Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) is one of the highest-resolution techniques available to chromatographers for the separation of analytes in complex mixtures. However, data analysis and data visualization remain challenging, especially for home-built systems that do not utilize commercial software packages. Even these packages are not capable of effectively displaying data generated from systems where multiple columns are used for the second-dimension separation. Here, an open-source software package with a graphical user interface used to plot and characterize 2D-LC data is described. In addition to plotting imported data, a 2D-LC simulator is included to generate both 1D and 2D chromatograms. The HSV (hue, saturation, value) color wheel is used to combine multiple 2D-LC contour plots into a single graphic, creating a new visualization strategy for 2D-LC systems in which multiple columns are used sequentially or in parallel column arrays in the second dimension. Use of the package for both experimental and random simulated data is presented as a demonstration of its capabilities.

Working memory (WM) has a limited capacity of three to four items, yet people often encounter more information than this limit allows. A potential strategy, especially when overload is expected, is to hand off familiar content to long-term memory (LTM), freeing WM for new input. We tested whether anticipating additional memory load leads participants to rely less on active WM maintenance for familiar (studied) items by manipulating load expectation in an EEG experiment. Participants (n = 41) stored either novel or previously studied objects-color associations to be reported on a color wheel. Critically, we manipulated load expectation: In extra-load blocks, a second memory display followed the first on 80% of trials, whereas the second display followed in only 20% of trials in low-load blocks. Behaviorally, errors were higher in extra-load blocks, and studied items were recalled more accurately than novel ones, indicating a benefit of LTM availability. The contralateral delay activity, an EEG index of WM activation, was smaller for studied versus novel items, regardless of load expectation, indicating that participants relied less on active maintenance for studied items. In contrast, the N2pc and alpha-band (8-12 Hz) power lateralization were comparable across conditions, which indicates that sustained spatial attention toward the memorized items was deployed equally, even though WM recruitment was minimized. Together, these findings suggest that participants reduce WM activation when possible, keeping studied information accessible via attention, possibly through LTM, and that this mechanism is not modulated by anticipated memory load.

Smartphone-assisted multicolor aptamer-lateral flow assay using trimetallic nanoprobes and enzyme-free signal amplification for ENR detection.

Background/Objectives: The Manchester Colour Wheel (MCW) was developed as an alternative way of assessing health status, mood and treatment outcomes. There has been a dearth of research on this alternative assessment approach. The present study examines the sensitivity of the MCW to pain, psychological factors and recovery status in 1098 people with insured injuries treated in an interdisciplinary clinic. Methods: A deidentified data set of clients treated in a multidisciplinary clinic was conveyed to the researchers, containing results of MCW and injury-specific psychometric tests at intake, as well as recovery status at discharge. Systematic machine modelling was applied. Results: There were no significant differences between the four injury types studied: motor crash-related Whiplash Associated Disorder (WAD) and workplace-related Shoulder Injury (SI), Back Injury (BI) and Neck Injury (NI) on the MCW. Augmenting the MCW with Machine Learning (ML) models showed overall classification rates for Classification and Regression Tree (CRT) of 75.6% for Anxiety, 70.3% classified for Depression and 68.5% for Stress, and Quick Unbiased Efficient Statistical Trees could identify 68.5% of Pain Catastrophisation and 62.7% of Kinesiophobia. Combining MCW with psychometric measurements markedly increased the predictive power, with a CRT model predicting WAD recovery status with 80.7% accuracy, SI recovery status 81.7% accuracy and BI recovery status with 78% accuracy. A Naïve Bayes Classifier predicted recovery status in NI with 96.4% accuracy. However, this likely represents overfitting. Conclusions: Overall, MCW augmented with ML offers a promising alternative to questionnaires, and the MCW appears to measure some unique psychological features that contribute to recovery from injury.

Gating processes that regulate sensory input into visual working memory (WM) and the execution of planned actions share neural mechanisms, suggesting a mutual interaction. In a preregistered study (Open Science Framework), we examined how this interaction may result in sensory interference during WM storage using a delayed match-to-sample task. Participants (12 males, 20 females) memorized the color of a target stimulus for later report on a color wheel. The shape of the target indicated which hand they would adjust the color wheel with. During the retention interval, an interference task was presented, requiring a response with either the same or different hand as the main task. In half of the interference trials, the interfering task cue was also colored to introduce visual interference. EEG results showed early motor planning during sensory encoding, evidenced by mu/beta suppression contralateral to the responding hand. The interference task only impaired WM performance when it included an irrelevant color, indicating that the interference effect was primarily driven by the irrelevant sensory information. In addition, color reporting in the WM task was biased toward the irrelevant color. This was more pronounced when both tasks were performed with the same hand, suggesting a selective gating mechanism dependent on motor control processes. This effect was mitigated by a control mechanism, which was evident in frontal theta activity, where higher power predicted lower bias on the single-trial level. Our findings thus reveal that sensory WM updating can be induced by interfering motor actions, which can be compensated by a reactive control mechanism.

Pitch-color associations have been widely explored in the context of cross-modal correspondences. Previous research indicates that pitch height maps onto lightness, and that high pitches are often associated with yellow and low pitches with blue. However, whether these associations are absolute or relative remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of context on pitch-color associations by presenting seven pitch stimuli (C4-B4) in randomized, ascending, and descending orders. Alarge sample ( N = 6626) was asked to select colors for each pitch using a color wheel. Results revealed that pitch height was linearly mapped onto lightness, with higher pitches associated with lighter colors. Notably, this mapping was influenced by context, as ascending sequences produced lighter colors and descending sequences resulted in darker colors compared to randomized presentations. Furthermore, lightness associations developed progressively, going from binary to linear as trials progressed. Saturation on the other hand did not follow a linear pattern but peaked at mid-range pitches and was not influenced by context. Additionally, compared to randomized presentation, color associations show a downward shift (i.e., reported for lower pitches) in the ascending presentation, and an upward shift (i.e., reported for higher pitches) in the descending presentation. These findings suggest that pitch-color associations are relative rather than absolute, possibly due to low ability to categorize pitches in the general population, with lightness appearing to emerge as the primary factor for color choices. This study contributes to the understanding of associations across sensory modalities, which may be a promising venue to investigate hidden cognitive processes such as sensory illusions.

Dichromatic fluorescent splicing color wheel: Enabling high-quality laser lighting on high thermal conductivity AlN substrate

A novel AlN based dual color spliced color wheel enabling high power density Laser projection

Abstract During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, women from Northern Rio Grande pueblos joined Ndee communities in western Kansas, where they made a local version of unpainted Tewa red ware. We investigate potential slip materials in the eastern High Plains and adjacent Central Plains, using CIELAB color data to graph red hue variation in collected pigments and slipped archaeological ceramics from 14SC1 and 14SC304. Although use of the CIELAB color system by archaeologists is well established, our approach is unique in its use of a* and b* graphs to describe and compare hue. Our graphs illustrate hue variation between red and yellow on the color wheel, facilitating comparisons and communicating color patterns more effectively than is possible using the Munsell system. We demonstrate that potters could have reproduced the red hues of Northern Rio Grande red ware in the different geological landscape of the Great Plains. Our collected pigments systematically vary in hue by geological formation or system. Two sampled geological formations in the eastern High Plains and adjacent Central Plains include pigments that fire to the “right” red, or the red hues of Northern Rio Grande red slips, and potters may have used one or both.

Purpose. This case report describes the visual and cosmetic rehabilitation of a 63-year-old patient with a rigid prosthetic contact lens following penetrating globe injury, aniridia and traumatic aphakia. Material and Methods. Based on corneal topography a rigid prosthetic contact lens was fitted to achieve both visual and cosmetic rehabilitation of the injured right eye. The Falco irisTruefit colour wheel from Falco lenses AG was used to determine the iris tint of the custom-made lens. The final refractive power of the lens was established by using a variable aperture pinhole. Results. With the rigid prosthetic lens it was possible to achieve visual and cosmetic rehabilitation of the injured eye in accordance with the findings. Six weeks after the contact lens was fitted there was a significant improvement in visual acuity and excellent subjective and objective tolerance of the contact lens. The photophobia caused by the aniridia was significantly reduced. In addition, with the spectacle lens correction for the left eye, a positive stereopsis was achieved. Conclusion. The visual and cosmetic rehabilitation of eye injuries with aniridia and traumatic aphakia has always been one of the classic indications for prosthetic lenses. For complex corneal shapes, treatment with mini-scleral prosthetic contact lenses should also be considered. The use of a variable pinhole has proven to be helpful in determining the contact lens power of the lens in the presence of aniridia and aphakia.

Purpose. This case report describes the visual and cosmetic rehabilitation of a 63-year-old patient with a rigid prosthetic contact lens following penetrating globe injury, aniridia and traumatic aphakia. Material and Methods. Based on corneal topography a rigid prosthetic contact lens was fitted to achieve both visual and cosmetic rehabilitation of the injured right eye. The Falco irisTruefit colour wheel from Falco lenses AG was used to determine the iris tint of the custom-made lens. The final refractive power of the lens was established by using a variable aperture pinhole. Results. With the rigid prosthetic lens it was possible to achieve visual and cosmetic rehabilitation of the injured eye in accordance with the findings. Six weeks after the contact lens was fitted there was a significant improvement in visual acuity and excellent subjective and objective tolerance of the contact lens. The photophobia caused by the aniridia was significantly reduced. In addition, with the spectacle lens correction for the left eye, a positive stereopsis was achieved. Conclusion. The visual and cosmetic rehabilitation of eye injuries with aniridia and traumatic aphakia has always been one of the classic indications for prosthetic lenses. For complex corneal shapes, treatment with mini-scleral prosthetic contact lenses should also be considered. The use of a variable pinhole has proven to be helpful in determining the contact lens power of the lens in the presence of aniridia and aphakia.

Students are less likely to hear and understand teacher-delivered directions or instructions when they are attending to other activities (e.g., a classmate, a previously assigned task). A classroom management system known as the Color Wheel System includes rules and transition procedures designed to increase the probability that students stop their current activities and attend to teachers as they deliver directions or instructions for the next activity. A withdrawal design was used to evaluate the effects of the Color Wheel System on a teacher's repeated directions in a first-grade general-education classroom. Results showed large and immediate decreases in teacher repeated directions both times the Color Wheel System was applied and an immediate increase when it was withdrawn. Discussion focuses on limitations and directions for future longitudinal research evaluating the effects of the Color Wheel System on uninterrupted teaching and learning time, classroom climates, student-teacher relationships, and compliance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

We present a palette-based framework for color composition for visual applications and three large-scale, wide-ranging perceptual studies on the perception of color harmonization. We abstract relationships between palette colors as a compact set of axes describing harmonic templates over perceptually uniform color wheels. Our framework provides a basis for interactive color-aware operations such as color harmonization of images and videos. Because our approach to harmonization is palette-based, we are able to conduct the first controlled perceptual experiments evaluating preferences for harmonized images and color palettes. In a third study, we compare preference for archetypical harmonic palettes. In total, our studies involved over 1000 participants. We found that participants do not prefer harmonized images and that some archetypal palettes are reliably viewed as less harmonious than random palettes. These studies raise important questions for research and artistic practice.

استهدفت الدراسة تسليط الضوء على دور الألوان كعنصر دلالي يعبر بذاته عن محتوى الرسالة الإعلامية وعن كيفية استستخدامه كوسيلة دلالية فعّالة تسهم في تعزيز فهم الرسائل الإعلامية ، وذلك من خلال التحليل السيميولوجي لهذه الألوان في الرسوم البيانية والانفوجراف على المواقع العربية ممثلة في موقع "المصري اليوم" والمواقع الأجنبية ممثلة في موقع "الجارديان".واستخدمت الباحثة منهج المسح ، حيث تم إجراء الدراسة على جميع الرسوم البيانية والانفوجراف في موقعي الدراسة خلال الفترة من 1 اغسطس 2023 وحتى 1 أكتوبر 2023 ، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن القضايا المحلية جاءت في مقدمة القضايا التي اهتمت بها صحافه البيانات على موقع المصري اليوم ، والقضايا المتعلقة باستراليا هي القضايا التي تصدرت اهتمام موقع الجارديان ، وتنوع الموضوعات التي اهتم بها كلا الموقعين فقد اهتم المصري اليوم بقضايا اقتصادية وصحية وسياسية ، واهتم الجارديان بقضايا المناخ والرياضة .كما جاءت دلالات الألوان في صحافة البيانات على كلا الموقعين متماشية مع السياق والمضمون الصحفي المرافق لها ، حيث استخدم الأحمر للدلالة على ( ارتفاع الحرارة ، الخطر ، التنبيه ) ، والأزرق للدلالة على ( البرودة ، الاستقرار ، الهدوء ) ، الرمادي للدلالة على ( الحيادية )انفرد الجاريان عن المصري اليوم باستخدام تدرج الألوان الذي كانت له دلالة التفاوت في النتائج وقد بدا هذا التفاوت بشكل بصري سهل وبسيط .كما انفرد الجارديان باستخدام الألوان المتقابلة على عجلة الألوان والتي أحدثت تباينًا بصريًا قويًا، ما يجعل العناصر الممثلة بها واضحة وجاذبة للانتباه

Abstract In the studio, there are routines and rituals to be observed. One of those is making gesso. The quantities change each time and the ingredients vary, but the mechanical process remains the same: soak rabbit skin glue for 3 hours, double burner melt the glue, sieve in champagne chalk whiting, stir slowly, and tap the sides to remove air bubbles. Brush on first layer. Dry. Sand. Repeat × 10. Out of repetition each new territory is unique with its own lumps, drips and curves on a straight edge board. Making gesso is a kind of ritornello. Drawing on Deleuze and Guattari, a ritornello is a repetition leading to a transformation; it is a methodical kind of time that is rhythmic, local and spatiotemporal. It contravenes the idea of a universal, overarching time to consider heterogeneous, plural experiences of time in the art classroom. Ritornellos exist in both the studio and the art classroom, but in the art classroom, they often sediment into endless repetitions without rupture: tonal scales, colour wheels, drawing grids and pastiche. We apply the concept of ritornello to pedagogy in Secondary Art and Design education to think about school art orthodoxies and how they can be reterritorialised.

The Color Wheel System (CWS), a class-wide, rule-based behavioral management strategy, is a successful intervention to reduce off-task behaviors for elementary school students. However, this intervention has rarely been investigated in the middle school setting. The current study implemented the CWS within three sixth-grade general education inclusionary classrooms in a middle school in the United States. A multiple-baseline across classrooms design evaluated the effects of the CWS on class-wide inappropriate vocalizations. Partial-interval time-sampling recorded intervals when any student in the class displayed inappropriate vocalizations. Visual analysis of time-series graphs and effect size measures indicated that the CWS created large, immediate, and sustained decreases in inappropriate vocalizations across all classrooms. Implications for using the CWS as a class-wide behavioral management strategy within the middle school setting and directions for future research are discussed.

There is an increasing usage in the banking sector of Smartphones enabled with Near Field Communication (NFC), to improve the services offered for the customers. This usage requires a security enhancement of the systems that employ this technology like the Automated Teller Machines (ATMs). One example is the Color Wheel Personal Identification Number (CWPIN) security protocol designed to authenticate users on ATMs using NFC enabled smartphones without typing the PIN code directly. CWPIN has been compared in the literature to several other protocols and was considered easier to use, more cost-effective and more resistant to various attacks on ATMs such as card reader skimming, keylogger injection, shoulder surfing, etc. Nevertheless, we demonstrate in this paper that CWPIN is vulnerable to the multiple video recordings intersection attack. We do so through concrete examples and a thorough analysis that reveals a high theoretical probability of attack success. A malicious party can use one or two hidden cameras to record the ATM and smartphone screens during several authentication sessions, then disclose the user's PIN code by intersecting the information extracted from the video recordings. In a more complex scenario, these video recordings could be obtained by malware injected into the ATM and the user's smartphone to record their screens during CWPIN authentication sessions. Our intersection attack requires a few recordings, usually three or four, to reveal the PIN code and can lead to unauthorized transactions if the user's smartphone is stolen. We also propose a mitigation of the identified attack through several modifications to the CWPIN protocol and discuss its strengths and limitations.

Buildings and environmental colors create differences in perception, both psychologically and physically. Colors interact with and have an impact on the form, space components, surroundings, materials textures, space lighting, the size of the surfaces, and the function and aesthetics of the space. Color preference varies according to personality traits, age and gender, habits and experiences, fashion, and style. The research is aimed to determine the color preferences and trends in hotel interior designs. Many hotel projects are designed and completed throughout the world every year. In this context, project designs awarded in international competitions were selected. To collect the data for the study, details of award-winning hotel interior designs available through competition websites are reviewed and the Adobe Color analytical tool is employed to characterize the color schemes reflected in the designs. Adobe Color is more successful than other tools in creating color schemes, such as the color wheel, gradient extraction, and theme extraction, suitable for all color selection methods, including colorful, bright, muted, deep, and dark options. As a result of this study, based on the designs awarded in 2022, it was determined that blue, red, and green colors were most frequently used, respectively. Furthermore, the data suggest that all colors were used in pastel tones, with light shades of blue mixed with different grays being used more frequently, while red and green generally were used in darker tones. The results were significantly correlated with the theoretical research and studies on user preferences.

Vegetable tanning, an ancient leather tanning method, has re-emerged as a sustainable alternative in the modern fashion industry, particularly in footwear manufacturing. This method, which uses plant-derived tannins to treat animal hides, is renowned for its environmentally friendly process and its ability to produce durable and biodegradable leather. However, despite its environmental benefits, vegetable-tanned leather presents several challenges, particularly in the finishing stage. Issues such as limited color options, susceptibility to fading, and inconsistent surface quality have restricted its broader adoption in commercial footwear production.This study focuses on optimizing the finishing techniques of vegetable-tanned leather to address these limitations, specifically targeting the enhancement of color stability, durability, and aesthetic appeal. Traditional vegetable tanning results in a natural, earthy look, but achieving vibrant and diverse color schemes has been difficult due to the complex interaction between natural tannins and dyes. Additionally, the variability in texture and finish across batches of vegetable-tanned leather has posed challenges for achieving consistent quality in mass production.To overcome these limitations, this study introduces the color wheel methodology as a structured approach to the tanning process, focusing on refining color mixing and application techniques. The color wheel, widely used in art and design, provides a visual framework for understanding color relationships and harmonies. When applied to vegetable tanning, it offers a scientific basis for combining natural dyes to produce a broader range of hues. By identifying complementary, analogous, and contrasting colors through the color wheel, tanneries can expand their dyeing capabilities and achieve greater color customization.The research outlines the steps involved in applying the color wheel to vegetable tanning, from selecting the appropriate plant-derived dyes to achieving consistent color saturation across different leather batches. It also explores how surface treatments, such as waxing, oiling, and polishing, can be optimized to enhance both the durability and the aesthetic appeal of the finished product. The study highlights how the color wheel methodology can improve color fastness, ensuring that vegetable-tanned leather maintains its vibrancy even with prolonged wear and exposure to environmental elements.This paper further examines the impact of these optimized finishing techniques on the footwear industry, where consumers increasingly demand sustainable products without compromising on style and quality. The application of the color wheel methodology not only expands the design possibilities for vegetable-tanned leather but also ensures that the environmental integrity of the tanning process is preserved. The ability to offer a wider range of colors, along with improved surface treatments, allows manufacturers to cater to the growing demand for eco-friendly yet aesthetically diverse footwear.In conclusion, the study demonstrates that the color wheel methodology is an effective tool for optimizing vegetable tanning finishing techniques. By addressing the challenges of color variability and surface inconsistency, this approach enhances the commercial viability of vegetable-tanned leather in footwear manufacturing. As sustainability becomes a critical concern in the fashion industry, the combination of traditional tanning methods with modern design tools like the color wheel offers a pathway for creating environmentally responsible yet visually appealing leather products.

Determining the extent to which the perceptual world can be recovered from language is a longstanding problem in philosophy and cognitive science. We show that state-of-the-art large language models can unlock new insights into this problem by providing a lower bound on the amount of perceptual information that can be extracted from language. Specifically, we elicit pairwise similarity judgments from GPT models across six psychophysical datasets. We show that the judgments are significantly correlated with human data across all domains, recovering well-known representations like the color wheel and pitch spiral. Surprisingly, we find that a model (GPT-4) co-trained on vision and language does not necessarily lead to improvements specific to the visual modality, and provides highly correlated predictions with human data irrespective of whether direct visual input is provided or purely textual descriptors. To study the impact of specific languages, we also apply the models to a multilingual color-naming task. We find that GPT-4 replicates cross-linguistic variation in English and Russian illuminating the interaction of language and perception.