Color Line Research Articles

‘Appropriated to her own use and benefit’: women, larceny, and race in post-Civil War South Carolina

ABSTRACT This article examines Black and White women’s trials for larceny in South Carolina between 1865 and 1900. County-level court records demonstrate that most women defendants stood accused of appropriating food, clothing, or household items from their workplaces. Larceny cases provide important insights into poor and working-class women’s lives, survival strategies, and desires, revealing commonalities across the colour line of the postbellum U.S. South. However, White southerners racialised larceny in ways which meant African American women were more likely to be accused and convicted of theft. The essay also explores the myriad ways in which women strategically fought for acquittal.

Federalism and Settler Imperialism: Racial Regimes, Whiteness, and Conquest in Canadian Constitutionalism

AbstractIn political science, federalism is often treated as an “antithesis” to empire. While Canadian Politics has recently become more attentive to the importance of ongoing settler colonialism as conditioning Canadian political life writ large, this has yet to induce a paradigm shift in understanding how the institutional logics of the state were established by, and in order to advance, colonial and imperial ends. This article contributes to this broader understanding by exploring how, in Canada, the federal arrangement congeals a constitutionalized whiteness that facilitates both the internal coherence of a settler class and its subsequent continental expansion. Attentive to the importance of this constitutional development within a world-spanning imperial context, this article also suggests that the simultaneous innovation of Dominion status contoured the early twentieth-century's global colour line, as self-determination was increasingly devolved to other white settler polities. The contradictory realities of these processes are also noted.

"To Suggest the Sound": Impressibility and the Language of Whiteness in Charles W. Chesnutt's Long Fiction

Abstract: Charles W. Chesnutt constructs the sound of whiteness in The House Behind the Cedars and The Marrow of Tradition by situating character language within emerging frameworks of racial "impressibility." House explores the lives of two siblings, John and Rena, whose racial passing Chesnutt registers, in part, through the siblings' language practices. Marrow , on the other hand, introduces a different type of "passing" character, the cruel Colonel McBane, whose speech patterns Chesnutt associates with, and uses to critique, anti-black violence perpetrated by the "po' white" class. Both novels critique the color line by participating in the popular nineteenth-century racial discourse of sentimental biopower and impressibility, as identified by Kyla Schuller. In the biopower regime Schuller describes, racial hierarchies rest on differing capacities of bodies to absorb sensations and stimuli and adapt. In Marrow and House , these capacities are underscored through language metaphor and linguistic characterization, part of Chesnutt's complex, longstanding inquiry into the relationship between language and race.

A Clinic for the People: Toward an Antiracist Psychiatry at the Tuskegee Institute 1947-1965.

From 1947 until 1963, a small group of psychiatrists from the Tuskegee Veterans Administration Hospital ran a Mental Hygiene Clinic designed to provide outpatient care and education to the Black residents of Macon County, Alabama. In an analysis of the clinic and the work of its Director, Dr. Prince Barker, we see the ways that Black psychiatrists tried to develop an antiracist approach to psychiatry and to develop their own autonomy in segregated Alabama. But there were limitations to this work. Tensions between the state funding body, local politics, and the internal racism of psychiatry itself all made it difficult for Tuskegee psychiatrists to provide alternatives to care beyond the veil of the color line.

Dividends of the Colour Line: Slaveholder Indemnities and the Philosophy of Right

Dividends of the Colour Line: Slaveholder Indemnities and the <i>Philosophy of Right</i>

A high-quality haplotype genome of Michelia alba DC reveals differences in methylation patterns and flower characteristics

Michelia alba DC is a highly valuable ornamental plant of the Magnoliaceae family. This evergreen tropical tree commonly grows in Southeast Asia and is adored for its delightful fragrance. Our study assembled the M. alba haplotype genome MC and MM by utilizing Nanopore ultralong reads, Pacbio Hifi long reads and parental second-generation data. Moreover, the first methylation map of Magnoliaceae was constructed based on the methylation site data obtained using Nanopore data. Metabolomic datasets were generated from the flowers of three different species to assess variations in pigment and volatile compound accumulation. Finally, transcriptome data were generated to link genomic, methylation, and morphological patterns to reveal the reasons underlying the differences between M. alba and its parental lines in petal color, flower shape, and fragrance. We found that the AP1 and AP2 genes are crucial in M. alba petal formation, while the 4CL, PAL, and C4H genes control petal color. The data generated in this study serve as a foundation for future physiological and biochemical research on M. alba, facilitate the targeted improvement of M. alba varieties, and offer a theoretical basis for molecular research on Michelia L.

W.E.B. Du Bois and Irene Diggs: Gender, Erasures, and Knowledge Production in the Sociology of the Global Color Line

The global sociology of W.E.B. Du Bois developed during the 1940s relies significantly on a collaborative relationship with African-American sociologist and anthropologist Irene Diggs (1906–1998). Diggs was mentored by Du Bois as a graduate student at Atlanta University and later became his research assistant, secretary, and colleague. No person worked for and with Du Bois as Diggs did, for nearly 14 years. In her own work, Diggs transcended Du Bois. Using archival documentary research, I analyze the connection between Diggs and Du Bois to show how they developed a global sociological perspective that included an analysis of the color line in Latin America. My analysis has two goals: (1) to show how the Du Bois–Diggs relationship was permeated by gender inequalities and a misrecognition of Diggs’s critical contribution and (2) to introduce Irene Diggs’s work on Latin America between 1942 and 1953 to show how it was inscribed within the project of a global sociology of the color line. I discuss how Diggs’s historical sociology expands the analysis of the Latin American color line today.

Comprehensive Signal Analysis: Unraveling Mean Frequency, Power, and Bandwidth

Objective: The power spectral density (PSD) serves as a fundamental tool in signal analysis, revealing valuable insights into the distribution of power across frequencies. This paper explores the concept of PSD, which emerges from the Fourier transform of a signal’s autocorrelation function. By examining power distribution, PSD provides a comprehensive understanding of a signal’s spectral characteristics. Methods: We generate a chirp signal with specific parameters, including initial and final frequencies, and introduce white Gaussian noise. The combination of these signals forms a composite signal, enabling the calculation of its PSD. Results: Visualizing the PSD allows for discernment of the frequency distribution, with the median frequency providing insights into the central tendency of the distribution. Conclusion: Furthermore, the customization of plots enhances the visual representation of data, tailoring it to the requirements of the specific application. Adjustments to color schemes, line styles, and annotations improve clarity and aid in conveying complex information effectively.

Identification of orange color-related gene, PhcpcC, in Pyropia haitanensis

Pigmentation-related mutations can be utilized to distinguish between differentially colored sectors of chimeric thalli, thereby facilitating the efficient breeding of economically valuable Pyropia/Porphyra seaweed species. However, the specific trait loci and alleles responsible for Pyropia/Porphyra coloration have yet to be identified, which limits the applicability of coloration mutants for breeding and genetic analyses. In this study, to preserve the genetic integrity of the population, only four-colored thalli were considered when constructing the doubled haploid (DH) Pyropia haitanensis population, which consisted of 480 homozygous offspring lines (representing the largest DH Pyropia/Porphyra population). The offspring lines in the DH population exhibited both wild-type colored and orange sectors, with a segregation ratio of approximately 1:1, indicating that the orange coloration was controlled by a single nuclear gene. Through BSA-seq analysis (99% confidence interval), a candidate region of 0.5 Mb was identified in the P. haitanensis genome. Additionally, a non-synonymous SNP [A/G] was detected at base-pair position 481 in the coding region of PhcpcC, which encodes a phycocyanin-associated rod linker protein. This SNP locus was verified in both DH and natural populations, with the wild-type colored lines having an A base and the orange lines having a G base at this locus. Therefore, PhcpcC may be the gene associated with the orange coloration of P. haitanensis. The molecular marker developed in this study can be employed to exploit pigmentation mutants for breeding and genetic analyses of Pyropia/Porphyra species.

First record of the three-spined box crab, Arcania undecimspinosa De Haan, 1841 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Leucosiidae) from the Arabian Sea, with a key to the species of Arcania recorded from the Indian coast

Abstract A single specimen of the three-spined box crab, Arcania undecimspinosa De Haan, 1841, measuring 21.0 mm CW and 20.5 mm CL, is here documented for the first time from the Arabian Sea along the north-west coast of India. Previously, the species has been only reported from the Bay of Bengal region along the Indian coast. The present study provides a detailed taxonomic description of the species with high-resolution colour photographs and line drawings, along with a key to the species of the genus Arcania known from the Indian coast.

Aesthetic Characters of Flora and Fauna Painting Art Pengosekan on Visual Objects Wood Carving Craft Arts in Singakerta Village, Ubud

Along with the heyday of Pengosekan flora and fauna painting in the 1990s, the aesthetic character of painting was attached to the art of wood crafts in Singakerta Village, Ubud. This aesthetic character can be seen from the visual style of creating flora and fauna objects as well as the finishing of wood carving crafts, which reveal images of typical Pengosekan flora and fauna paintings. This research specifically identifies the background and supporting factors for the visual language representation of Pengosekan flora and fauna painting objects in the art of wood carving that developed in Singakerta Village, Ubud. This research is qualitative research, using aesthetic theory and representation theory as analytical tools. The results of the research show that the aesthetic character of Pengosekan flora and fauna paintings is represented in wood carving craft products, in terms of theme, color, shape and visible lines. The representation that occurs is influenced by creativity in order to follow market trends that were developing at that time, as well as the economic motivation of the craftsmen to improve their welfare. The imagery of Pengosekan flora and fauna painting, which is attached to the art of wood carving, has indirectly helped the dynamic existence of this painting art. The representation of the art of painting in crafts is a dynamic that occurs in the development of the art of painting. The practice of indirect representation also shows something that is very important and positive in maintaining the existence of the art of painting itself, even though the visualization is slightly different because it is caused by several factors.

Towards robotic disassembly: A comparison of coarse-to-fine and multimodal fusion screw detection methods

To accelerate the transition towards a more circular economy it is believed essential to increase the economic viability and hence the adoption of de- and remanufacturing processes. For this, industry 4.0 technologies, including robotization, computer vision and artificial intelligence, are commonly considered as the main enablers to reduce costs while boosting performances of de- and remanufacturing processes. However, the essential step in de- and remanufacturing of screw detection for robotic disassembly is still confronted with various challenges, such as false negatives due to deep screw holes and false positives caused by similar patterns and colors, e.g. letters in labels. Previous studies improved the detection accuracy by capturing images of only a fine part of the product and neglected the negative impact of this imaging approach on the overall time efficiency of the disassembly process. Therefore, two of the most distinct approaches are evaluated in the presented research: 1. A Coarse-to-Fine detection method, where potential screws across the entire product are detected by an area camera in the coarse stage to generate an optimal unscrewing path and screw types and locations are further refined in a second instance, the fine stage. 2. A multimodal fusion detection method, where a combination of a high-resolution color line and 3D triangulation line camera system captures full-product images allowing a single run screw detection in the RGB, Intensity and Depth (RGBID) images. Furthermore, a pooling-based aligned fusion module (PAlign) is introduced to improve the feature representation and mitigate the encountered spatial misalignment of different modality branches. Two industrially representative datasets comprising images of laptops and hard disk drives are collected for the training and evaluation of the screw detection and unscrewing task. Experimental results show that the RGBID fusion method with PAlign module achieves an unscrewing success rate of 80.4 % with an average detection and unscrewing speed of 2.27 s per screw, which is almost double the speed when compared to the Coarse-to-Fine approach. Through a detailed analysis comparing these most distinct screw detection methods in terms of imaging approach, lighting and camera hardware (1/2, area/line, low/high resolution, RGB/RGBID, 600/25.000€), this study provides concrete insights and recommendations aimed at enhancing the efficiency of disassembly systems for sustainable demanufacturing.

Complicating the Color Line in Asian Empires

Complicating the Color Line in Asian Empires

Basic Ecclesial Communities

Religious intolerance and blatant polarization along the lines of caste, colour, and racial differences are on the rise in India, a trend that has been compounded by the explicit religious nationalism of the incumbent ruling party, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). In the face of this rising intolerance and polarization, a substantial number of Indians from different demographics have begun to envision and participate in people-centred initiatives to nurture religious and social harmony. The present article proposes that Basic Ecclesial Communities – a practical, resourceful, and sustainable means of fostering community and religious harmony through interfaith sharing, hospitality, and a welcoming mindset – represent an impactful contribution to this effort.

“Dirty War: Claudia Jones and Opposition to the Indochina War”

Claudia Jones was an advocate of “positive peace.” Positive peace, as it was explained by Johan Goltung, is “the absence of structural violence” which involves the “egalitarian distribution of power and resources.” Positive peace is not just the absence of war and violence (defined as negative peace), but it also includes justice for all people and “the elimination of the root causes of war, violence, and injustice” and a concerted and unified effort to create and uphold a just society. For Jones, this could only be achieved under socialism. She argued that capitalism fomented war, colonialism, and imperialism and it used state violence to secure control over resources and cheap labor. The advent of the Cold War increased the anxiety of individuals like Jones who feared that it made hot war a likely eventuality. Jones argued that the US commitment to containment meant policing the poor and the “darker side of the color line.” She theorized a notion of peace that proposed the destruction of capitalism and the structures it relied on to maintain power; this included racism, sexism, and the prevention of labor organization. Jones was also an anti-imperialist and anti-colonialist and she recognized that US containment policy was merely a re-branding of both. Though Jones died before the US escalated conflict in Vietnam, she watched events in Indochina with trepidation and she argued that the US was heading toward war there.

A new automatic sugarcane seed cutting machine based on internet of things technology and RGB color sensor.

Egypt is among the world's largest producers of sugarcane. This crop is of great economic importance in the country, as it serves as a primary source of sugar, a vital strategic material. The pre-cutting planting mode is the most used technique for cultivating sugarcane in Egypt. However, this method is plagued by several issues that adversely affect the quality of the crop. A proposed solution to these problems is the implementation of a sugarcane-seed-cutting device, which incorporates automatic identification technology for optimal efficiency. The aim is to enhance the cutting quality and efficiency of the pre-cutting planting mode of sugarcane. The developed machine consists of a feeding system, a node scanning and detection system, a node cutting system, a sugarcane seed counting and monitoring system, and a control system. The current research aims to study the pulse widths (PW) of three-color channels (R, G, and B) of the RGB color sensors under laboratory conditions. The output PW of red, green, and blue channel values were recorded at three color types for hand-colored nodes [black, red, and blue], three speeds of the feeding system [7.5 m/min, 5 m/min, and 4.3 m/min], three installing heights of the RGB color sensors [2.0 cm, 3.0 cm, and 4.0 cm], and three widths of the colored line [10.0 mm, 7.0 mm, and 3.0 mm]. The laboratory test results s to identify hand-colored sugarcane nodes showed that the recognition rate ranged from 95% to 100% and the average scanning time ranged from 1.0 s to 1.75 s. The capacity of the developed machine ranged up to 1200 seeds per hour. The highest performance of the developed machine was 100% when using hand-colored sugarcane stalks with a 10 mm blue color line and installing the RGB color sensor at 2.0 cm in height, as well as increasing the speed of the feeding system to 7.5 m/min. The use of IoT and RGB color sensors has made it possible to get analytical indicators like those achieved with other automatic systems for cutting sugar cane seeds without requiring the use of computers or expensive, fast industrial cameras for image processing.

Abstract 76: Correlated multi-scale 3D optical microscopy of tumor tissues

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) optical microscopy in combination with advanced tissue clearing methods permits the interrogation of intact large-sized tumor tissues. There are many optical microscopy methods (e.g. light-sheet and confocal microscopy) offering 3D tumor images at varying levels of spatial resolution (e.g. organ, tissue, cell, and molecule level). However, it is a challenge to correlatively integrate various resolution 3D images obtained by different optical microscopy of tumor tissue. In this project, we developed a correlated multi-scale 3D optical microscopy method that enables the acquisition of macroscopic to microscopic spatial information from a single tumor tissue in 3D. Firstly, we used light sheet microscopy to image a whole large-sized, cleared tumor tissue and analyzed the results to identify regions of interests (ROIs). After defining ROIs in the 3D whole tumor image, we added a UV-activatable visible dye, spiropyran, in the agarose gel surrounding the cleared tumor and exposed the sample to a UV light sheet horizontally at the height (z-axis) of the tumor where the ROIs present. The activated dye showed ‘purple’ colored lines in the agarose gel and we physically marked the gel along the visible colored lines. We further sectioned the tumor at the ROI positions using a vibratome after reversing tissue clearing process. After immunofluorescence staining and aqueous-based tissue clearing, confocal microscopy allowed the localization of various cell types in the ROIs of tumor macrosections. To validate the method for multi-scale evaluation of cancer immunotherapy, we tested it with control and DMXAA-treated mouse mammary tumor tissues. We successfully acquired the 3D images of whole tumors by capturing autofluorescence signals with a 633 nm excitation laser and its matched emission filter. Based on the autofluorescence tumor images, we defined two ROIs for each control and treated tumor and performed optical marking and physical sectioning of the tumors as described above. Next, we stained the macrosections (400 µm thick) with DAPI, CK8-DL488, CD45-DL550, and ER-TR7-DL680 to visualize cancer, immune, and stromal cells in the ROIs at cellular resolution. We quantitatively analyzed the correlated multi-scale 3D image data for assessment of the effects of DMXAA treatment on the tumor microenvironment including eradiation of cancer cells, immune infiltration, and remodeling of tumor stroma. In summary, this new microscopy method will provide comprehensive spatial information of tumor tissues and benefit a broad cancer research field such as the discovery of new tumor biomarkers and the development of effective cancer therapies. Citation Format: Jingtian Zheng, Steve Seung-Young Lee. Correlated multi-scale 3D optical microscopy of tumor tissues [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 76.

Agency is Positionally Distributed: Practice Theory and (Post)Colonial Structures

Abstract Why are some practices available to some actors in world politics, but not to others? In this theory note, we develop a theory of agency as positionally distributed: In global politics, the action potentials of groups and individuals vary depending on their location in the macrostructures inherited from common histories of colonial domination and exploitation. We contribute to the understanding of subordinate agency by exploiting the many synergies between International Practice Theory and Postcolonial Theory. Where the former sometimes struggles to capture deep macrostructures, the latter emphasizes the constitutive effects of coloniality. Conversely, where the postcolonial gaze faces the aporia of giving voice to the subordinate, a practice approach helps make sense of the indexicality of agency, including defiance and subversion. Based on these complementarities, we develop a structural concept according to which agency, including subordinate forms, is a relational effect of an unequal playing field characterized by centuries of (post)colonial dynamics. Overall, the theory note helps explain why the very same practices, such as border crossing, seem to be distributed unequally across groups depending not on their competence but on their position in social and international structures such as the North–South divide or the global color line.

Defending the Color Line: White Supremacy and the Legacy of Brown

Building on W. E. B. Du Bois’s color line concept, I argue that white supremacy is deeply embedded in U.S. educational organizations and that White racial actors, opportunity hoarding, and the cultivation of racial ideology and racial ignorance help sustain it. In doing this, I seek to move away from the aspirational progress narratives often associated with Brown to the racial hierarchies and various forms of harm that schools reproduce, even when they are racially diverse. Taking the recent attacks against critical race theory as a backdrop, I argue that educational institutions not only contribute to educational inequity but also socialize people into relations of racial domination and subordination through organizational practices and individual actions. In the article’s conclusion, I highlight my efforts to disrupt these patterns and work toward the creation of more liberatory education spaces.

A new species of Holcoglossum (Orchidaceae, Aeridinae) from Southern Shan State, Myanmar with taxonomic notes on Holcoglossum himalaicum

A new species of Holcoglossum is described and illustrated from Myanmar with colour plates, line drawing and photographs. The comparison and differentiation are made with H. semiteretifolium and H. himalaicum. Holcoglossum clausum is allied to H. himalaicum owing to the similar coloration and the long spur, however, they differ based on the size of the petals (7–8 mm × 2–3 mm vs. 4–5 mm × 2 mm), the length of the petiole (1.8 cm vs. 3–4 cm) and the length of the stem (4 cm vs. 5–24 cm). From H. semiteretifolium the new species can be distinguished by its growth (pendant vs. upright), the much longer leaves (45 cm vs. 15 cm) and the longer spur (1.3 cm vs. 6.4 mm). Furthermore, we reduce H. gaoligongense and Pendulorchis gaoligongense var. lushuiensis to the synonymy of H. himalaicum, as there are no discernible morphological differences between them, and they both inhabit the same climate type, namely the subtropical highland climate.