Color Perception Research Articles

Reparameterized underwater object detection network improved by cone-rod cell module and WIOU loss

To overcome the challenges in underwater object detection across diverse marine environments—marked by intricate lighting, small object presence, and camouflage—we propose an innovative solution inspired by the human retina's structure. This approach integrates a cone-rod cell module to counteract complex lighting effects and introduces a reparameterized multiscale module for precise small object feature extraction. Moreover, we employ the Wise Intersection Over Union (WIOU) technique to enhance camouflage detection. Our methodology simulates the human eye's cone and rod cells' brightness and color perception using varying sizes of deep and ordinary convolutional kernels. We further augment the network's learning capability and maintain model lightness through structural reparameterization, incorporating multi-branching and multiscale modules. By substituting the Complete Intersection Over Union (CIOU) with WIOU, we increase penalties for low-quality samples, mitigating the effect of camouflaged information on detection. Our model achieved a MAP_0.75 of 72.5% on the Real-World Underwater Object Detection (RUOD) dataset, surpassing the leading YOLOv8s model by 5.8%. Additionally, the model's FLOPs and parameters amount to only 10.62 M and 4.62B, respectively, which are lower than most benchmark models. The experimental outcomes affirm our design's efficacy in addressing underwater object detection's various disturbances, offering valuable technical insights for related oceanic image processing challenges.

HOW HUMAN THINKING IS INFLUENCED BY THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE

This paper aims to prove a deep connection between language and thought and confirm that language is a powerful tool that humans possess. It is not just a collection of words, but rather a medium of communication that has far-reaching impacts. Effective communication heavily relies on language, which serves as a vital tool for communicating with others. Although it may not determine our thought patterns, language is universally recognized as an essential component of human interaction. With over 7,000 languages spoken worldwide, each one boasts a unique vocabulary, sound, and structure. Humans possess an incredible ability to convey complex ideas and thoughts through language. Language can also impact our perception of time and color. Different languages have varying words to describe colors, with some having only a few, such as dark and light. This article explores these various aspects of language. The connection between language and thought is intricate and multi-dimensional. Language is an essential aspect of human interaction, and its structure is linked to brain processes and external factors in nature. This article intends to discuss the varying meanings of language expressions and their significance.

FMRI and gene therapy in adults with CNGB3 mutation

Achromatopsia is an inherited retinal disease that affects 1 in 30,000–50,000 individuals and is characterised by an absence of functioning cone photoreceptors from birth. This results in severely reduced visual acuity, no colour vision, marked sensitivity to light and involuntary oscillations of the eyes (nystagmus). In most cases, a single gene mutation prevents normal development of cone photoreceptors, with mutations in the CNGB3 or CNGA3 gene being responsible for ∼80 % of all patients with achromatopsia. There are a growing number of studies investigating recovery of cone function after targeted gene therapy. These studies have provided some promise for patients with the CNGA3 mutation, but thus far have found limited or no recovery for patients with the CNGB3 mutation. Here, we developed colour-calibrated visual stimuli designed to isolate cone photoreceptor responses. We combined these with adapted fMRI techniques and pRF mapping to identify if cortical responses to cone-driven signals could be detected in 9 adult patients with the CNGB3 mutation after receiving gene therapy. We did not detect any change in brain activity after gene therapy when the 9 patients were analysed as a group. However, on an individual basis, one patient self-reported a change in colour perception, corroborated by improved performance on a psychophysical task designed to selectively identify cone function. This suggests a level of cone sensitivity that was lacking pre-treatment, further supported by a subtle but reliable change in cortical activity within their primary visual cortex.

The modelling of flower colour: spectral purity or colour contrast as biologically relevant descriptors of flower colour signals for bees depending upon the perceptual task.

Flower colour is an important mediator of plant-pollinator interactions. While the reflectance of light from the flower surface and background are governed by physical properties, the perceptual interpretation of such information is generated by complex multilayered visual processing. Should quantitative modelling of flower signals strive for repeatable consistency enabled by parameter simplification, or should modelling reflect the dynamic way in which bees are known to process signals? We discuss why colour is an interpretation of spectral information by the brain of an animal. Different species, or individuals within a species, may respond differently to colour signals depending on sensory apparatus and/or individual experience. Humans and bees have different spectral ranges, but colour theory is strongly rooted in human colour perception and many principles of colour vision appear to be common. We discuss bee colour perception based on physiological, neuroanatomical and behavioural evidence to provide a pathway for modelling flower colours. We examine whether flower petals and floral guides as viewed against spectrally different backgrounds should be considered as a simple colour contrast problem or require a more dynamic consideration of how bees make perceptual decisions. We discuss that plants such as deceptive orchids may present signals to exploit bee perception, whilst many plants do provide honest signalling where perceived saturation indicates the probability of collecting nutritional rewards towards the centre of a flower that then facilitates effective pollination.

The Chromatic Awareness of Black and White in Andalusian and Omani Poetry: Ibn Khafaja and Sulaiman al-Nabhani as a Model

This study delves into the nuanced perception of black and white colors within the realm of Andalusian and Omani poetry, focusing on the works of Ibn Khafaja and Sulaiman bin Muzaffar al-Nabhani. It aims to uncover the depth of these poets' engagement with color, examining how they utilize black and white to articulate their personal dilemmas and psychological intricacies that surface through their poetic expressions. This exploration is anchored in the belief that color serves as a versatile poetic motif, with the poetic rendition of color experiences offering a reconstitution of reality tailored by the poets' psychological states, thereby rendering color projection as a means of catharsis. Employing Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory as its foundational methodology, this research probes into the unconscious elements of poetic creation, viewing it as a vehicle for expressing the suppressed aspects of the human psyche. The selection of black and white, predominant in the poets' anthologies, facilitates an exploration of diverse psychological and existential experiences, necessitating an analysis of color within poetry through its contextual integration to unveil its expressive and functional potency.

An apparent motion color illusion.

We introduce a new illusory color phenomenon. The illusion is evoked by two alternating displays comprising various colored disks. Although the colors in the alternating displays are the same, the color appearance of the two displays are quite different. We suggest that apparent motion of the disks modulates the color percepts.

YouTube Beauty Content Characteristics and Personal Color Perception Effects on Makeup Behavior of Female College Students in Their 20s

The characteristics of beauty YouTube content and the perception of personal color can act as important factors for women in modern society who value personal image. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of YouTube beauty content and personal color perception on makeup behavior of female college students in their 20s and analyzed the relationship between the accurate influence of YouTube beauty content and makeup behavior of women in their 20s according to personal color perception. As a result, first, it was found that reliability among the characteristics of YouTube beauty content affects functional and color-oriented among makeup behaviors, information affects functional and color-oriented behavior, color-oriented behavior, satisfaction efficacy behavior, and entertainment affects fashion-oriented behavior and satisfaction-oriented behavior. On the other hand, it was found that the interactivity of YouTube beauty content only affects fashion-oriented behavior. Second, among the sub-factors of personal color perception, direct perception affects fashion-oriented behavior, satisfaction-effective behavior, and color-oriented behavior among makeup behaviors, and color preference recognition affects function-oriented behavior and color-oriented behavior. And among the sub-factors of personal color perception, external advice was found to affect function-oriented and satisfaction-effective behavior.

The Effect of Personal Color Perception on Makeup Behavior of Female College Students in Their 20s

In the modern era, as the era of external image communication, interest in appearance has become an essential factor in success. As such, many people are investing a lot of time and money in appearance management to create an ideal image. In particular, personal color occupies a large proportion as a field of image management. The purpose of this study was to find out the personal color recognition and the perception of makeup behavior according to personal color in female college students in their 20s. As a result of the study, the overall personal color recognition and makeup behavior of the pre-survey group were high. Direct recognition, preference recognition, and external advice by sub-factors of personal color recognition of the pre-survey group were found to have a statistically significant positive (+) correlation with aesthetics, fashionability, interest, co-movement, courtesy by sub-factors of makeup behavior. As a result of the pre-post analysis of the subject’s personal color recognition, it was found that the post-mortem of personal color recognition was higher than before, showing a statistically significant difference. This study was intended to empirically investigate whether it affects personal color perception and makeup behavior, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships among female college students in their 20s, and present it as basic data necessary to enhance the changed social atmosphere and lead beauty trends. The limitation of this study is that it is difficult to generalize the results only to 155 female college students at K University, so subsequent studies should expand the region, research subject, and major.

Graphical modeling of additive color mixing. Analyses of electromagnetic effects as colors of the vision analyzer

The human visual analyzer is a high form of evolution. Some jellyfish can distinguish light and dark objects with sensitive cells. Squids, octopuses, and nautiluses from Cephalopods family have eyes with which they can see objects. Visual information is processed in the brain. In fishes, the visual analyzer evolved. Fishes living below 100 m depth inhabit a world with blue light. The authors consider the evolution of vision in these fishes due to the lowest absorption of blue and violet colors of electromagnetic waves from the optical spectrum. Subsequently, on land, in humans vision evolved towards the green color. Green is the most prevalent color on the land. In humans, three light-sensitive cones evolved – S, M, and L. S cones are most sensitive to blue, M – to green, and L – to red color in the spectrum. Some humans retain sensitivity of S to genetic changes and disorders. Additive color mi­xing is a high form of color perception in humans. The additive mixing of different colors achieves a new color in the human visual analyzer. Remarkably, different individuals perceive observed images in varying manners. Mixing neighboring colors on the spectrum gives one, two, or three colors. This process is estimated using graphical modeling. The graphical modeling with two colors allows for the creation of additive colors. One, two, or three additive colors can be obtained. The production of colors results from the light sensitivity of S, M, and L cones. An analysis that phy­sically demonstrates the mixing of green and red colors, resulting in the colors yellow or orange. When blue and red are mixed, the resulting colors are green, yellow, and orange is proposed. The additive mixing of blue and yellow gives green. The subjective nature of visual perception, influenced by the viewer’s heightened sensitivity to one of the colors, beco­mes evident in the presence of two colors. Notably, when the background is violet, the sensitivity of the blue cones diminishes.

What does racial ascription have to do with perception of Swedishness?

AbstractHow do Swedes, who are not exposed to administrative routines of reporting race and ethnicity, perceive, and categorize faces with different phenotypical features? This study examines identity contestation that can occur and address how race affects the way you are perceived as Swedish. A sample of Swedish participants were asked to assign racial categories to images of faces with different phenotypes, identify the skin color of the faces and rate how ‘Swedish’ the faces are perceived. We also use eye‐tracking to explore whether participants look differently at the faces of different racial groups. The results show greater identity contestation among Latino and Black faces. Moreover, while Swedish respondents identify the skin color of faces self‐identified as Black as darker compared to other racial backgrounds, the differences in skin color reported between Asian, White and Latinos were very small. Despite these small differences in the perception of skin color among Asian, White, and Latino faces, faces self‐reported as White were rated as significantly more Swedish by the respondents compared Asian and Latino faces. All these results contribute to the understanding of not only how race matters in Sweden but also to the understanding of constructivist nature of race.

The human brain deals with violating general color or depth knowledge in different time courses

Utilizing the high temporal resolution of event-related potentials (ERPs), we compared the time course of processing incongruent color versus 3D-depth information. Participants were asked to judge whether the food color (color condition) or 3D structure (3D-depth condition) was congruent or incongruent with their previous knowledge and experience. The behavioral results showed that the reaction times in the congruent 3D-depth condition were slower than those in the congruent color condition. The reaction times in the incongruent 3D-depth condition were slower than those in the incongruent color condition. The ERP results showed that incongruent color stimuli induced a larger N270, larger P300, and smaller N400 components in the fronto-central region than the congruent color stimuli. Incongruent 3D-depth stimuli induced a smaller N1 in the occipital region, larger P300 and smaller N400 in the parietal-occipital region than congruent 3D-depth stimuli. The time–frequency analysis found that incongruent color stimuli induced a larger theta band (360–580 ms) activation in the fronto-central region than congruent color stimuli. Incongruent 3D-depth stimuli induced larger alpha and beta bands (240–350 ms) activation in the parietal region than congruent 3D-depth stimuli. Our results suggest that the human brain deals with violating general color or depth knowledge in different time courses. We speculate that the depth perception conflict was dominated by solving the problem with visual processing, whereas the color perception conflict was dominated by solving the problem with semantic violation.

Thermochromic materials in the paints and varnishes sector. Part I: perception and measurement of color

Thermochromic materials in the paints and varnishes sector. Part I: perception and measurement of color

Software and hardware complex based on the STM32F407VG microcontroller for the study of vibra-tions with the LIS3DSH accelerometer

Commonly used color models are reviewed and analyzed, namely the RGB model and subtractive models, including CMY and CMYK. The characteristics of colorimeters based on the use of RGB, CMY and CMYK models have been studied. A comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of RGB and CMYK models was carried out. The developed digital colorimeter allows for express control of color characteristics with high metrological accuracy and does not require a high level of qualification of service personnel. This device reproduces the perception of color by human vision, and its use is intended for both people with normal and impaired vision. The great advantage of this device is its mobility, the speed of measurements and the absence of the need for a specialized laboratory and highly qualified specialists. Full-scale measurements of the output voltage on the photodiodes of the colorimeter corresponding to red, blue and green colors were carried out.

Bright blue-red emission and Optothermal behaviour of Sm(DBM)3Phen complex and amorphous silica nanoparticles

In the present article, we synthesise the Sm(DBM)3phen (SmDP), silica nanoparticles (SiNP) and Sm(DBM)3phen functionalized SiNPs (SiNP_SmDP), which were prepared using the modified Stober method. SEM images revealed an average Si NPs diameter of ∼324 nm. The absorption spectra of the samples showed broad absorption bands in the UV-blue region. Photoluminescence spectra revealed the broadband emission of SiNP centred at 435 nm; and sharp emission peaks corresponding to SmDP due to Sm3+ ion at 567 nm, 609 nm, and 650 nm ascribed due to the transitions 4G5/2 → 6H5/2, 4G5/2 → 6H7/2, and 4G5/2 → 6H9/2, respectively. The SiNP_SmDP's emission spectra consist of amalgam emission with broadband due to SiNP; and sharps peaks due to SmDP complex. Under 405 nm laser excitation, the opto-thermal properties of SiNP_SmDP were explored in the range 293K–313K temperature. CIE coordinate analysis illustrates how colour perception varies with temperature. The maximum sensitivities values are 0.00816 K−1, 1.6326%K−1 and 0.00974 K−1, 3.43743%K−1 corresponding to the transitions 4G5/2 → 6H5/2: 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 and 4G5/2 → 6H5/2: 4G5/2 → 6H9/2 of Sm3+ ions.

Increasing magnitude of color differences amplifies category effects

Previous studies have identified differences in sensitivity characteristics between color discrimination and perception of suprathreshold color differences. However, it remains highly unclear how color difference sensitivity changes with increasing magnitudes of color difference along various color hues. This study aimed to quantify the sensitivity transition across various magnitudes of color differences and uncover the underlying mechanisms. Color discrimination sensitivities were measured using an adaptive staircase method for 32 isoluminant pedestal colors in the u'v' chromaticity diagram. For suprathreshold color differences, we employed the Maximum Likelihood Difference Scaling (MLDS) method to measure sensitivity to various color difference levels for the same 32 colors. Our findings confirmed the differences in sensitivity characteristics between discrimination and suprathreshold color difference perception. Furthermore, we observed increased sensitivities at many color category boundaries in suprathreshold color difference perception. By investigating the relation between the category effects and the color difference size levels through a model simulation, our findings suggest that the influence of color categories on the perception of color differences may become more pronounced as the magnitude of color differences increases.

WHAT COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE SAY ABOUT AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE?

Today, researchers can observe the neural responses to an aesthetic image in the human brain and examine the physiological reactions of viewers to an art object. Neuroaesthetics is a new field of study that characterizes the evolutionary history of the creation and evaluation of art by examining these responses. Neuroscientists, who have managed to map the neural pathways of the visual processing processes that occur in a person's brain while watching artworks, have been focusing on how the visual cortex processes information and reaches aesthetic judgment in recent years. The focus of this research is how a work of art is perceived, how the visual cortex processes information when reaching aesthetic judgments, color perception, synesthesia, and finally, the effects of brain damage on artists. In the study, firstly, the visual-spatial processes, which are the basic processes of visual perception, were discussed. In this way, object perception and the visual processes occurring in the brain during the perception of the art object were examined. In the next section, which draws attention to the perception of color as well as shape and spatial location, synesthesia, which has been the subject of many studies by neuroscientists in recent years and is known as the perception of one sense together with another sense, is discussed. Finally, studies on brain-damaged artists, one of the experimental methods most preferred by neuroscientists in research on aesthetic perception, and the data obtained from these studies are presented.

Exploring the Impact of Facade Color Elements on Visual Comfort in Old Residential Buildings in Shanghai: Insights from Eye-Tracking Technology

Building façade color plays a key role in shaping urban image, enhancing urban vitality, and optimizing citizens’ living experience. Moreover, colors can influence people’s perception of space, but the multiple interrelationships between color elements and users’ color evaluation and visual perception have not yet been thoroughly studied. In order to explore the relationships between color elements and visual perception and subjective comfort, this study discusses the matching relationship between color and the comfort of a residential building façade from three levels of color hue, lightness, and saturation by combining eye movement technology and a subjective evaluation. Taking Anshan San Village in Shanghai as the research object, the relationship model between color elements, visual perception, and subjective comfort is established through correlation analysis, linear regression, and multifactor regression analysis, and the correlation between single elements and multiple elements is explored from multi-dimensional perspectives. It aims to assess the operability of eye movement data as a measure of the visual comfort with the residential building façade color through multiple indicators and to explore and establish a new correlation assessment framework between the three attributes of façade color and users’ visual comfort. The results show that (1) highly saturated façade colors significantly increase cognitive load and decrease color evaluation. (2) Brightness has a non-linear relationship with visual perception and subjective evaluation, either too high or too low a brightness value will cause visual fatigue and thus reduce the color evaluation, and when the brightness is maintained at 40–80%, there will be a better color experience. (3) Warm tones such as red, orange, and yellow can strengthen the color perception to enhance the color evaluation of the façade; among cold tones, cyan and purple can also strengthen the visual perception of the color of the façade to enhance the color evaluation. After validation, the proposed new color comfort assessment method is feasible and comprehensive, and we hope it can provide a reference for the planning of old residential buildings and communities in the future.

The pathways of human color perception

The pathways of human color perception

Seeing is believing: The colour of silver alloys and the global silver circulation in the Chinese Ming and Qing dynasties

AbstractThis research investigates the correlation between colour perception and the circulation of silver in China during the Ming (1368–1644 CE) and Qing (1644–1911 CE) dynasties. The primary aim is to deepen our understanding of how silver alloys were perceived and experienced in this historical context while also situating our study within the broader context of the global silver trade. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, silver possessed immense historical significance as a precious commodity. We argue that copper had a more substantial influence on the final colour of silver alloys compared to lead. Furthermore, employing a colourimetric model, our Monte‐Carlo simulation demonstrates that over 70% of silver from Mesoamerica to China could be discerned by nonexperts using only their unaided vision, largely due to the elevated copper content. Crucially, our simulation experiment reveals differing effects of copper and lead on the colour of silver alloys. The latter demonstrates minimal change until reaching a threshold of 15%, signifying that lead is a suitable and cost‐effective substitute for silver. These findings suggest that the detection of silver purity was less demanding than previously assumed, opening up opportunities for arbitrage.

Public Perception of Scrub Color and Style in Plastic Surgery

Public Perception of Scrub Color and Style in Plastic Surgery