Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/hyaluronic acid modified polydopamine nanoparticles co-loaded with BNN6 and epirubicin for synergistic photothermal/gas/chemotherapy of breast cancer.

MN42-81: A novel PD-L1-targeted immunomodulatory cisplatin prodrug for highly efficient synergistic chemo-immunotherapy of cancer.

Gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancers remain a major global cause of cancer-related mortality. Despite incremental advances in surgery and systemic therapy, durable survival gains have been limited, underscoring persistent unmet medical needs. However, the treatment paradigm has undergone a rapid transformation, driven by the integration of immunotherapy in curative-intent systemic treatment and the expansion of biomarker-guided systemic therapies. In the perioperative setting, immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with optimized cytotoxic chemotherapy have demonstrated encouraging efficacy, with recent phase III trials contributing to the establishment of combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy as an emerging therapeutic platform. In advanced disease, precision oncology frameworks continue to expand beyond traditional biomarkers. Established targets such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 are now complemented by newly validated markers including claudin18.2, whereas additional actionable alterations-such as MET and TROP2-are actively under clinical investigation. These developments are redefining treatment algorithms and introducing new sequencing considerations, particularly in the context of tumor heterogeneity and biomarker coexpression. Concurrent advances in molecular diagnostics and next-generation sequencing are also facilitating the comprehensive identification of therapeutically relevant alterations. This review outlines the evolving therapeutic landscape of gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancers, spanning perioperative immunotherapy, newly validated molecular targets, and next-generation drug development platforms. By integrating biomarker-driven strategies with innovative modalities, such as antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor-T-cell therapy, and vaccines, we highlight how precision therapeutics are reshaping treatment paradigms across resectable and advanced disease.

Injectable pH-responsive cross-linked chitosan hydrogel co-delivering methotrexate and diaminoperylene bisimide: Enhanced targeted chemo-photodynamic therapy for breast cancer cells with reduced systemic toxicity

LRRC41 is critical for the progression of multiple cancers, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet its oncogenic mechanism in HCC remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism by which LRRC41 promotes HCC malignancy and investigate the therapeutic potential of inhibiting its mediated signalling pathway. LRRC41 expression in HCC was analysed via the TCGA, HPA databases and experimental detection. Its biological functions were assessed by in vitro CCK-8, Transwell, colony formation assays and in vivo xenograft models. IP-MS, Co-IP and ubiquitination assays were used to elucidate the molecular mechanism, and the anti-tumour effect of the USP7 inhibitor P6620 was verified in vitro and in vivo. LRRC41 was abnormally overexpressed in HCC and correlated with poor prognosis, promoting HCC cell proliferation, invasion and tumorigenesis. USP7 stabilised LRRC41 via deubiquitination, and LRRC41 activated the NF-κB pathway by targeting HNRNPC in a K63-linked ubiquitination-dependent manner. P6620 inhibited the USP7/LRRC41 axis to suppress HCC malignancy, and its combination with lenvatinib enhanced in vivo anti-tumor efficacy. LRRC41 overexpression drives HCC progression and poor prognosis; the novel USP7/LRRC41/HNRNPC/NF-κB axis is identified in HCC. USP7 inhibitor P6620 blocks this axis and may serve as a potential agent for HCC combination chemotherapy. The regulatory mechanism of the USP7/LRRC41/HNRNPC/NF-κB signalling axis in HCC. Created with Figdraw.

Platinum-based combination chemotherapy is a standard first-line treatment for major cancers. However, its dose-limiting toxicity significantly compromises the clinical utility. Here, we established a radiotherapy-activated platinum(IV) prodrug platform for selective activation in tumors, thereby reducing the systemic toxicity in concurrent chemoradiotherapy. A library of Pt(IV) prodrugs functionalized with amino-, hydroxyl-, and carboxyl-containing moieties via carbamate, carbonate, and ester linkages was synthesized and screened for favorable stability and radiation-triggered reactivity in biological environments. The optimized platform was then extended to incorporate bioactive ligands that release cytotoxic agents upon irradiation. Critically, a human serum albumin (HSA)-binding motif was integrated to prolong the systemic circulation time and enhance tumor accumulation. In summary, we established a chemical platform that leverages the radiation-induced reduction of Pt(IV) to enable platinum-based combinational therapy, achieved by selectively releasing two bioactive agents in tumors. This system also exploits albumin-mediated transport to improve pharmacokinetic profiles, facilitate selective drug activation, and enhance antitumor efficacy.

Current treatment guidelines for stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) with isolated synchronous lung metastases are limited. This study aimed to assess the association between management strategies and cancer-specific survival (CSS). This study was a retrospective cohort analysis of patients with stage IV colorectal adenocarcinoma and isolated synchronous lung metastases from the SEER registry (2010-2022). Patients were grouped by treatment strategy: surgery-only, chemotherapy-only, or combined surgery and chemotherapy. The main outcome measure was 3-year CSS, assessed by Kaplan-Meier statistics and multivariable Cox regression to adjust for survival confounders. 5666 (6.9%) of 82,502 patients with stage IV CRC had isolated lung metastases. 736 (13%) were treated with surgery-only, 1870 (33%) chemotherapy-only, and 1908 (33.6%) surgery and chemotherapy; no treatment was recorded in 20.3% of patients. Chemotherapy alone was increasingly used over time (from 33.8% to 51.1%), whereas combined treatment decreased. Combined surgery and chemotherapys was associated with the highest 3-year CSS (55.1%) compared with chemotherapy-only (26.1%) and surgery-only (21.7%) (p<0.001). Resection of both primary CRC and lung metastases combined with chemotherapy conferred the best 3-year CSS (66.2%). Combined surgery for primary and metastatic tumors and chemotherapy was associated with significant mortality risk reduction (HR 0.31, p<0.001) compared with chemotherapy-only. Older age, signet-ring cell histology, poor differentiation, N2 primary disease, elevated CEA, and perineural invasion were associated with reduced CSS. Combined resection of primary CRC and synchronous lung metastases with chemotherapy was associated with the best survival outcomes. However, use of this combined strategyis employed in select patients andhas decreased over time.

Coexistence of interstitial lung disease (ILD), particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and lung cancer poses major diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, yet clinical management remains heterogeneous. The project aims to describe current Italian practices for integrated management of ILD with concomitant lung cancer. Methods: ICARO (Interstiziopatia e Cancro del polmone: AppRoccio al management clinico integratO) is a national cross-sectional clinician survey conducted in Italy on behalf of the Italian Respiratory Society from November 2024 to March 2025. A 12-item multiple-choice questionnaire assessed diagnostic strategies, treatment preferences, and perceived toxicity risks. Invitations were sent to X physicians, among which 38 ansewered (35 specialists and senior 3 registrars (age range: 28-68 years). Results: An ILD multidisciplinary team was available in 26/38 (71.1%) centres. Diagnostic procedures for lung cancer in ILD patients were reported as performed "always/often" by 14/38 (36.8%), with the main concern being ILD progression after procedures (31/38 - 81.6%). Most respondents continued antifibrotic therapy during systemic cancer treatment (28/38- 73.7%). Combined chemotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors was perceived as the highest-risk regimen by 19/38 physicians (50%), and 20/38 (52.6%) were hesitant to offer neoadjuvant immunotherapy in stage II-IIIa NSCLC. Severe toxicity from radiotherapy was reported as frequent by 8/38 (21.1%). Conclusions: Italian clinicians report substantial variability in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for lung cancer in ILDs, driven mainly by concern for ILD progression and treatment-related pulmonary toxicity. Although limited, this study unveils an urgent need for further prospective studies to better define the safety and efficacy of combined therapeutic approaches and to establish evidence-based guidelines to support clinical decision-making.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents significant therapeutic challenges due to drug resistance, systemic toxicity, and poor drug solubility. We developed amphiphilic ABC-type glycopolymer nanoparticles (mPEG-b-PCL-b-PGP) [PCG] for the targeted delivery of paclitaxel (PTX). PCG was synthesized via ring-opening polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization, followed by deacetylation. Structural and thermal characterizations were performed using 1H-NMR, FT-IR, GPC, TGA, and DSC to confirm block composition, molecular weight, and stability of the glycopolymer. PTX-loaded PCG nanoparticles [PCG(PTX)] exhibited high drug loading capacity, colloidal stability, and pH-responsive drug release. In vitro, PCG(PTX) demonstrated selective uptake by PDAC cells and enhanced cytotoxicity. Combination with gemcitabine (Gem) further reduced viability and migration while promoting apoptosis. In orthotopic PDAC mouse models, PCG(PTX) + Gem significantly suppressed tumor growth, prolonged survival, and tolerability compared with free PTX. These results demonstrate the promise of PCG glycopolymer nanoparticles as an effective platform for targeted, combination chemotherapy in PDAC.

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare CD20-negative aggressive lymphoma with poor prognosis when treated with standard treatment options. Although PBL is associated with HIV infection and other immunosuppressed states, it can also affect immunocompetent individuals. The diagnosis of PBL requires a high clinical suspicion and pathological confirmation. EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) expression and MYC gene rearrangements are frequently detected in the malignant cells. The differential diagnosis includes EBV+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), extracavitary primary effusion lymphoma, ALK+ DLBCL, and HHV8+ large B-cell lymphoma, among others. Age ≥ 60 years, advanced clinical stage, and high International Prognostic Index scores are associated with worse survival. Combination chemotherapy regimens, such as infusional EPOCH, are recommended. The addition of bortezomib or daratumumab might improve outcomes. B-cell maturation antigen-targeted therapies have shown early efficacy. The participation of patients with PBL in prospective clinical trials is warranted.

Carrier-free self-assembled nanomedicines have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional nanocarrier-based systems due to their simpler fabrication, higher drug-loading efficiency, and better biocompatibility. Herein, we report a carrier-free polyphenol-metal coordinated nanoplatform composed of apigenin, tannic acid, and Cu2+ ions (AT-Cu NPs), synthesized through an oxidative-mediated coordination assembly. In this system, Cu2+ ions serve as coordination bridges between apigenin and tannic acid, forming a stable metal-phenolic network that facilitates spontaneous nanoparticle self-assembly. The obtained AT-Cu NPs exhibited good aqueous dispersibility, uniform spherical morphology, an average diameter of approximately 120 nm, and favorable structural stability. Density functional theory calculations were used to support the proposed coordination interactions and preferred binding geometries within the AT-Cu framework. Owing to the abundant phenolic and carbonyl coordination sites, AT-Cu NPs enabled efficient loading and stabilization of the near-infrared (NIR) dye IR-820. IR@AT-Cu NPs demonstrated effective photothermal conversion efficiency and singlet oxygen generation under 808 nm irradiation. In vitro studies showed that IR@AT-Cu NPs significantly enhanced cancer cell killing under NIR irradiation through a synergistic combination of chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and photothermal therapy. Mechanistic investigations suggested that the induced cell death was mainly associated with mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Overall, this work presents a simple, biocompatible, carrier-free nanotherapeutic strategy that integrates polyphenol chemistry, metal coordination, and NIR-responsive multimodal therapy for potential combination cancer treatment.

Pivotal phase 3 trials leading to the approvals of atezolizumab─chemotherapy combinations for non-small cell and extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (NSCLC and ES-SCLC) had strict eligibility criteria. J-TAIL-2 was a prospective, observational study in Japan that evaluated atezolizumab regimens for advanced NSCLC/ES-SCLC, including patients ineligible for global trials. The primary endpoint was 12-month overall survival (OS); safety and efficacy in subgroups defined by age, ECOG PS and/or G8 score, and creatinine clearance were key secondary endpoints. As of February 3, 2023, 1217 patients were treated in clinical practice based on Japanese labeling/treatment guidelines. Patients received atezolizumab with either carboplatin and nab-paclitaxel (atezo + CnP), carboplatin/cisplatin and pemetrexed (atezo + PP), or bevacizumab and carboplatin and paclitaxel (atezo + bev + CP) in the NSCLC cohort (n = 814) or with carboplatin and etoposide (atezo + CE) in the ES-SCLC cohort (n = 403). Overall, 53.5% were ≥ 70 years old, and 11.8% had ECOG PS ≥ 2; median G8 scores were 13 (NSCLC cohort) and 12 (ES-SCLC). Patients < 70 and ≥ 70 years had similar median (m)OS and progression-free survival (mPFS) across treatment regimens. Patients with ECOG PS < 2 and G8 score ≥ median had the highest mOS/PFS vs. patients with ECOG PS ≥ 2 and G8 score<median. Patients ≥ 70 years had higher incidence of Grade ≥ 3 adverse events with atezo + CnP and atezo + PP than patients < 70 years; incidences were similar between groups for other regimens. Older vs. younger patients also had higher incidence of interstitial lung disease. Overall, these results suggest that atezolizumab-containing regimens remain effective in older patients, with no new safety signals. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04501497.

Topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) is essential for relieving DNA supercoils during replication and transcription. However, its transient reaction intermediates (TOP1 cleavage complexes or TOP1-DNA covalent complexes, i.e., TOP1ccs) become highly genotoxic when stabilized. While mechanisms that resolve chemotherapy-induced TOP1ccs are well-characterized, how cells prevent their accumulation under physiological conditions for securing genomic stability has remained elusive. Here, we elucidate a novel regulatory pathway in which CHK1-mediated phosphorylation of TOP1 at Serine-320 regulates its religation activity and hence limits steady-state TOP1cc levels during unperturbed cellular metabolism. We further demonstrate a distinct mechanism of TOP1cc stabilization, which escapes recognition by proteasomal and autophagic machineries, while being susceptible to CtIP, SPRTN, and p97-mediated removal. Defective phosphorylation of TOP1 at S320 impairs replication-fork progression, leading to replication- and transcription-associated DSBs, R-loop stabilization, genomic instability, and hypersensitivity to TOP1 poisons. Overall, our study assigns a new function to CHK1in direct regulation of human TOP1cc dynamics, with critical implications for genomic integrity and combinatorial chemotherapy.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis occurs in 15% to 20% of immunocompetent patients with tuberculosis and in 50% of immunocompromised patients. Its prevalence varies based on local disease rates. Tuberculosis remains a significant health concern in tropical countries. Chest wall tuberculosis is rarely documented in the literature. Skeletal involvement of tuberculosis is a challenging diagnosis that may be mistaken for tumors. Confirming the diagnosis generally requires microbiological or histological evidence, and treatment involves surgical debridement and chest wall reconstruction, followed by long-term antimicrobial therapy. Our report describes a 34-year-old healthcare worker with a painless mass in the right sternocostal joint. She worked in a clinical laboratory. The X-ray showed a diffuse image in the first and second costal arches involving the sternum. A biopsy report indicated caseous necrosis and the absence of epithelioid cells. Surgeons performed an extensive resection of the infected bone and a chest wall reconstruction. The patient was treated afterward with combined anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy, and the response has been favorable so far. Extrapulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis are rare and need a high index of suspicion and microbiological confirmation to avoid misdiagnosis as neoplasms. Not applicable.

Colon carcinoma is a prevalent gastrointestinal malignancy, representing a significant public health burden, necessitating integrated surgical and oncological interventions. In recent decades, the combination of surgical resection and systemic chemotherapy has become the mainstay of treatment, supported by evolving clinical protocols. Globally, post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy is generally considered safe; however, potential treatment-related complications include life-threatening bacteremia and myelosuppression. The occurrence of necrotizing enteritis (NE) following chemotherapy is exceedingly rare, and to date, NE induced by Clostridium paraputrificum has not been thoroughly summarized in the literature, particularly regarding its clinical manifestations, laboratory indicators, and management strategies. This report details a rare instance of C. paraputrificum-induced NE and bacteremia in a patient with colon cancer, serving as a practical reference for clinical management. A 69-year-old male presented following chemotherapy with fever, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain and discomfort. Computed tomography (CT) revealed post-rectal surgery changes and dilated colonic loops with air-fluid levels. Subsequently, an X-ray confirmed significant colonic gaseous distension. Laboratory evaluation showed a profound systemic inflammatory response, with interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels reaching 4088.30 ng/L and 2139.90 ng/L, respectively. Following urgent surgical resection of the necrotic bowel, both tissue and blood cultures yielded C. paraputrificum. The patient achieved a favorable outcome through combined surgical intervention and targeted antimicrobial therapy. NE is a rare but catastrophic complication following chemotherapy for colon carcinoma. Patients usually present with abdominal pain best evaluated radiologically by CT scans; monitoring IL levels may offer high sensitivity for the early detection of severe inflammatory responses associated with C. paraputrificum. Prompt surgical resection and parenteral antibiotics remain the cornerstones of management for immunocompromised patients. Not applicable.

To identify clinicopathologic factors associated with outcomes in patients with localized synovial sarcoma (SS). We retrospectively reviewed 248 patients with localized SS treated across three US quaternary medical centers between 2000-2024. Demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatments, including perioperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy, were assessed. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated via Kaplan-Meier, and Cox regression was used for univariable and multivariable analysis, including significant univariate factors and confounders such as age and tumor size. Median follow-up was 5.2 years; median age at diagnosis 35 years (IQR 26-46). Median DFS was 110.3 months. Perioperative chemotherapy was given to 150 (60%) patients, while perioperative radiotherapy (RT) was given to 173 (69.8%) patients. Multivariable analysis showed that tumor size correlated with worse DFS (P < 0.001) and OS (P < 0.001), while a location in the chest wall, trunk or extremities correlated with improved DFS (P = 0.006). Percent tumor necrosis was associated with worse OS (P = 0.04), while R0 (P = 0.002) resection margins correlated with improved OS. Perioperative RT or chemotherapy did not correlate with OS or DFS in the whole cohort, though patients with tumor size ≥ 10 cm (n = 47) showed worse OS when receiving perioperative chemotherapy only as opposed to combined perioperative chemotherapy and RT (P = 0.006). Tumor size, location, margin status, and tumor necrosis are independent prognostic factors in localized SS. Combined perioperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy correlated with improved OS in patients with tumors larger than 10 cm.

Introduction Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor and one of the leading causes of cancer deaths. Combination therapies, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy have indeed revolutionized the treatment of breast cancer, but they have not eliminated the occurrence of side effects. Among different anticancer strategies, plant-derived compounds appear to play a critical role in both prevention and therapy. They have been utilized in folk medicine for years, revealing anti-inflammatory, antimigraine, and anticancer properties. In particular, parthenolide derivatives have been shown to act as adjuvant agents in the treatment of various malignancies. Especially when provided with modifications that increase their bioavailability and stability. Methods Here, we present the cell type-selective biological activity of parthenolide derivatives—stizolin, stizolicin, and izospiciformin—isolated from the leaves of Stizolophus balsamita , in a panel of three different molecular subtypes of breast cancer cell (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and SK-BR-3). Viability, clonogenic potential, apoptosis, and autophagy processes have been verified to explain the biological activity of the studied natural compounds. Results The highest biological activity was demonstrated by the stizolin (with the IC50 from 1.3 to 4.3 μg/mL depending on cell line), which exhibited antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and proautophagic properties in the studied breast cancer cells, particularly in the HER2-positive breast cancer cell line (SK-BR-3), demonstrated by PARP1/2 cleavage, Bax/Bcl2 status increase, and confirmed by LC3II/LC3I, mTOR, and p62 proteins alterations. Conclusion Our results indicate that the studied compounds exhibit compound-dependent biological activity, and selectivity across different molecular subtypes of breast cancer.

To evaluate the economics of sintilimab combination chemotherapy versus chemotherapy and sintilimab combination chemotherapy versus camrelizumab/ toripalimab combination chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC) from the perspective of the Chinese health system. A partitioned survival model (PSM) with a tracked time horizon of 5 years was developed. In the basal analysis, a direct cost-utility comparison of sintilimab + chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy in first-line treatment of advanced ESCC was performed based on survival data from the ORIENT-15 trial. Cost and utility value data were obtained from relevant databases or published literature, and the robustness of the model was assessed using one-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA). In the exploratory analysis, the cost-utility of sintilimab + chemotherapy vs. camrelizumab/ toripalimab + chemotherapy was indirectly compared by Network Meta-Analysis (NMA) combined with hazard ratio (HR). Sintilimab in combination with chemotherapy resulted in 0.33 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) more than chemotherapy with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 25,409.27 USD/QALY, which was lower than the willingness-to-pay (WTP). Sensitivity analysis showed that the utility value of stable disease and the price of sintilimab had the greatest impact on outcome stability. Exploratory analysis indicate that toripalimab plus chemotherapy yields an additional 0.04 QALYs compared with sintilimab plus chemotherapy, with an ICER of 9,953.24 USD/QALY. In contrast, camrelizumab plus chemotherapy yields 0.05 fewer QALYs compared with sintilimab plus chemotherapy. For the first-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic ESCC, the addition of sintilimab to conventional chemotherapy regimens was economical. Among similar PD-1 inhibitors, the toripalimab plus chemotherapy regimen is more costly but more effective than the sintilimab plus chemotherapy regimen, and is cost-effective at the WTP threshold of 3 × GDP per capita. In contrast, the camrelizumab plus chemotherapy regimen is dominated (higher cost and worse effectiveness) by the sintilimab plus chemotherapy regimen.

This study aimed to identify dosimetric and clinical risk factors for ≥Grade 2 radiation pneumonitis (RP) in patients with primary lung cancer undergoing moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy (MHRT). We retrospectively analyzed 126 patients with primary lung cancer who received MHRT (total dose 35-56Gy in 10-15 fractions) between December 2023 and December 2024. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of ≥Grade 2 RP, graded according to CTCAE v5.0. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to evaluate predictive performance. To account for the differential biological effects of various fractionation regimens, a biologically effective dose (BED) correction (using an α/β ratio of 3Gy for lung tissue) was applied to key dosimetric parameters, including the lung volume receiving ≥5Gy (V5). With a median follow-up of 7.5 months, 45 patients (35.7%) developed ≥Grade 2 RP. Univariate analysis identified planning target volume/lung volume (PTV/LV) ratio, lung V5, lung V20, fraction dose, and chemotherapy history as significant factors (all p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed both lung V5 (odds ratio [OR] = 3.335, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.208-9.212; p = 0.020) and PTV/LV ratio (OR = 2.097, 95% CI: 1.027-8.607; p = 0.045) as independent risk factors. BED-corrected analysis confirmed BED-V5 as an independent risk factor (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03-1.18, p = 0.007). ROC analysis showed that lung V5 had significant predictive value (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.667, p = 0.002), while BED-V5 had an AUC of 0.698 (p < 0.001) with an optimal cutoff of 40.1%. PTV/LV ratio did not reach statistical significance (AUC = 0.584, p = 0.117). Model diagnostics indicated good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow p = 0.620) and no significant multicollinearity (variance inflation factors = 1.021). Lung V5 and PTV/LV ratio are independent risk factors for ≥Grade 2 RP in patients receiving MHRT for primary lung cancer. The significance of V5 persisted after BED correction. Lung V5 demonstrates significant predictive value. Optimizing treatment plans to maintain lung V5 < 34.75% and PTV/LV ratio < 4.25% may help reduce the risk of RP in this setting.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) ranks among the most prevalent malignant tu-mors and represents the most frequent type of ear, nose, and throat cancer. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) significantly contributes to the development of NPC. Characterized by high ma-lignancy and a tendency to metastasize, NPC generally exhibits moderate sensitivity to radia-tion therapy. Currently, the standard treatment for NPC involves a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as a new strategy to treat malignant tumors, including NPC. The clinical objective of immunotherapy is to utilize the immune system to generate passive or active immunity against malignant tumors by targeting them. As a novel approach for treating malignant tumors, immunotherapy is gaining increasing popularity in clinical practice. It has demonstrated promising efficacy in the treatment of cer-tain malignant tumors and has become a current hotspot in clinical research. Based on pub-lished clinical data and ongoing trials, this article reviews the immunotherapy targets for NPC, with a focus on the clinical applications and progress of some targets. It mainly pays attention to the current research status of checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines for these targets, with the aim of providing inspiration for clinical practice and future clinical research.