Color Pigments Research Articles

Physico-chemical Indicators of food color pigments derived from Ocimum basilicum (Rahon) vegetation

At this work the physico-chemical Indicators of food color pigments derived from Ocimum basilicum vegetation is presented. This is known that in addition to color pigments, natural food coloring substances contain other biologically active components: vitamins, trace elements, organic acids. The raw material of the plant was extracted for 18 hours and the obtained solution was filtered, solid particles were separated in a centrifuge. The dry matter content of the purified natural dye-preserving solution,pH medium, specific density was determined. The solution was concentrated in a vacuum rotor evaporator for condensation, and its physical and chemical parameters were determined. The amount of fructose in the dye extract obtained in a 20% carbohydrate solution was 5.94 mg/l, the maximum value was 9.12% in the 40% extract, and the fructose content in the dye obtained in a 50% solution was 7.14%. - organized. It was found that the amount of vitamins in the concentrate is higher in 40% and 50% alcohol solution. The safety of the natural dye was analyzed. Heavy metals and their salts, dangerous substances for humanhealth were analyzed.

Tracing pistachio nuts’ origin and irrigation practices through hyperspectral imaging

Pistachio trees have become a significant global agricultural commodity because their nuts are renowned for their unique flavour and numerous health benefits, contributing to their high demand worldwide. This study explores the application of Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) and Machine Learning (ML) to determine pistachio nuts' geographic origin and irrigation practices, alongside predicting essential commercial quality and yield parameters. The study was conducted in two Spanish orchards and employed HSI technology to capture spectral data. It used ML models like Partial Least Squares (PLS), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) for analysis.The results demonstrated high accuracy in classifying pistachios based on origin, with accuracies exceeding 94%, and in assessing water content and colour pigments, where both PLS and SVM models achieved 99% accuracy. The research highlighted distinct spectral signatures associated with different irrigation treatments, particularly in the Near-Infrared (NIR) region, with PLS showing an accuracy of 92%. However, challenges were noted in predicting fruit orientation, while predicting height location within the tree was more successful, reflecting clearer spectral distinctions. Regression models also showed promise, particularly in predicting yield (R2 = 0.89 with PLS) and percentage of blank nuts (R2 = 0.71 with PLS). The correlation analysis revealed key insights, such as an inverse relationship between blank nuts and yield, and a strong correlation between yield and split nuts. Despite challenges in predicting fruit orientation, the research showed promising results in forecasting yield and commercial quality factors, indicating the effectiveness of spectral analysis in optimising pistachio production and sustainability.

Preparation and properties of multi-color coatings with ultra-low near-infrared reflectivity

In this paper, a high-performance laser and visible multi-spectrum compatible stealth coating with brown earth color and medium green color was prepared by using graphene as laser absorbing pigment, earthy yellow and medium yellow color pastes as coloring pigments, and polyurethane (PU) as adhesive, respectively. The effects of graphene addition amount, type and content of coloring pigment on the color, 1.06 μm near-infrared reflectivity, and mechanical properties of the coating were systematically studied. The results indicate that graphene was used as the laser absorbing pigment to effectively reduce the spectral reflectivity of the coating at the wavelength of 1.06 μm. With the increase of graphene content, the reflectivity of the coating to 1.06 μm near-infrared light decreases first and then increases slightly. When the graphene content is 4 wt%, the reflectivity of the coating to 1.06 μm near-infrared light can be reduced to 3.0 %, which achieves the performance requirement of ultra-low near-infrared reflectivity and makes the coating have outstanding laser stealth performance. When the amount of graphene is 4 wt%, earthy yellow and medium yellow color pastes are used as the coloring pigments. With the increase of the color paste addition, the coating can gradually show the color characteristics of earth and green. When the mass ratio of graphene to the two color pasts is 1:10, the two coatings prepared have bright brown earth color and medium green color characteristics, respectively, and the reflectivity of the coatings to 1.06 μm near-infrared light can be as low as less than 10 %, which well meets the requirements of laser and visible light compatible stealth. In addition, the prepared coating has excellent mechanical properties.

Inheritance of pericarp and hull colour pigments on crossing between white rice and red rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Inheritance of pericarp and hull colour pigments on crossing between white rice and red rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Наскальные рисунки местонахождения Идрисовская II. Методы цифрового картографирования и документирования

Petroglyphs at Idrisovskaya II are located on the left (Western) bank of the Yuryuzan River in Salavatsky District, the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Petroglyphs at Idrisovskaya II are hardly preserved. Therefore, the 1900s researchers faced significant challenges in defining and copying these images. In 2022-2023 a team of authors undertook to study Idrisovskaya II location to mainly adapt the method of comprehensive mapping and record creation for the location of petroglyphs specifically for the Southern Urals conditions. The approach to the record creation was in the first place based reflection relations between heterogeneous data that describe particular surfaces with paintings on them and their landscape context. Mapping of the landscape context and surfaces with petroglyphs was made with 3D modelling and a wide use with satellite geodesic technologies. The outcomes of the landscape context mapping of the petroglyphs location allowed to precisely determine coordinates of the surface and, as a consequence, to guarantee further rediscovery of the images, including non-figurative ones. At the same time, the site mapping results allowed re-indexation of the petroglyph-bearing surfaces. Records of the painted surfaces were also made using 3D modelling. It allowed to correctly reproduce the geometry of the images and avoid angle distortions, Such distortions are unavoidable in photography. Furthermore, 3D modelling allows to avoid damage to the images which often happens due to contact copying methods. Traces of mineral paints were determined through conversion of 3D model bitmap rendering with the decorrelation stretch algorithm. The study used 3 to 5 renders calculated with different methods. The extracted pixels were joined; the obtained image was assigned the pigment colour determined by the active sensor (spectral colorimeter) and classified with according to the Munsell scale. The data obtained in this manner were applied to the 3D model colourless render to form an image. This image s compatible with polygraphic and electronic publication. A complex of above-mentioned inter-related methods and techniques for mapping, record creation, systematization, data analysis and reproduction allow to create a complete digital image of the location of petroglyphs and to obtain the new data of the drawings. Further this digital image becomes the foundation both for publication of the petroglyphs and for comparative research of petroglyphs in different locations based on the reliable basic data.

Diversity of Carotenoid Pigmented Marine Photosynthetic Bacteria in the Dumai Sea Waters

Marine photosynthetic bacteria represent autotrophic microorganisms capable of synthesizing natural pigments. This study aims to explore the diversity of carotenoid-pigmented marine photosynthetic bacteria in the Dumai Sea waters, Riau Province, Indonesia. The research method was a survey using marine surface water as samples from six locations. The research was conducted in four primary phases: 1) measurement of environmental conditions; 2) enrichment and isolation of marine photosynthetic bacteria; 3) enumeration of total bacteria; and 4) analysis of pigments colour production. Isolation results and population density measurements of photosynthetic bacteria revealed fascinating patterns. The highest cell count was observed at fish auctions (sampling site 2), while the lowest cell count was recorded near a river estuary (sampling site 6). Detailed characterization studies identified ten isolates capable of producing natural carotenoid pigments exhibiting colours ranging from pink to deep red. These findings contribute to the understanding of marine microbial diversity and the potential of bacteria for biotechnology products, aquaculture, and medical applications.

ANTI-AGING PEEL-OFF MASK OF DRAGON FRUIT PEEL EXTRACT (HYLOCEREUS POLYRHIZUS)

Antioxidants can be used to protect the skin from damage caused by oxidation to prevent premature aging. The more increasing consumption level of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) affects the amount of unused remaining fruit peels. In fact, the peel of red dragon fruit is considerably potential for natural antioxidant. Pitaya or dragon fruit is reported to contain betacyanin color pigment, with antioxidant activity. The use of cosmetics containing antioxidant compounds can prevent premature aging due to free radicals. One of the interesting forms of cosmetic preparations for skin care is the peel-off gel mask. The base that can be used as a film former for peel-off gel facial masks is polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). This study aims to determine the effectiveness of red dragon fruit peel extract peel-off masks as anti-aging. Anti-aging effectiveness testing was carried out on 10 volunteers and divided into two groups, namely the blank group (F0) and the extract group (FIII) for four weeks, and anti-aging activity was measured using a skin analyzer). Based on the results and discussions in this study, it can be concluded that the application of a peel-off mask of red dragon fruit peel extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is effective for repairing the skin and providing an anti-aging effect.

Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Yellow Onion Peels: Taguchi-SAW Hybrid Optimization

The aim of this study was to obtain an extract rich in bioactive components from yellow onion peels, which are generally considered waste material. Accordingly, a three-factor three-level Taguchi (L9) experimental design with three factors, namely ethanol concentration (A; 50%, 75%, 100%), extraction temperature (B; 30, 40, 50 °C), and sonication time (C; 10, 20, 30 min) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction process of onion peel powders. Through Taguchi optimization, the optimum extraction conditions were determined as A2B3C2 to obtain the extract with the highest total phenolic matter (TPM) content and antioxidant activity (DPPH (%)). In addition, the extract produced under A2B1C2 conditions was found to be the richest in total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) content with the highest level of color pigments. In order to determine the overall optimization conditions and to reduce the three-response optimization process to a single response, the simple sum weighting (SAW) method was used as a multi-criteria decision-making method. As a result of the optimization, it was concluded that an extract rich in bioactive components with optimal TPM and TMA contents and DPPH (%) value could be obtained as a result of sonication at 30 °C for 20 min to onion peel powders mixed with a solvent containing 75% ethanol (A2B1C2). The extraction conditions of bioactive components from yellow onion peels were successfully optimized by the Taguchi-SAW hybrid optimization method.

Multipurpose pigment printing and functional finishing of cellulosic fabrics

AbstractFunctional fabrics that are economical and environmentally friendly are desired for many applications. Here in, individual inclusion of different additives, such as softeners, polyurethane, polyethylene glycol (PEG‐600) and benzophenone in suitable pigment printing formulation were applied to various cellulose containing fabrics, using flat screen and microwave curing methods. The imparted multifunctional and performance finishes to cellulosic fabrics namely ultraviolet (UV) protection, antibacterial, anti‐crease, and softening were evaluated. The developed functional properties and the depth of the pigment prints produced are governed by the nature of the substrate, concentration/location/distribution in addition to fixation of the added active compounds and pigment colourants. The surface alteration, morphological modifications, and immobilisation of the certain active components onto the printed substrates have been confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis for selected samples.

Waterborne Polymer Coatings with Bright Noniridescent Structural Colors.

Structural color pigments offer an efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly approach to obtain waterborne polymer coatings. We developed polymer-based spherical photonic pigments to incorporate in aqueous dispersions of polymer nanoparticles used to obtain waterborne polymer films. Our spherical photonic pigments are assembled from polymer nanoparticles and are highly stable in water dispersion, maintaining their optical properties in the final polymer films. Unlike conventional dyes and pigments, which are prone to photobleaching because they are based on the absorption of light, photonic pigments rely on the selective reflection of light by their nanostructure and therefore are not photodegraded. Furthermore, different colors can be obtained from the same materials, changing only their nanostructure, in this case, the size of the polymer nanoparticles. Our novel spherical photonic pigments are noniridescent and can be incorporated in aqueous polymer nanoparticle dispersions without deteriorating their structure to produce waterborne polymer coatings with structural color. This approach for structural colored waterborne polymer coatings is efficient, simple, and environmentally friendly, offering excellent prospects for application in paints and coatings.

Genome-Wide Association Studies Reveal Candidate Genes Associated with Pigmentation Patterns of Single Feathers of Tianfu Nonghua Ducks.

In modern advanced genetics and breeding programs, the study of genes related to pigmentation in ducks is gaining much attention and popularity. Genes and DNA mutation cause variations in the plumage color traits of ducks. Therefore, discovering related genes responsible for different color traits and pigment patterns on each side of the single feathers in Chinese ducks is important for genetic studies. In this study, we collected feather images from 340 ducks and transported them into Image Pro Plus (IPP) 6.0 software to quantify the melanin content in the feathers. Thereafter, a genome-wide association study was conducted to reveal the genes responsible for variations in the feather color trait. The results from this study revealed that the pigmented region was larger in the male ducks as compared to the female ducks. In addition, the pigmented region was larger on the right side of the feather vane than on the left side in both dorsal and ventral feathers, and a positive correlation was observed among the feather color traits. Further, among the annotated genes, WNT3A, DOCK1, RAB1A, and ALDH1A3 were identified to play important roles in the variation in pigmented regions of the various feathers. This study also revealed that five candidate genes, including DPP8, HACD3, INTS14, SLC24A1, and DENND4A, were associated with the color pigment on the dorsal feathers of the ducks. Genes such as PRKG1, SETD6, RALYL, and ZNF704 reportedly play important roles in ventral feather color traits. This study revealed that genes such as WNT3A, DOCK1, RAB1A, and ALDH1A3 were associated with different pigmentation patterns, thereby providing new insights into the genetic mechanisms of single-feather pigmentation patterns in ducks.

Molecular insights into the mechanisms of a leaf color mutant in Anoectochilus roxburghii by gene mapping and transcriptome profiling based on PacBio Sequel II

Plants with partial or complete loss of chlorophylls and other pigments are frequently occurring in nature but not commonly found. In the present study, we characterize a leaf color mutant ‘arly01’ with an albino stripe in the middle of the leaf, which is an uncommon ornamental trait in Anoectochilus roxburghii. The albino “mutant” middle portion and green “normal” leaf parts were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and their pigment contents were determined. The mutant portion exhibited underdevelopment of plastids and had reduced chlorophyll and other pigment (carotenoid, anthocyanin, and flavonoid) content compared to the normal portion. Meanwhile, comparative transcript analysis and metabolic pathways mapping showed that a total of 599 differentially expressed genes were mapped to 78 KEGG pathways, most of which were down-regulated in the mutant portion. The five most affected metabolic pathways were determined to be oxidative phosphorylation, photosynthesis system, carbon fixation & starch and sucrose metabolism, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Our findings suggested that the mutant ‘arly01’ was a partial albinism of A. roxburghii, characterized by the underdevelopment of chloroplasts, low contents of photosynthetic and other color pigments, and a number of down-regulated genes and metabolites. With the emergence of ornamental A. roxburghii in southern China, ‘arly01’ could become a popular cultivar due to its unique aesthetics.

PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN TOTEBAG DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK ECOPRINT DI DESA KARANGPATRI

Karangpatri village is one of the villages in pebayuran district, Bekasi Regency. Therefore, in this community service activity the author carried out a training program for making totebags using the ecoprint technique as community empowerment with the hope that this activity could become a goal of increasing insight, skills and an economic business opportunity for women in karangpatri village by utilizing natural materials around us, such as leaves, flowers, stems, or other parts that have color pig ments and using certain fabric media. The KKN program carried out by this author aims to develop innovation in making totebags using the Ecoprint technique in karangpatri village socialization and training activities for making totebags were carried out Through community service activities or KKN (Real Work Lecture) activities, this time we invite PKK mothers in karangpatri village to take part in socialization and also take part in making Totebags with this activity of making Totebags using the Ecoprint Technique which is simple and easy, it is hoped that it can make the village community become more interested in making Totebags using the Ecoprint Technique.

Tracing the history of past treatments: A multi-analytical study of a 16th-century panel painting copy after Raphael

A multi-analytical investigation and ad hoc sampling method designed to support the conservation treatment of a 16th-century panel painting are described in this work.The painting, titled Madonna of the Tent and owned by the Musei Reali Torino (Turin, Italy), had been historically attributed to Raffaello Sanzio and subsequently identified as a copy after the Master – the original version of which is displayed at the Alte Pinakothek in Munich (Germany). The conservation treatment was recently carried out at Centro per la Conservazione ed il Restauro dei Beni Culturali “La Venaria Reale” (CCR), located in Venaria Reale (Turin, Italy). The work was particularly opaque and yellowed, suggesting the presence of different overlaying varnishes and, likely, overpainting.The scientific study of this work had two main aims: knowing the exact number and composition of the overlaying varnishes to select the best cleaning solution, and detecting the possible presence of overpainting, over the original stratigraphy.Coupling macro X-ray fluorescence scanning (MA-XRF), hypercolorimetric multispectral imaging (HMI), and UV–vis–NIR fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) allowed for general mapping and characterization of color paints and pigments. Observing and analyzing some cross sections with an optical microscope under Vis and UV light and SEM/EDS was essential for understanding the stratigraphy. An ad hoc sampling method and further micro-invasive analyses were required for an accurate study of the chemical composition of the varnishes and their position in the stratigraphy. Especially the image of a cross section under UV light was a guide to selectively remove the scrapings for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses; based on perceptible differences in UV-induced luminescence (UVL) of the layers, sampling of the varnishes was carried out, layer by layer, under a UV lamp.This work describes the complex process necessary to answer crucial questions in the conservation field. The adopted protocol exploited the full ability and complementarity of each imaging and spot technique used. The outcomes and methodological approach enabled us to trace the history of the past treatments and support the recent conservation treatment of the painting.

OXERRA to build complex inorganic color pigments facility in China

OXERRA to build complex inorganic color pigments facility in China

Analysis of Genetic Variations in bHLH Protein (Rc) Gene Sequences in Rice (Oryza) NCBI PopSet 2496581476 Using In-Silico RFLP

Rice is a plant from the Graminae Family that is spread almost throughout the region. In rice, there is an Rc gene that codes for the formation of the basic loop-helix-loop (bHLH) protein, the Rc gene (Rc-bHLH) functions as a transcription of color pigments in brown rice. This research was conducted computationally from several related sites. The study used restriction enzyme BstUI with a side recognition of 5'-CG'CG-3'. The purpose of this study was to analyze the genetic variation of the Rc gene sequence encoding the bHLH protein in NCBI PopSet rice 2496581476 using RFLP in silico. The results showed that there were genetic variations of the Rc-bHLH gene, 2 allele variations were present in 21 rice sequences using the restriction enzyme BstUI.

PIXE and pXRF Comparison Analysis of a Mockup Canvas Painting

For the purposes of comparison among different equipments and laboratories involved in atomic-nuclear methodologies applied in arts and archaeometry, a special mockup canvas painting was made with dozens of pigments of different colors and varnishes of different types and manufacturers. This study evaluate two different XRF equipment and PIXE methods as complementary tools to examine canvas paintings. Twenty-four inorganic substances of this mockup canvas were measured in three different laboratories, LEC, LFNA, and LAMFI for the identification of the key elements. In this paper, net count ratios and standard percentage deviations between lines are shown, as well as examples of sensibility to low-content elements that can be used for distinguishing pigments, and a comparison of the penetration of these techniques. The results show the differences between the pXRF and PIXE methodologies and between the two pXRF geometry/equipments employed.

Structural, electronic, and optical properties of CaCoSi2O6 and Ca2CoSi2O7 blue pigments: A combined experimental, DFT+U, and BSE study

The exceptional characteristics of pigments, such as their high thermal stability, affordable production costs, and easy manufacturing procedures, are the reasons for their steady growth in industrial applications. On the other hand, the use of theoretical computations to forecast pigment color is a novel and significant area of study. In this study, CaCoSi2O6 (co-pyroxene) and Ca2CoSi2O7 (co-akermanite) pigments were synthesized using a conventional ceramic method. We studied the structural, magnetic, electronic, optical, and colorimetric properties of the pigments within experimental and theoretical approaches. The structural characteristics of the pigments were investigated by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, and color measurement (CIE L*a*b*) colorimetry methods. Also, Hubbard Density Functional Theory (DFT + U) calculations were performed using 40 atoms of co-pyroxene and 24 atoms of co-akermanite. We employed the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) method for studying the absorption spectrum and color of pigment samples. The theoretical energy gap values for the CaCoSi2O6 and Ca2CoSi2O7 structures were determined to be 4.2eV and 3.5eV, respectively. While the direct experimental band gap for CaCoSi2O6 and Ca2CoSi2O7 is about 4eV and 3.9eV, respectively. Comparing the outcomes, it can be inferred that the BSE method represents a valuable approach to predicting the absorption spectra and color features of pigment structures.

Non-iridescent Structurally Colored Pigments Based on CB@SiO2@TiO2 Core-Bishell Nanospheres with Enhanced Color Stability and Excellent Photocatalytic Activity.

In recent years, artificial amorphous photonic structure (APS) materials with high color saturation and angle independence have been competitively reported. However, there is a lack of research into their functionalization and application in practical environments. Here, with practical applications in mind, we prepared APS pigments based on CB@SiO2@TiO2 core-bishell nanospheres and demonstrated high color saturation, enhanced color stability, and excellent photocatalytic activity. SiO2 effectively protected the carbon black particles from ablation during the calcination process. Paints composed of ethanol, ethyl cellulose (EC), and pigments could be spray-coated on any substrate to prepare a structurally colored coating without limitation. The coatings show good mechanical stability and photothermal stability. The color of the structurally colored pigments can be easily changed by adjusting the sizes of the CB@SiO2@TiO2 nanospheres. The photocatalytic activity of the pigments on formaldehyde (HCHO) and methylene blue (MB) solution and reaction kinetics of their degradation were studied by experiment. The results showed that the photocatalytic activity of the pigments increased with the increase of the TiO2 loading, and the degradation rate of HCHO reached 96.7% for 3 h and that of MB reached 97.9% for 60 min when the TiO2 shell thickness was 40 nm. The structurally colored pigments based on CB@SiO2@TiO2 nanospheres effectively solve the environmental problems caused by the application of pigments and have a promising future in the fields of color decoration, display, and painting.

Impact of Shellac and Gum Arabic in Shoe Polish Formulation based on Karanj Oil

The study was conducted from August, 2021 to March, 2022 at the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India to develop shoe polish based on Karanj oil and the impact of shellac and gum arabic in its formulation. The standardized composition of shoe polish was obtained as 3 part oil and one-part bee wax containing other elements like colour pigment, shellac, gum arabic and turpentine oil. To overcome the problem of colour, sixteen various combinations of shellac and gum arabic were carried out for improvement of colour in each case of black and brown polish. The developed shoe polish was tested for texture, applicability, spreadability, and ease in taking out the material. Colour was recorded with a gloss meter. The highest gloss meter reading i.e. 10.62 GU was recorded in the case of a black shoe polish containing shellac and gum arabic each weighing 0.75 g whereas a sample containing 1.25 g shellac and gum arabic each showed the lowest gloss reading of 3.88 GU. In the case of brown polish, the highest gloss meter reading i.e. 5.24 GU was recorded in the case of a sample containing shellac and gum arabic weighing 1.25 g each, and the lowest was observed in the case of the sample containing shellac weighing 0.5g and gum arabic weighing 0.75 g. Based on gloss value and sensory evaluation, the developed sample was found very near to standard brand shoe polish (Cherry) except that it gave an oily appearance initially.