energy storage systems to operate as they prefer.

An improved coordination control for a novel hybrid AC/DC microgrid architecture with combined energy storage system

This paper proposes a novel hybrid ac/dc microgrid (MG) architecture that integrates a combined energy storage system (ESS) for both ac and dc subgrids, which avoids the problems associated with the distributed ESSs with different state-of-charges (SoCs). To realize effective operation of the hybrid MG, this paper has also proposed an improved coordination control strategy between the combined ESS and the paralleled bidirectional interlinking converters (BILCs). First, a novel SoC-based adaptive droop control is designed for the combined ESS to provide dc bus voltage support and ac bus frequency support, and the lifetime of the combined ESS is extended because the overcharge and overdischarge can be avoided. Second, ac bus frequency and dc bus voltage are regarded as global parameters to enforce the power interaction between ac and dc subgrids. The power interactions between ac and dc subgrids can be proportionally allocated with the coordination coefficients to avoid an over-used BILC. Furthermore, the proposed distributed coordinated power control (DCPC) for BILCs network has plug-and-play capacity and allows an acceptable communication time delay and communication link failures. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed coordination control strategy applied into the novel hybrid ac/dc MG system is verified by the real-time hardware-in-loop (HIL) tests.

Calculating Size of Pump-Hydro Combined Energy Storage System in Wind-Diesel Systems Based on PHCES Dynamic Model

This paper will propose an approach to calculate and evaluate the reserve capacity and energy size of Pumping-Hydro Combined Energy Storage (PHCES) when wind power is integrated to power grid while considering the scheme of generation capacity allocation and operation of PHCES. This approach will use Monte Carlo Method to simulate large amount of samples to obtain the minimum value of capacity and energy size that could satisfy the requirement of system reliability. Finally this approach will apply in a RBTS system to assess the project feasibility.

Tool for energy storage system synthesis

An essential part of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) is the Energy Storage System (ESS). This paper describes a tool, named Tool for Energy Storage System Synthesis (TESSS), that automatically transforms ESS demands to cost-effective ESS design candidates. The following statements characterise the tool: 1) mathematical modelling and optimisation are essential ingredients; the handled ESS technologies are batteries of various types, supercapacitors and combined ESSs. Combined ESSs include both battery and supercapacitor cells. 2) the optimal design is pointed out by a cost function and requirements. The cost function includes investment cost, wear cost and costs due to energy losses. Examples of requirements are minimal power, maximum package volume and voltage. 3) TESSS is user friendly and extremely computation efficient owing to its compiled C code. To exemplify the practical use of the tool, two case studies are also presented in this paper.

Design and implementation of automated flexible multisource charging system for hybrid electric vehicles

The scarcity and cost of fossil fuels, combined with their greenhouse gas emissions, make the development of nonfossil fuel-based methods of transportation a high-priority task. This paper proposes the designing and sizing of a Multiple Input Hybrid Charging System (MIHCS) to be used in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) propulsion. It includes a fuel cell generator, solar cell charger, Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), flywheel storage system, on-board sources and a combined Energy Storage System (ESS) comprising a battery pack. Based on the speed range of the vehicle, multiple sources like solar energy, fuel cells and wind power are automatically selected for propulsion or charging purposes by using computer and interfacing circuits. To realise this logic, a program has been developed in 'C' language. This logic also helps in controlling the charging and discharging times of the batteries placed in the energy storage unit.

Effective Application of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) to Load Leveling for High Speed Transportation System

The consecutive pulse power demand of the high speed transportation systems like Shinkansen, gives deteriorative influences to the power supply system and increases its operational costs. To cope with this problem, it has been studied to install the superconducting magnetic energy storage system (SMES) in railway substations. However, the scale of installation becomes too large because of low space factor of SMES, and hampers its realization. Then, it is considered to use SMES only for suppression of the high frequency component of load fluctuation, and to combine with a large capacity battery storage (BEMS), which can not follow fast fluctuation and covers its low frequency component. A novel control scheme of this combined energy storage system is proposed. The fluctuation of power demand caused by high speed train operations in a railway substation is measured separately in the frequency range and used to regulate both SMES and BEMS to suppress fluctuation. With simulation studies based on the load model of high speed train operation at a certain substation, this hybrid approach and its control scheme are verified effective. The system configuration is compact enough to be installed at a substation.