Do caecilians retain some degree of vision? Navarrete Méndez et al., (2025) used an integrative approach to show that the long-wavelength-sensitive (LWS) opsin gene is present and that retinal morphology remains intact across all eight caecilian families investigated. This finding suggests that caecilians maintain some visual capacity, likely enabling day-night or color discrimination. More broadly, this study highlights key aspects of sensory adaptation in subterranean tetrapods.

Color vision deficiency (CVD), particularly red‐green color blindness, significantly impairs color discrimination in daily life. Conventional colored lenses and filters often suffer from dye leakage and poor biocompatibility, limiting their clinical use. In this article, colorblind‐correcting contact lenses are developed by chemically grafting a Rhodamine B derivative onto 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐based polymer networks. This covalent immobilization prevents dye leaching and confers selective light absorption within the 540–570 nm spectral range, thereby specifically targeting red‐green CVD. Compared with physical doping, the chemically grafted lenses exhibit over 95% dye retention, maintained mechanical and optical integrity, and demonstrated excellent biocompatibility with >95% cell viability in L929 and human corneal epithelial cells assays. Simulated clinical tests using the Ishihara plates revealed up to an 85% improvement in recognition accuracy. This approach presents a safe, stable, and effective pathway toward wearable visual correction technologies.

Abstract Phosphorescence‐based optical detection offers considerable potential for highly sensitive humidity monitoring but is impeded by limited visual resolution and challenges in reuse. Here, an energy transfer strategy is proposed to regulate phosphorescence through crystalline hydrate‐induced coordination field variations, enabling reversible humidity monitoring with distinct afterglow colors. A super‐hydrophilic, self‐supporting porous polyethersulfone membrane, encapsulating carbon dots‐dyes@silica (CDs‐Dyes@SiO 2 ) multicolor phosphorescent nanoparticles and anhydrous CoCl 2 , is fabricated using a simple phase‐transfer method. Dynamic phosphorescent visualization of humidity is achieved through the selective absorption of phosphorescent emission from CDs‐Dyes@SiO 2 , driven by the reversible coordination field transitions reflected in the UV–vis absorption peak shifts between CoCl 2 and CoCl 2 ·nH 2 O. The ultra‐hydrophilic afterglow membrane, with its rapid water vapor capture and enrichment ability, sensitively indicates relative humidity levels from 21.6% to 89.0% by visual color discrimination at room temperature. Furthermore, the color‐recognizable afterglow membrane is effectively employed as a real‐time and high‐resolution humidity sensor for applications in human and plant health management.

Yolk color is a key indicator of egg quality, as customers prefer eggs with intensely yellow yolks, which also signal nutrient richness. At present, the commonly used method for yolk color detection is to open the eggs and evaluate the yolk color using the Roche yolk color fan (RYCF), so developing a non-destructive method for discrimination of yolk color is of great significance. In order to overcome the human subjectivity associated with RYCF based on yolk color scoring, a machine vision method was built to classify the yolk color grades more objectively and precisely. In this work, a total of 150 egg samples with yolk color scores from 5 to 11 were collected and the near-infrared (NIR) spectral data of intact eggs and egg yolks were gathered independently, while the true scores of yolk color grades were acquired using the machine vision system as the target set for modeling. Finally, different regression prediction models for egg yolk color grades were constructed using chemometric Partial Least Squares (PLS) and machine learning techniques, such as Temporal Convolutional Network - Gated Recurrent Unit-Attention (TCN-GRU-Attention), Least Squares Support Vector Machines (LSSVM) and Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory-Adaptive Boosting (CNN-BiLSTM-Adaboost). For the intact egg and separated yolk spectral data, the results show that the PLS model achieved the best prediction accuracy in the test set, with R2 values of 0.9035 and 0.9274, and the root mean square errors (RMSE) were 0.3665 and 0.2933, respectively, which accomplished the non-destructive quantitative detection of egg yolk color scores.

Abstract The tetrachromatic‐inspired neuromorphic visual memristor (NVM) provides an opportunity to enhance human color perception and discrimination capabilities. However, current researches predominantly focus on UV sensing under high‐power conditions and memory functionalities, often neglecting practical capabilities such as image perception enabled by weak UV signals and spatial‐temporal pre‐processing. Here, to address it, an all‐in‐one NVM based on a novel C6‐DPA:Cs3Bi2I9/PMMA (C6‐CP) organic/inorganic perovskite semiconductor bulk heterostructure is developed, fabricated using a scalable and low‐temperature solution process. At a 1:6 volume ratio, it exhibits unique UV‐modulated multi‐channel conductive filaments, resulting in excellent neuromorphic synaptic performance, as well as an ultralow UV detection limit of ≈0.41 µW cm−2 and a high specific detectivity (D*) of 4.2 × 1014 Jones. This represents a 1000‐fold improvement over current UV‐excited memristors. Moreover, the device uses its differential response to UV intensity variations to mimic the butterflyfish bio‐retina, enabling grayscale detection and image extraction even with 50% noise interference. Subsequently, additional integration of multi‐level edge‐enhanced convolutional kernels allow C6‐CP‐based array devices to precisely control spatio‐temporal synchronization between event detection and grayscale sensing, enabling accurate extraction of fish movement trajectories under low‐light conditions. This work improves multi‐dimensional image processing under complex lighting conditions for intelligent NVM systems.

Correlation between parameters estimated by the colour assessment and diagnosis and the Cambridge colour test in color discrimination evaluation.

Progressive visual dysfunction and retinal neurodegeneration in patients with fibromyalgia.

Discriminability of node colors in node-link diagrams and the influence of link colors

Perception is shaped by both the physical properties of stimuli and their contextual presentation, often leading to systematic biases such as the central tendency effect, where perceptual judgments shift toward the average of the stimulus set. This study explored the central tendency bias in vibrotactile perception, an area that has received limited attention while also replicating its well-documented occurrence in color perception to validate previous findings. Using a within-subject design, participants (5 males, 15 females) completed color and vibrotactile discrimination tasks, each consisting of three blocks, which comprised systematically shifted stimulus sets. In an established virtual reality color task, stimuli ranged from yellow–green to blue–green, while in the vibrotactile task, stimuli varied in vibration intensity around a baseline distribution. As predicted, the point of subjective equality shifted toward the mean of the stimulus sets in both tasks, confirming the presence of a central tendency bias. These findings demonstrate that perception of both color and vibrotactile intensity is not determined solely based on the physical properties of the stimulus per se, but it is rather influenced by the distribution of the presented stimuli, underscoring the pervasive role of contextual factors in shaping sensory judgments.

Differences in Color Appearance under D65 and LED6500K Light Sources: A Comparison of Color Discrimination by Age and GenderDifferences in Color Appearance under D65 and LED6500K Light Sources: A Comparison of Color Discrimination by Age and Gender

The contributions of surface reflectance and incident illumination are entangled in the light reflected to the eye. Historically, the extent to which the perception of one determines the other has long been debated, particularly in empirical studies of surface lightness and color constancy. Despite enormous progress in physical measurements of the spatial, spectral, and temporal properties of natural illumination, and in the ability to generate and control in real time artificial light of an almost infinite variety of spectra, the questions of whether and how people perceive the illumination as a distinct entity with its own color, and the interdependence of perceived surface color on perceived illumination, remain open. Given the rise in novel lighting interventions that modulate illumination spectra in order to improve health, well-being, productivity, and culture, it has become increasingly important to understand the two-way interaction between the visual and nonvisual sensing of illumination.

Comprehensive data on ethambutol (EMB)-related optic neuropathy (EON) are lacking, creating a knowledge gap. Accordingly, this prospective programmatic study established a collaborative multidisciplinary team to explore EON. This study enrolled patients who received EMB as part of their treatment regimen for mycobacterial infections. Programmatic assessments of visual abnormalities were performed for each patient by the team. EON was diagnosed by ophthalmologists. Patients diagnosed as having EON completed short-term (6-month) and long-term (5-year) follow-up. Of 476 patients, 31 (6.5%) were diagnosed as having EON. Older age (≥ 65 years, odds ratio [OR] = 2.5, P = 0.043) and diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.2, P = 0.045) were independent predictors of EON, and coexisting subjective and objective ocular abnormalities (OR = 4.8, P = 0.009) and concomitant visual acuity and color discrimination impairment (OR = 5.9, P = 0.009) were independently associated with EON in patients with ocular abnormalities at EMB discontinuation. Among patients with EON, 56.7% and 50.0% had favorable 6-month visual acuity and color discrimination outcomes, respectively. Among patients with unfavorable 6-month visual acuity outcomes, 45.5% had favorable outcomes at the 5-year follow-up. Moreover, 88.2% and 100% of patients with favorable and unfavorable 6-month visual acuity outcomes, respectively, already had these outcomes at the third month of follow-up. Additionally, 50.0% and 100% of patients with favorable and unfavorable 6-month color discrimination outcomes, respectively, already had these outcomes at the fourth month of follow-up. The incidence of EON exceeded 6%. This study provides a feasible model for the comprehensive management of EON in clinical practice.

ObjectiveTo assess the safety and tolerability of intravitreal injection of human retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) at multiple dose levels in adults with non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa (RP).DesignA prospective, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, Phase I/IIa safety study of RPCs in adults with RP (n = 28). Two patient cohorts were studied: Cohort 1: BCVA no better than 20/200 and no worse than Hand Motions, and Cohort 2: BCVA no better than 20/40 and no worse than 20/200).SubjectsAdults (n = 28) with a clinical diagnosis of RP confirmed by electroretinogram, consenting to gene mutation typing for genes involved in inherited retinal degenerations and related disorders, and willing to undergo human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing.MethodsSubjects, who were not selected for genotype, were divided across the two vision cohorts with each receiving a single intravitreal injection of one of: 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 × 106 allogeneic RPCs. Initially, subjects received the lowest dose (0.5 × 106 RPCs) in the worse-seeing eye. Each dose group contained equal numbers of subjects from Cohorts 1 and 2.ResultsIntravitreal RPC injection was well tolerated and associated with mostly transient mild to moderate adverse events. There were no signs of graft rejection. While primarily a safety study, exploratory efficacy assessments suggested improved BCVA measurements at all doses, with a possible dose-response at the highest levels. Mean BCVA change from pre-treatment to Month 12 in the treated vs untreated eyes was 1.4 letters for the 0.5 × 106 dose group, 1.0 letters for the 1.0 × 106 group, 4.8 letters for the 2.0 × 106 group, and 9.0 letters for the 3.0 × 106 group. Additional patient-reported changes included increased light sensitivity, improved object recognition, color discrimination, and reading.ConclusionA single intravitreal injection of RPCs was well tolerated in this safety study. The exploratory efficacy data suggest potential improvement of BCVA in some RP patients, particularly at the highest dose. While viewed cautiously, the possible treatment effect should be further investigated in larger controlled studies. The RPC technology has received FDA Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy designation. Later phase studies are ongoing.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02320812, NCT02320812.

PDE6A-associated retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a rare inherited retinal disease leading to severe vision loss and blindness, with no available treatment. This study assessed the safety and vision outcomes of a gene therapy using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding PDE6A (AAV8.hPDE6A). In an open-label, non-randomised controlled phase I/IIa trial, nine patients with biallelic PDE6A variants received a single subretinal injection of AAV8.hPDE6A. Doses were either 1.0×10¹⁰ (n=6) or 5.0×10¹⁰ (n=3) total vector genomes. Safety was the primary endpoint, assessed via clinical examinations, laboratory analyses and optical coherence tomography imaging. Secondary outcomes included changes in visual function, such as best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity, colour perception, dark adaptation thresholds, visual fields, patient-reported outcomes and chromatic pupil campimetry over 1 year. The mean patient age was 40.1 years, with baseline BCVA ranging from 40 to 82 letters (0.9-0.1 logMAR). No systemic adverse events occurred, and most ocular events resolved without treatment. Persistent adverse events included small peripheral atrophic areas (n=2), disturbed colour discrimination (n=3), cataract (n=1), slight central retinal thinning (n=5) and moderate visual acuity loss (n=2, 1 in each dose group). BCVA, full-field stimulus thresholds and other visual function measures showed statistically non-significant changes, with a trend towards worsening of retinal sensitivity in the treated eyes. Subretinal gene therapy with AAV8.hPDE6A did not improve visual function over 1 year and posed risks, including central retinal thinning and visual acuity decline. This is in contrast to the safety and efficacy profile established in preclinical models.

To evaluate color discrimination in schoolchildren with low birth weight (LBW) and those born full-term and at a weight appropriate for gestational age (AGA). LBW children aged 5-11 years and school-, grade-, sex-, and age-matched full-term (birth weight ≥ 2500 g) AGA controls from 14 randomly selected schools from a low-income region were tested. Examinations included visual acuity, ocular motility, and color vision testing using the Farnsworth D-15 test. Color score and interocular color score difference (ICD) were compared between the groups. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze associations between color vision deficit and group, adjusting for age, sex, visual acuity, strabismus, and amblyopia. A total of 291 LBW children (age = 8.5 ± 1.3 yrs; 55.7% females) and 265 AGA children (age = 8.5 ± 1.4 yrs; 56.2% females) were examined. Dyschromatopsia was detected in 10.3% of LBW and 7.9% of AGA children, primarily involving tritan and non-specific defects. Color scores were comparable between the groups, and color deficit was significantly associated with younger age and worse visual acuity. The ICD was statistically larger (p = 0.004) in the LBW group, in which the frequencies of strabismus and amblyopia were also higher. Most LBW children demonstrated normal color discrimination, but their interocular color score difference was larger than that of AGA children.

Language serves as a basic tool for human cognition, and its impact on sensory perception has been a topic of interest in psychological research for a long time. So this paper explores the complex relationship between language and color perception from the perspective of psycholinguistics. This study aims to explore the influence of language on color perception, including verifying the neural mechanism of language shaping color cognition, analyzing the perceptual differences between cross-cultural and bilingual groups, so as to provide a basis for education, design and other fields, and finally reveal the active role of language in color perception. Through the classic theories (such as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis) and literature analysis(including cross-linguistic color naming, color discrimination experiments, and neuroimaging research), this paper finds that it not only affects human color classification and memory, but it also interacts with cultural and individual factors to shape color perception.

Purpose To understand the color discrimination of motor vehicle drivers and reduce traffic accidents caused by this reason. At the same time, it provides reference for perfecting the Regulations on the Application and Use of Motor Vehicle Driving License. Way Using the Color Vision Examination Chart edited by Li Chunhui and Li Yuhong, 3680 motor vehicle drivers who came to our hospital for physical examination from January to June in 2022 were examined in good lighting, and the examination results were analyzed. Result There were 40 people with abnormal color vision, accounting for 1.03% of the total number of people examined. There are 18 people who are red and green color blind, accounting for 45% of those with abnormal color vision. There are 22 people with weak color, accounting for 55% of those with abnormal color vision. Conclusion Attention should be paid to the color vision inspection of motor vehicle drivers for traffic safety.

The Islamic finance industry has significantly established itself in the global financial landscape since the latter half of the 20th century. Its constant substantial growth has surprised even those, not assured of its success earlier. In the economic recession of 2008, Islamic finance was termed as a safe, ethical, and vibrant alternative to the conventional financial system. In 2023, the global financial landscape faced several tough challenges characterized by geopolitical tensions, inflation and excessive debt. Despite these high challenges, the Islamic Financial Service Industry has continuously demonstrated remarkable growth. Approximately, 3.38trillion dollars of the United States is estimated to be engaged in this experiment. It has garnered attention from top global financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and many other reputed financial institutions and it has equally received warm attention from global academic centers like Harvard University, Rice University, London School of Economics, and many other top universities of the world. It is currently operational in more than 75 countries via 550 Islamic financial institutions. Emerging concepts in conventional economics, such as green funds and ethical financing, constitute fundamental elements inherent in the Islamic financial system, which has consequently expanded the scope of the Islamic financial industry. Therefore, the present study explores the scope and viability of Islamic finance in the context of globalization, emphasizing equity financing as a preferable alternative to debt financing. It takes into account, how Islamic financing can help developed and developing countries to build a new world order that would be based on tranquility, cooperation, mutual help, sharing, and caring by relying more on equity financing than on debt financing. The present study discusses the repercussions of interest based debt on global economy and the need of Islamic finance to bloom economies of developed and developing countries at global level by avoiding channels of exploitative practices like interest, debt-trap, in-equality of wealth, etc. which eventually leads nations into poverty, debt, abject hunger, and un-employment. The study also examines why the debt relief packages provided to under-developing countries by developed nations have not successfully helped to address the issues of debt trap and in equality of wealth. Furthermore, the study reviews, whether Islamic finance exclusively serves the interests of Muslims only or benefits the whole humanity without any discrimination of caste creed, color, region and religion.

Efficient Characterization of Human Color Discrimination Thresholds Using Adaptive Sampling and a Wishart Process Model

Background/Objectives: This exploratory study examined the potential effectiveness of cognitive enhancement interventions targeting basic cognitive prerequisites and communicative abilities in girls with Rett syndrome. Special attention was given to evaluating telerehabilitation as a feasible alternative to traditional in-person therapy, particularly for individuals with severe impairments and limited access to care. Methods: Twenty-four girls diagnosed with Rett syndrome (mean age = 13.7 years, SD = 7.1), all meeting the basic cognitive prerequisites defined by the GAIRS scale, were randomly assigned to two groups: a telerehabilitation group (n = 12) and an in-person rehabilitation group (n = 12). Interventions were delivered in school settings and focused on two core areas: basic cognitive skills (e.g., object recognition, spatial and temporal concepts, form and color discrimination, and cause–effect reasoning) and communication skills (e.g., comprehension and expression through gestures, images, or verbal output). Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in the cognitive and communicative domains, with generally comparable outcomes. Notably, the telerehabilitation group demonstrated relatively greater gains in verbal expression and cause–effect understanding. Correlational analyses indicated positive associations between the cognitive and communicative improvements, particularly between spatial understanding and expressive abilities. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to the sample size and study design limitations. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that cognitive enhancement programs may support developmental gains in girls with Rett syndrome and that telerehabilitation could represent a viable alternative for those unable to access in-person care. Given the limited sample size and absence of qualitative measures, further research is necessary to validate its effectiveness and understand its role within comprehensive care models.