Combination Of Alginate Research Articles

Oligosaccharides as co-encapsulating agents: effect on oral Lactobacillus fermentum survival in a simulated gastrointestinal tract.

Four kinds of oligosaccharides were used as co-encapsulating agents to test the effect of extrusion-based microencapsulation on protection of Lactobacillus fermentum L7 against exposure to simulated gastric and intestinal juices as well as long-term refrigeration storage at 4°C. The combination of alginate with galacto-oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, and xylo-oligosaccharides, or alginate alone exhibited good properties of the beads. The diameters of the cell beads co-encapsulated with oligosaccharides and encapsulated with alginate alone were similar, in the range of 2.34-2.51mm. However, the encapsulation yield of L. fermentum cells co-encapsulated with oligosaccharides, which was in the range of 79.52-89.75%, was significantly higher than that of cells encapsulated with alginate alone. The capsules were stable in gastric conditions and can disintegrated when exposed to intestinal conditions. Additionally, the viability of microencapsulated cells after exposure to the simulated gastric and intestinal juices as well as long-term refrigeration storage was better than that of free cells, and the viability of cells co-encapsulated with oligosaccharides was better than that of cells encapsulated with alginate alone. Furthermore, fructo-oligosaccharides used as co-encapsulating agent showed the best performance. Microencapsulating L. fermentum with oligosaccharides protected cells well at a low temperature and offered effective gastrointestinal delivery of probiotics, and thus has the potential to maintain bacterial survival in probiotic products and will provide the research basis for design of effective probiotic-prebiotic combinations to maximize host benefit.

Soy Protein-Based Composite Hydrogels: Physico-Chemical Characterization and In Vitro Cytocompatibility.

Novel composite hydrogels based on the combination of alginate (Alg), soy protein isolate (SPI) and bioactive glass (BG) nanoparticles were developed for soft tissue engineering. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and normal human dermal fibroblasts were cultivated on hydrogels for 7, 14 and 21 days. Cell morphology was visualized using fluorescent staining at Days 7 and 14 for fibroblast cells and Days 14 and 21 for HUVEC. Metabolic activity of cells was analyzed using a colorimetric assay (water soluble tetrazolium (WST) assay). Compared to pure Alg, Alg/SPI and Alg/SPI/BG provided superior surfaces for both types of cells, supporting their attachment, growth, spreading and metabolic activity. Fibroblasts showed better colonization and growth on Alg/SPI/BG hydrogels compared to Alg/SPI hydrogels. The results indicate that such novel composite hydrogels might find applications in soft tissue regeneration.

Combination of alginate based edible coating-betel essential oil in extending the shelf life of rose apple cv. Dalhari (Syzygium samarangense)

Rose apple cv. Dalhari is a local fruit grown in Berbah District, Special Region of Yogyakarta. This fruit perishable easily loses its water content and is attacked by microbes. This research aimed to determine the best combination between alginate and betel essential oil to inhibit the growth of microbes and maintain quality of rose apple cv. Dalhari. Alginate and betel essential oil treatments were used at three concentration levels, alone and in combinations, respectively of 2%, 2.5%, 3% and 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%. The results showed that combination treatment of 2.5% alginate and 0.1% betel essential oil was the most effective to maintain the fruit quality. The sole addition of betel essential oil was not able to inhibit microbial growth. Furthermore, combination of alginate based edible coating and betel essential oil was able to maintain the quality of rose apple cv. Dalhari up to nine days.

Quality evaluation of probiotic capsule prepared from alginate, carrageenan and tofu waste flour based on bacterial activity and organoleptic test

Probiotic capsule is an innovation in functional food sector. It is used to preserve the living cells of probiotic bacteria during processing and storage. In this research, the improvement of probiotic viability is studied by using two kinds of encapsulating biomaterials and different concentration of tofu waste flour. Extrusion is selected method for encapsulation process. The purpose of this study is to examine the quality of probiotic capsule by evaluating the lactic acid bacteria performance and its physical characteristic. The article provides the data of probiotic bacteria activity related to their living cells present in capsule, activity in fermentation media compare to uncapsulated bacteria, and panelists’ preferences of capsule’s physical properties. The data is analyzed statistically by using ANOVA. The result shows that variables in this study affect the number of bacteria, their metabolic activity in producing acid during fermentation, and physical appearance of the capsule. Combination of alginate and tofu waste flour allows the multiplication of bacteria to a high number, and forms elastic, yellow and cloudy capsule, while with carrageenan, it causes the growth of a few numbers of bacteria which affects to a moderate pH and produces elastic, creamy and transparent capsule.

Mucoadhesive alginate pastes with embedded liposomes for local oral drug delivery

Oral cancers are extremely common among adults with increasing incidences due to human papillomavirus, while treatment modalities are limited. This study aims to develop a new oral mucoadhesive delivery system based on the combination of alginate and liposomes. The polymer provides adhesion properties and induces local release of the drug-loaded carriers, while the liposomes protect the drug from degradation and improve its absorption into the cells. Three hybrid alginate/liposomes delivery systems were investigated: a hybrid paste, which presented excellent adhesive capabilities, yet fast burst release of 90% after 2h; a hybrid hydrogel, demonstrating controllable release rates of 5%, 30% or 60% after 2h but poor mucoadhesive properties. These findings led to the development of a hybrid cross-linked paste. Polymer retention studies demonstrated that 80% of the crosslinked paste was retained on tongue tissue compared to 50% retention of the non-cross-linked pastes, verifying its superior mucoadhesion. The hybrid cross-linked paste presented controllable release rate of 20% after 2h. Alginate paste incorporating doxorubicin loaded liposomes presented similar release rates and were highly effective in promoting cancer cell death. Thus, our innovative formulation, including both desired characteristics of mucoadhesion and sustained liposomes release, is an important milestone in the development of a new potential treatment for oral cancer.

Nano/Micro Formulations for Bacteriophage Delivery.

Encapsulation methodologies allow the protection of bacteriophages for overcoming critical environmental conditions. Moreover, they improve the stability and the controlled delivery of bacteriophages which is of great innovative value in bacteriophage therapy. Here, two different encapsulation methodologies of bacteriophages are described using two biocompatible materials: a lipid cationic mixture and a combination of alginate with the antacid CaCO3. To perform bacteriophage encapsulation, a purified lysate highly concentrated (around 1010-1011pfu/mL) is necessary, and to dispose of a specific equipment. Both methodologies have been successfully applied for encapsulating Salmonella bacteriophages with different morphologies. Also, the material employed does not modify the antibacterial action of bacteriophages. Moreover, both technologies can also be adapted to any bacteriophage and possibly to any delivery route for bacteriophage therapy.

Co-encapsulation of lactic acid bacteria and prebiotic with alginate-fenugreek gum-locust bean gum matrix: Viability of encapsulated bacteria under simulated gastrointestinal condition and during storage time

The aim of this study was to enhance the viability of probiotic strains Pediococcus pentosaceus KID7, Lactobacillus plantarum KII2, Lactobacillus fermentum KLAB6 and Lactobacillus helveticus KII13 in gastrointestinal transit, freeze-drying condition and during storage time by microencapsulation using a combination of alginate, fenugreek gum and locust bean gum. The microcapsules were prepared using various ratio of alginate to fenugreek gum to locust bean gum and tested for its dissolution in colonic fluid. The combination that efficiently dissolved in colonic fluid was selected for co-encapsulation of the probiotic strains and prebiotics to produce synbiotic microcapsules. Further, we observed that the bacteria encapsulated with alginate-fenugreek gum-locust bean gum (AFL) matrix tolerated gastrointestinal condition efficiently compared to non-encapsulated bacteria. The encapsulated bacterial cells retained higher viability than non-encapsulated cells during freeze-drying condition and subsequent storage for 3 months at 4°C. These results show the utility of AFL matrix in microencapsulation of probiotics for use in food industry.

Macronutrient Analysis Of Crab Meat Analogue Made From Non-Consumable Fish With Alginate Addition

The crab meat analogue products using alginates and proteins such as soybean. A mixture of sh added alginate croslinking with calcium chloride making gel and water retention. The purpose of this study to analysis macronutrient from the effects of alginate addition to the characteristics of the crab meat analogue. The formulation was made from the combination of alginate from Sargassum sp. The formulation was applied to the surimi from silver giddy (Gerres Kapas Blkr) to make crab meat analogue with different concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%). Parameters used to study the effects were moisture content, total ash, protein content, fat content, thiobarbituric acid value and sensory evaluation. The chemical analysis, moisture content, and ash content analysis showed a signi cant difference among the treatments, while the thiobarbituric acid value showed no difference among the samples. Based on sensory evaluation, the most preferred product was formula A (0.25% alginate) in terms of texture, taste, juiciness and overall acceptance with the characteristics of 2.47% ash content, 75.98% moisture content, 0.47% fat content, 12. 07% protein content, thiobarbituric acid value of 0.69 μmol/g. Keyword : crab meat analog, alginate, macronutrient, non consumable, Sargassum sp.

Application of edible coatings and repetitive pulsed light for shelf life extension of fresh-cut cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. reticulatus cv. Glamour)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of edible coatings combined with repetitive pulsed light (RPL) treatment on microbiological stability, quality and physicochemical changes of fresh-cut cantaloupes during storage at 4±1°C. Fresh-cut cantaloupes were coated with various coating materials. The coated fresh-cut cantaloupes were packed in polypropylene bag and exposed to RPL treatment with a fluence of 0.9Jcm−2 every 48h up to 28d of storage at 4±1°C. The microbiological quality, headspace gas composition, physical quality (firmness, fluid loss and colour), chemical quality (pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, total phenolic content and ascorbic acid content) and coating homogeneity and adherence of these fresh-cut cantaloupes were determined. The combination of pectin, alginate and gellan coatings with RPL treatment was effective to reduce fluid loss and retain firmness of fresh-cut cantaloupes compared to control samples while maintaining the desired headspace gas composition for fresh-cut cantaloupe throughout storage. Chitosan-based coating enhanced the microbiological quality of fresh-cut cantaloupes but increased its fluid loss and reduction of ascorbic acid content. Colour, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids and total phenolic content were maintained throughout the storage for coated fresh-cut cantaloupes treated with RPL. In conclusion, a combination of alginate and RPL treatment was the most effective treatment condition to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut cantaloupes by maintaining microbiological quality up to 28d with significantly reduced fluid loss and enhanced firmness compared to samples treated with RPL alone. Alginate coating adhered well to the surfaces of fresh-cut cantaloupes and retained its physicochemical and nutritional quality when combined with RPL.

A novel alginate–CMC gel beads for efficient covalent inulinase immobilization

Covalent immobilization of inulinase, produced by the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus terreus, on novel gel beads was made by the combination of alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose. Optimization of the loading time and loading units was done by response surface methodology. The bound enzyme displayed a change in optimum operating pH from 5.0 to 5.5 while the optimum operating temperature increased from 50 to 55 °C. K m value has been increased (from 3.6 to 7.1 mg/ml) in comparison with the free enzyme. However, the V max was lowered (from 145 to 77.5 U/g carrier) after immobilization. The immobilized inulinase showed enhancement in thermal stability against high temperature. There was an observed increase in half-lives and D values which revealed the improvement in the enzyme thermal stability. Thermodynamically, after immobilization, a remarkable increase in enthalpy and free energy was observed due to the enhancement of enzyme stability. Immobilized inulinase showed retention of 60% of its original activity after 10 successive cycles. Stability and reusability of immobilized inulinase on alginate–CMC enable the enzyme to be more convenient for industrial application.

Chemometric evaluation of binary mixtures of alginate and polysaccharide biopolymers as carriers for microencapsulation of green tea polyphenols

ABSTRACTIn this study principal component analysis and artificial neural networks were used to evaluate the potential of using binary mixtures of sodium alginate and other polysaccharide biopolymers as the carriers for microencapsulation of green tea bioactive compounds. Using binary mixtures of alginate and adjunct biopolymers increased the particle size (from 722 to 1344 µm) and textural parameters of the microbeads. Chemometric techniques revealed the combination of biopolymers and their ratio as the main factors influencing the encapsulation performance. The combination of alginate with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and locust bean gum enabled to retain the highest (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and caffeine contents, the highest total phenols encapsulation efficiency, and their most retarded release in water, confirming these as the best delivery systems of polyphenol-type active compounds and signifying their potent food applications.

Development of Alginate–Gum Arabic Beads for Targeted Delivery of Protein

Controlled release beads were prepared by using the combination of alginate and gum Arabic through ionotropic gelation method. Bovine serum albumin was used as model protein for in vitro assessments. The effect of amount of sodium alginate and gum Arabic as the factor affecting protein encapsulation efficiency and protein release were optimized and analyzed by using RSM-FCCD. It was observed that protein encapsulation efficiency was increased and protein release was decreased with the increase of both of the amount of sodium alginate and gum Arabic, used as polymer blend. The optimized beads showed high encapsulation efficiency (87.5 ± 3.65%) with suitable protein release (100% protein release after almost 4 hrs). The swelling of beads were highly influenced by pH of dissolution medium. These beads were also characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM and TA for protein-excipients interaction, beads surface morphology and beads strength, respectively. These calcium alginate/gum Arabic beads have good potential to be used as delivery vehicle for protein drugs.

Enhancement of curcumin water dispersibility and antioxidant activity using core–shell protein–polysaccharide nanoparticles

Curcumin has strong antioxidant activity, but poor water-solubility and chemical stability, which limits its utilization as a nutraceutical in many applications. Previously, we developed a core–shell (zein–pectin) nanoparticle delivery system with high curcumin loading efficiency, high particle yield, and good water dispersibility. However, this system was unstable to aggregation around neutral pH and moderate ionic strengths due to weakening of electrostatic repulsion between nanoparticles. In the current study, we used a combination of alginate (high charge density) and pectin (low charge density) to form the shell around zein nanoparticles. Replacement of 30% of pectin with alginate greatly improved aggregation stability at pH 5 to 7 and at high ionic strengths (2000mM NaCl). Curcumin encapsulated within these core–shell nanoparticles exhibited higher antioxidant and radical scavenging activities than curcumin solubilized in ethanol solutions as determined by Fe (III) reducing power, 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH·), and 2, 2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid radical cation (ABTS·+) scavenging analysis. These core–shell nanoparticles may be useful for incorporating chemically unstable hydrophobic nutraceuticals such as curcumin into functional foods, dietary supplements, and pharmaceuticals.

Alginate Based Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery Applications.

Now a day's natural polymer based nanoparticulate system have been widely studied as particulate vehicles in the bio-medical and pharmaceutical area. Alginate, a natural biopolymer show good biodegradability, biocompatibility and non toxic, has received attention to utilise as a carrier for preparation of polymeric nanoparticles. Chemically and physically alginate can modified easily and obtained various structure having various properties, and versatile applications. Various properties and structure such as biodegradability, gelling property, mechanical strength and cell affinity can be obtained through combination of alginate with other biopolymers, immobilization of specific molecules such as sugar molecules and peptide through chemical or physical cross-linking. In this article, we report different method of preparation of alginate nanoparticles, and also focus on recent advances of nanoparticles made of alginate and its modified form in the field of drug delivery applications.

Emulsion templated microencapsulation of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.) polyphenols and β-carotene by ionotropic gelation of alginate and pectin

This research underlines the potential of employing emulsion/internal gelation encapsulation in alginate and pectin hydrogels for the simultaneous delivery of hydrophilic (polyphenols from dandelion (Taraxacum officinalis L.) extract) and lypophilic (β-carotene) compounds. The approach of reinforcing alginate and pectin hydrogels by whey proteins and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as the carriers for the design of microencapsulated delivery systems was also evaluated. Comprehensive characterization of the morphological properties, particle size, encapsulation efficiency, interactions and release in gastrointestinal conditions was achieved. A simple and effective procedure based on the ionic gelation of emulsions for microencapsulation of polyphenols and β-carotene was developed, allowing formulation of micro-sized particles ranging ≤800 μm, which retained their spherical morphological properties upon drying. Incorporation of whey proteins and HPMC in the alginate gel contributed to better encapsulation parameters i.e. the morphological properties and encapsulation efficiency in relation to plain alginate particles. The combination of alginate with whey proteins as the carrier matrix arised as the optimal delivery system, owing to its regular, spherical shape, high encapsulation efficiency of total polyphenols (77,35%) and very good retention of hydroxycinnamic acids (89,14%), while the binary mixture of alginate and HPMC as the carrier enabled the best (prolongued) release profile of these compounds from the formulated microparticles in simulated gastrointestinal fluids.

Statistical design of experiments for optimization of arsenate reductase production by Kocuria palustris (RJB-6) and immobilization parameters in polymer beads

This study presents statistical optimization of operational parameters for enhancement of arsenate reductase production by an arsenic tolerant bacterium Kocuria palustris (RJB-6).

UTILIZATION OF ALGINATE AS AN ENCAPSULATION MODEL OF COCONUT SHELL LIQUID SMOKE

Alginate extracted from brown seaweed has gelling properties that make it useful as a wall material in encapsulation systems. Liquid smoke contains the active substances, such as phenols, which can preserve food. In order to protect the active substances, liquid smoke is encapsulated by using alginate and maltodextrin. The purpose of this study was to investigate liquid smoke encapsulation technology with maltodextrin and alginate using a spray dryer, to improve the physical and chemical characteristics of the liquid smoke. The microcapsules of liquid smoke were made, using a spray dryer SD 04, by encapsulating liquid smoke with two types of wall materials, maltodextrin and the combination of alginate- maltodextrin. The ratio of liquid smoke to total solids (wall materials) was 9:1 (v/w). The alginate concentration used was 0.5 to 2% (w/v). Parameters observed in this study were phenol release, shape and morphology, encapsulant efficiency, drying yield, phenol marker and, particle size. This study used a completely randomized design with three replications. The best treatment was obtained by using the alginate with a concentration of 1% (w/v) and maltodextrin of 9% (w/v) with phenol release of 2.52% (w/w) in the 20 minute of release, encapsulant efficiency of 45.13% and drying yield of 28.74%. The particle size analyzer results showed that the particles were agglomerating. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) observation illustrated that all treatments have a better capsule morphology than the controls, whereas Optilab image processing and analysis software results showed that phenolic compounds are encapsulated by wall materials used.

Effect of alginate and chitosan encapsulation on the fate of BSA protein delivered orally to gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Encapsulation efficiency of protein in alginate or a combination of alginate and chitosan hydrogels was studied with the aim of ascertaining the adequacy of these carriers to deliver exogenous protein to fish orally. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was chosen as model protein, and sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles as in vivo fish model. A three step approach was followed, according to the next scheme: (i) evaluation of different encapsulation protocols in terms of their efficiency to retain BSA; (ii) assessment of the retaining capacity of capsules under in vitro systems, including those that simulate gastric and intestinal conditions, and (iii) in vivo assay, in which the fate of encapsulated BSA during its transit throughout the fish gut was assessed. The results indicate that a combination of alginate and chitosan polymers (30g L−1 and 1g L−1, respectively) yielded the best balance among encapsulation efficiency, BSA protection against gastrointestinal proteolytic enzymes, and further sustained release of protein in the gut lumen of gilthead sea bream.

Protein-reinforced and chitosan-pectin coated alginate microparticles for delivery of flavan-3-ol antioxidants and caffeine from green tea extract

In this study, potential interactions of alginate-proteins and proteins-polyphenols were utilized for the formulation of microparticles encapsulating green tea flavan-3-ols and caffeine. Electrostatic assisted extrusion of alginate-protein (whey proteins, bovine serum albumine, calcium caseinate, soy proteins, hemp proteins) formulations was performed for the production of microparticles and the effect of chitosan or pectin coating was evaluated. Employing alginate in combination with soy or hemp proteins provided large and hard particles, while reinforcement with whey proteins and bovine serum albumin provided the most spherical and softer particles (lower hardness and elasticity), with average diameters around 700–800 μm. The combination of alginate and calcium caseinate or whey proteins enabled to retain the highest content of polyphenols and caffeine in the formulated particles (up to 80%). Chitosan or pectin coating did not improve the physical and morphological properties or the encapsulation efficiency, but conferred better (prolongued) release profile of polyphenols from the particles. The release studies in water and simulated gastric and intestinal fluids revealed burst release of polyphenols (over 50% in first 5–10 min) followed by sustained release up to 120 min. An artificial neural network designed based on all physical and bioactive parameters of the formulated particles, revealed that the combination of alginate with calcium caseinate or bovine serum albumin as the delivery formulation and pectin coating would provide particles with the maximum loading efficiency of green tea polyphenols and proteins as the functional components, which may facilitate their functional properties when delivered to specific target media in the organism.

Rheology of mixed alginate-hyaluronan aqueous solutions

The present manuscript addresses the description of binary systems of hyaluronan (HA) and alginate (Alg) in semi-concentrated solution. The two polysaccharides were completely miscible in the entire range of relative weight fraction explored at a total polymer concentration of up to 3% (w/V). The rheological study encompassed steady flow and mechanical spectra for HA/Alg systems at different weight fractions with hyaluronan at different molecular weights. These extensive analyses allowed us to propose a model for the molecular arrangement in solution that envisages a mutual exclusion between the two polysaccharides even though a clear phase separation does not occur. This result may have profound implications when combinations of alginate and hyaluronan are proposed in the field of biomedical materials.