Color Rule Research Articles

Visualizing Portable Executable Headers for Ransomware Detection: A Deep Learning-Based Approach

In recent years, the rapid evolution of ransomware has led to the development of numerous techniques designed to evade traditional malware detection methods. To address this issue, a novel approach is proposed in this study, leveraging machine learning to encode critical information from Portable Executable (PE) headers into visual representations of ransomware samples. The proposed method selects highly impactful features for data sample classification and encodes them as images based on predefined color rules. A deep learning model named peIRCECon (PE Header-Image-based Ransomware Classification Ensemble with Concatenating) is also developed by integrating prominent architectures, such as VGG16 and ResNet50, and incorporating the concatenating method to enhance ransomware detection and classification performance. Experimental results using self-collected datasets demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, achieving high accuracy of 99.85% in distinguishing between ransomware and benign samples. This promising approach holds the potential to significantly improve the effectiveness of ransomware detection and classification, thereby contributing to more robust cybersecurity defense systems. 

The right superior temporal gyrus plays a role in semantic-rule learning: Evidence supporting a reinforcement learning model

In real-life communication, individuals use language that carries evident rewarding and punishing elements, such as praise and criticism. A common trend is to seek more praise while avoiding criticism. Furthermore, semantics is crucial for conveying information, but such semantic access to native and foreign languages is subtly distinct. To investigate how rule learning occurs in different languages and to highlight the importance of semantics in this process, we investigated both verbal and non-verbal rule learning in first (L1) and second (L2) languages using a reinforcement learning framework, including a semantic rule and a color rule. Our computational modeling on behavioral and brain imaging data revealed that individuals may be more motivated to learn and adhere to rules in an L1 compared to L2, with greater striatum activation during the outcome phase in the L1. Additionally, results on the learning rates and inverse temperature in the two rule learning tasks showed that individuals tend to be conservative and are reluctant to change their judgments regarding rule learning of semantic information. Moreover, the greater the prediction errors, the greater activation of the right superior temporal gyrus in the semantic-rule learning condition, demonstrating that such learning has differential neural correlates than symbolic rule learning. Overall, the findings provide insight into the neural mechanisms underlying rule learning in different languages, and indicate that rule learning involving verbal semantics is not a general symbolic learning that resembles a conditioned stimulus-response, but rather has its own specific characteristics.

A COMPARISON PRE-TRAINED MODELS FOR AUTOMATIC INDONESIAN LICENSE PLATE RECOGNITION

Automatic License Plate Recognition is related to the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) that supports the road's e-law enforcement system. In the case of the Indonesian license plate, with various colour rules for font and background, and sometimes vehicle owners modify their license plate font format, this is a challenge in the image processing approach. This research utilizes pre-trained of AlexNet, VGGNet, and ResNet to determine the optimum model of Indonesian character license plate recognition. Three pre-trained approaches in CNN-based detection for reducing time for a build if model from scratch. The experiment shows that using the pre-trained ResNet model gives a better result than another two approaches. The optimum results were obtained at epoch 50 with an accuracy of 99.9% and computation time of 26 minutes. This experiment results fulfil the goal of this research.

Image dehazing algorithm based on optimized dark channel and haze-line priors of adaptive skysegmentation.

When dealing with outdoor hazy images, traditional image dehazing algorithms are often affected by the sky regions, resulting in appearing color distortions and detail loss in the restored image. Therefore, we proposed an optimized dark channel and haze-line priors method based on adaptive sky segmentation to improve the quality of dehazed images including sky areas. The proposed algorithm segmented the sky region of a hazy image by using the Gaussian fitting curve and prior information of sky color rules to calculate the adaptive threshold. Then, an optimized dark channel prior method was used to obtain the light distribution image of the sky region, and the haze-line prior method was utilized to calculate the transmission of the foreground region. Finally, a minimization function was designed to optimize the transmission, and the dehazed images were restored with the atmospheric scattering model. Experimental results demonstrated that the presented dehazing framework could preserve more details of the sky area as well as restore the color constancy of the image with better visual effects. Compared with other algorithms, the results of the proposed algorithm could achieve higher peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM) evaluation values and provide the restored image with subjective visual effects closer to the real scene.

On the Color rule of Children's Educational Website Games

On the Color rule of Children's Educational Website Games

Plant dye-based sensors for monitoring of wound status

The new sensor with sensitive pH-response is highly desirable material for monitoring wound infection. However, most of the indicator dyes used are synthesized by chemical methods, which pose a potential threat to human health. Therefore, we developed a pH sensor based on sappanwood plant dye. The pigment is extracted from natural plants and dyed on the fabric to obtain the pH-response discoloration of fabric. The change color rules are characterized by UV-visible-light spectrophotometer and the concept of CIELab space. The discoloration time of two kinds of dyed fabrics is also obtained. The experimental results show that the color of the dyed fabric are three different colors visible to the naked eye at pH 6, 7 and 8. The response time of color change is 18 s and 7 s, respectively. The results showed that the plant dyestuff of sappanwood had the same response to change color as the chemical dyestuff and could be used as an indicator for wound monitoring.

Modernization of Topographic Mapping by Japan Meiji Government – Introduction of French Army Mapping Technology and afterwards

Abstract. In Japan, the political system was changed greatly and new Meiji government under Meiji Emperor was born in 1868. Meiji government made great efforts to modernize Japan to hold its independence, hiring many professionals from the western advanced countries, sending many students to the western advanced countries, establishing obligatory education system, and so on.It invited French military mission to modernize its army. The mission arrived in Japan in 1872 and stayed until 1880 changing its members. It included engineer officers as follows: Engineer captain Albert Jourdan (1872–1878), Engineer captain Ernest Vieillard (1873–1876), Engineer lieutenant captain Lucian Kreitmann (1876-1888) and two other engineer officers succeed until 1880. They worked fundamentally as the teachers of engineering including survey and mapping. Jourdan had additional works as Coast Defense plan and military construction such as Military School. Jourdan participated in the Japan Coast Defense Planning Mission headed by French mission chief and ordered by the Army Minister,Yamagata. Coast Defense Plan maps were drawn for Kagosima Bay, Hakodate Bay, Tsuruga Bay, etc. Japanese officers of the General Staff Bureau engaged in making base maps for planning and supported the Mission in the field. The mapping technology would be transferred to the Japanese officers on the job.The French Mission members began various military educations in 1872. TIZU SAISIKI (Map Color Rule) was published in 1873, which was translated book by Tomohiro Kosuge (later, the founder and the first director of Japan Land Survey) and others from a French map book brought by Jourdan. Jourdan and Vieillard taught military engineering, based on the textbooks 1855 for French engineer regimental schools, which were translated by T. Kosuge and others and published as KOUHEI SOUTEN (Manual for Military Engineers) including Survey Division in 1873–1875.In 1875, Grand Military Field Exercise was held in Narashinohara near Tokyo, when the field was surveyed at 1/10,000 scale with six plane table teams including T. Kosuge directed by E. Vieillard and a map was compiled and published next year.In 1876, the first three textbooks on mapping of the Military School were printed ; SOKUTI KOUHON (Land Survey Textbook), TIRIZUGAKU KOUHON (Topography Textbook) and SOKUTI KANHOU (Rapid Survey Method in the Military School. The former two were Kreitmann’s lecture records and the last one was translated book of a textbook of French Artillery and Engineering Application School Military Field Exercise was held in Narashinohara, when the field was surveyed with plane table method at 1/20,000 scale by the Military School pupils directed by L. Kreitmann. The compiled map was printed next year in the Military School.In 1877, Seinan Civil War occurred in Kyushu Islan. Rapid survey maps were drawn by the members of the Survey Division of the Army Ministry. After the war, military field exercise was held in Shimoshidzu, when the field was surveyed with plane table method at 1/20,000 scale by the Military School pupils directed by L. Kreitmann. The compiled map was printed next year in the Military School.In 1879, T. Kosuge was nominated to the head of the Survey Division, General Staff Office. He presented his second opinion, “Rapid Survey Plan of the Whole County “ without triangulation which remained as the object of study to the head of the General Staff Office and this plan was accepted.In 1880 following the “Rapid Survey Plan”, the rapid survey began with plane table method at 1/20,000 scale in Kanto metropolitan area on a large scale.In 1881, according the comparison of the results of the normal triangulation and the graphical triangulation on the plane table, it was concluded that the former should be adopted for the whole country control point survey and that the survey system and organization should be changed.In 1889, Army Land Survey was founded by T. Kosuge following the model of Prussian Land Survey, Germany and the first director was T. Kosuge. However, KOUHEI SOUTEN (Manual for Military Engineers) Second Edition, Survey Division was published, translated from the textbook 1883 for the French Engineer Regimental School.

Dimensional attention as a mechanism of executive function: Integrating flexibility, selectivity, and stability

In this report, we present a neural process model that explains visual dimensional attention and changes in visual dimensional attention over development. The model is composed of an object representation system that binds visual features such as shape and color to spatial locations and a label learning system that associates labels such as “color” or “shape” with visual features. We have previously demonstrated that this model explains the development of flexible dimensional attention in a task that requires children to switch between shape and color rules for sorting cards. In the model, the development of flexible dimensional attention is a product of strengthening associations between labels and features. In this report, we generalize this model to also explain development of stable and selective dimensional attention. Specifically, we use the model to explain a previously reported developmental association between flexible dimensional attention and stable dimensional attention. Moreover, we generate predictions regarding developmental associations between flexible and selective dimensional attention. Results from an experiment with 3- and 4-year-olds supported model predictions: children who demonstrated flexibility also demonstrated higher levels of selectivity. Thus, the model provides a framework that integrates various functions of dimensional attention, including implicit and explicit functions, over development. This model also provides new avenues of research aimed at uncovering how cognitive functions such as dimensional attention emerge from the interaction between neural dynamics and task structure, as well as understanding how learning dimensional labels creates changes in dimensional attention, brain activation, and neural connectivity.

Semiconductor chip\u2019s quality analysis based on its high dimensional test data

A semiconductor chip usually has thousands test parameters in order to guaranteed its quality. Hence, a batch of chips’ test data set include thousands of float data. The primary goal of dealing with this test data is to obtain the fault parameter distribution and judge the chip’s quality. It is a challenge due to the large scale and complex relationship of the test data set. This paper presents a novel method to analyze the test data set by meshing the quality theory and scientific data visualization. First, transfer the test data set to a quality classifier matrix Q: a series of quality region is defined based on quality theory, which is the baseline to classify the test data set into different group and mark them with various number. Second, form a quality-spectrum: define a color rule based on the RGB color model and color the quality classifier matrix Q. Hence chip’s quality distribution could be observed through the quality-spectrum. Furthermore, by analyzing the quality-spectrum, the chip’s quality could be quantitative and fault diagnose has a data basic. One case is included to illustrate appropriateness of the proposed method.

Taste Laws in Color Wheel and its Impact on Food Packaging

Food color may change people’s perception of their taste, by affecting the quality of taste. Because the taste of colors is related to people’s mentality and presuppositions and refers to everyone’s personal experience. Therefore, it is an acquired phenomenon. There is a meaningful correlation between taste and color. So, this research area needs an extensive study to reach general rules by considering a wide range of people with different experiences and mentalities. In this study, a statistical population was questioned for 11 general colors in food packing. After analyzing questionnaires data, significant correlations were obtained from matching the taste of colors with Itten colors cycle. It was demonstrated that most people identify secondary colors as color tonality, and the taste of complementary colors is felt and distinguished according to the intensity of their constitutive primary colors. For the second time questions about the tonality of colors such as green, orange and purple were asked, and the result matched with the Itten color rules. It was concluded that as colors have a set of basic rules, these rules also apply to the taste of each color, and perception of the color of each taste has a significant impact on food packaging.

Color matching experiment for highlighting interobserver variability

AbstractHuman color vision differs from person to person, not only when color deficiencies occur but also within color‐normal populations. Investigating individual variability in normal color vision is beneficial both for clinical purposes and for quantifying observer metamerism. Researchers have used color matches such as Rayleigh matches, Moreland matches, the D&H color rule, and various combinations of different media for such investigations. However, none of them were originally aimed at investigating the interobserver variability in color‐normal populations, but rather were aimed at screening for color‐deficiencies. The objective of this study was, therefore, to design and carry out a color matching experiment where observer variability appeared as large as possible to detect the interobserver differences in the color‐normal population. Color matching was simulated under different combinations of reference spectrum and matching primaries using ColorChecker patches, different display/projector primaries, and the Stiles and Burch 49 observers. The simulation results showed: (1) The choice of spectra for the matching primaries had a significant effect on observer variability, (2) observer variability was large for near‐neutral reference colors, and (3) observer variability in the lightness direction was small relative to chromatic variability. The color matching experiment highlighting interobserver variability was designed based on these three findings and carried out for 61 color‐normal observers. Typical interobserver variability was 9.2 mean color difference from the mean (MCDM) using CIEDE2000 (spanning about 40 CIELAB units), which was much larger than any previous experiment. The obtained color matching data are useful for derivation, validation, and analysis of color matching functions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 530–539, 2016

Hierarchical detection of wildfire flame video from pixel level to semantic level

The importance of flame detection cannot be ignored in a wildfire video surveillance system due to disturbance of heavy fog and challenging of smoke detection. In this paper a novel method for hierarchical detection of wildfire flame video is presented. Specifically, wildfire flame images are gradually recognized from low level visual features of pixel based to high level semantics of video clip based. For all the pixels of one image, the pixels which meet color rules and motion characteristics are labeled as flame colored pixels. The candidate flame region roughly generated by flame-like pixels is divided into non-overlapped image blocks. The sparse representation of the blocks are defined and recognized by learned dictionaries to more accurately segment candidate flame region and exclude some non-flame regions. To reduce the cost of computation, the proposed method detects one Frate (Frate denotes one frame rate) frames instead of one frame at a time by using a sliding time window. Flicker features and spatiotemporal features extracted from video clips of the size Frate are used to build semantic model of wildfire flame video recognition based on mathematical model of meaning. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can effectively segment flame region and significantly improve the performance of wildfire flame detection.

Synchronous Oscillatory Neural Ensembles for Rules in the Prefrontal Cortex

Intelligent behavior requires acquiring and following rules. Rules define how our behavior should fit different situations. To understand its neural mechanisms, we simultaneously recorded from multiple electrodes in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) while monkeys switched between two rules (respond to color versus orientation). We found evidence that oscillatory synchronization of local field potentials (LFPs) formed neural ensembles representing the rules: there were rule-specific increases in synchrony at "beta" (19-40Hz) frequencies between electrodes. In addition, individual PFC neurons synchronized to the LFP ensemble corresponding to the current rule (color versus orientation). Furthermore, the ensemble encoding the behaviorally dominant orientation ruleshowed increased "alpha" (6-16Hz) synchrony when preparing to apply the alternative (weaker) color rule. This suggests that beta-frequency synchrony selects the relevant rule ensemble, while alpha-frequency synchrony deselects a stronger, but currently irrelevant, ensemble. Synchrony may act to dynamically shape task-relevant neural ensembles out of larger, overlapping circuits.

A quantitative quantum chemical model of the Dewar–Knott color rule for cationic diarylmethanes

We document the quantitative manifestation of the Dewar–Knott color rule in a four-electron, three-orbital state-averaged complete active space self-consistent field (SA-CASSCF) model of a series of bridge-substituted cationic diarylmethanes. We show that the lowest excitation energies calculated using multireference perturbation theory based on the model are linearly correlated with the development of hole density in an orbital localized on the bridge, and the depletion of pair density in the same orbital. We quantitatively express the correlation in the form of a generalized Hammett equation.

The Research of Coding and Anti-Interference Strategy Basing on Color Identification of Educating Electrical Informational Production

This paper had a research on educating electrical informational production’s color convey information having problems in realistic apply. By means of distinguish educating electrical informational production’s color information’s ligthtness, purity and hue, putted up humanility engineering imago measure’s test evaluation on efficiency during user identify color contrasting, got the contrast mix color rule that color based mainly on lightness contrast. which provided design strategy for how to control developing educating electrical informational production’s color informational channel disturb.

Attributional and Relational Processing in Pigeons

Six pigeons were trained using a matching-to-sample procedure where sample and rewarded comparisons matched on both attributional (color) and relational (horizontal or vertical orientation) dimensions. Probes then evaluated the pigeons’ preference to comparisons that varied in these dimensions. A strong preference was found for the attribute of color. The discrimination was not found to transfer to novel colors, however, suggesting that a general color rule had not been learned. Further, when color could not be used to guide responding, some influence of other attributional cues such as shape, but not relational cues, was found. We conclude that pigeons based their performance on attributional properties of but not on relational properties between elements in our matching-to-sample procedure. Future studies should look at examining other attributes to compare attributional versus relational processing.

Increasing the Reliability of Fuzzy Inference System-Based Skin Detector

Problem statement: Skin detection is a common primitive for many human-related image processing applications, such as video surveillance, naked image filters and face detection. Skin color is considered as a useful and discriminating spatial feature for many applications, but it is not robust enough to deal with complex image environments. Skin tones range from dark (some Africans) to light white (Caucasians and some Europeans). In addition, both the light-changing conditions and the existence of objects with skin-like colors could cause some major difficulties faced pixel-based skin detector depending only on a color feature. Approach: This study proposed a novel Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) for skin detection, which combines both color and texture features. To increase the reliability of the skin detection process, neighborhood pixel information is incorporated into the proposed method. The color feature is represented using RGB color model, while the texture feature is estimated using three statistical measures: standard deviation, entropy and range. The subtractive clustering-based fuzzy system method and the Sugeno type reasoning mechanism are used for modeling FIS-based skin detection. The proposed approach builds a fuzzy model of skin detection from existing images within skin and non-skin regions (output data) and from both color and texture features of the skin regions (input data). Results: The proposed skin detection method achieved a true positive rate of approximately 90% and a false positive rate of approximately 0.22%. Furthermore, this study analyzes and compares the obtained results from the proposed skin detection with threshold-based skin detector to show the level of robustness, using both color and texture features in the proposed skin detector. Conclusion: It was found that a skin detector based on both color and texture features can lead to an efficient and more reliable skin detection method compared with other state-of-the-art threshold-based skin detectors. The proposed detector reduces the FP rate to 0.22% compared with a skin detector based on predefined color rules.

DISINHIBITION TRANSMITS FROM TELEVISION TO YOUNG CHILDREN

The present study examined whether young children’s behaviors in the Dimensional Change Card Sorting task (DCCS task) could be influenced by their observation of another person performing the task on video. In Experiment 1, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children observed that an actor on video was sorting cards according to one rule (e.g., shape rule). Then they were asked to sort the cards according to the other rule (e.g., color rule). Result showed that 3-year-olds failed to use the second rule whereas 4- and 5-year-olds used the second rule. Experiments 2 further investigated whether children’s performance following the televised demonstration was different from their performance following the live demonstration of the same actions. Results showed that 3-year-old children failed to use the second rule in spite of the presentation modality (live or video). We conclude that disinhibition can transmit from television to children as it transmits from one person to children.

The development of executive function in early childhood.

According to the Cognitive Complexity and Control (CCC) theory, the development of executive function can be understood in terms of age-related increases in the maximum complexity of the rules children can formulate and use when solving problems. This Monograph describes four studies (9 experiments) designed to test hypotheses derived from the CCC theory and from alternative theoretical perspectives on the development of executive function (memory accounts, inhibition accounts, and redescription accounts). Each study employed a version of the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS), in which children are required first to sort cards by one pair of rules (e.g., color rules: "If red then here, if blue then there"), and then sort the same cards by another, incompatible pair of rules (e.g., shape rules). Study 1 found that although most 3- to 4-year-olds failed the standard version of this task (i.e., they perseverated on the preswitch rules during the postswitch phase), they usually performed well when they were required to use four rules (including bidimensional rules) and those rules were not in conflict (i.e., they did not require children to respond in two different ways to the same test card). These findings indicate that children's perseveration cannot be attributed in a straightforward fashion to limitations in children's memory capacity. Study 2 examined the circumstances in which children can use conflicting rules. Three experiments demonstrated effects of rule dimensionality (uni- vs. bidimensional rules) but no effects of stimulus characteristics (1 vs. 2 test cards; spatially integrated vs. separated stimuli). Taken together, these studies suggest that conflict among rules is a key determinant of difficulty, but that conflict interacts with dimensionality. Study 3 examined what types of conflict pose problems for 3- to 4-year-olds by comparing performance on standard, Partial Change, and Total Change versions of the DCCS. Results revealed effects of conflict at the level of specific rules (e.g., "If red, then there"), rather than specific stimulus configurations or dimensions per se, indicating that activation of the preswitch rules persists into the postswitch phase. Study 4 examined whether negative priming also contributes to difficulty on the DCCS. Two experiments suggested that the active selection of preswitch rules against a competing alternative results in the lasting suppression of the alternative. Taken together, the results of these studies provide the basis for a revision of the CCC theory (CCC-r) that specifies more clearly the circumstances in which children will have difficulty using rules at various levels of complexity, provides a more detailed account of how to determine the complexity of rules required in a task, takes account of both the activation and inhibition of rules as a function of experience, and highlights the importance of taking intentionality seriously in the study of executive function.

An unexpectedly simple NIR dye for 1.1 microm with a central mesoionic structure.

Predictable with the color rules? The NIR dye 1 has a novel, mesoionic structure that exhibits a “super acceptor” function and an absorption far in the near infrared within a remarkably small chromophore.