Colombian Regulations Research Articles

Normatividad ambiental dirigida a regular la presencia de los productos farmacéuticos residuales en ambientes acuáticos

Se presenta una revisión de los avances en la normativa en materia ambiental global respecto al control y vigilancia de la contaminación de los cuerpos de agua con productos farmacéuticos. Así mismo, se incluye un apartado referente a la regulación colombiana y se plantea una discusión sobre las limitaciones que aún se presentan para hacer efectiva una legislación ambiental eficiente, principalmente en el agua destinada al consumo humano.

Conflicto de intereses en el contexto societario: regulación colombiana y derecho comparado

Este documento tiene como propósito ilustrar sobre la regulación colombiana en relación con el conflicto de intereses en el contexto societario, de la mano de la doctrina nacional, y el derecho comparado, para entender las actuales discusiones en esta materia y ver hacia dónde debe enfocarse el análisis de las futuras reformas legislativas.

La helicicultura en Colombia: reforma normativa y rezago productivo

A partir de una aproximación histórica-comparativa se analiza la reglamentación colombiana de la helicicultura, en contraste con los datos oficiales sobre el volumen exportable de moluscos y las consideraciones de especialistas en Colombia. El estudio se sitúa en el debate académico sobre la complementariedad entre los ámbitos institucional y asociativo para el fortalecimiento de sectores agroindustriales. La investigación se apoyó en la revisión documental y en la aplicación de un cuestionario estructurado a partir de las variables legislación, estructura productiva y asociatividad. Del análisis se infiere que las modificaciones normativas no impactaron significativamente la producción y la asociatividad. En esa perspectiva se cuestiona la premisa de la eficacia del ámbito normativo en la creación de condiciones favorables para consolidar actividades rurales con potencial exportador.

Análisis De Conceptos Nucleares Que Fundamentan La Normatividad De La Educación Inclusiva En Colombia

La presente investigación, buscó identificar los conceptos nucleares que subyacen el desarrollo normativo de la Educación Inclusiva en Colombia, de sus grandes hitos: la ley 115 de 1994 y la Ley 1618 de 2013, con el fin de problematizar las tendencias existentes y contrastarlas con las aspiraciones de la Convención Internacional sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad [CDPD], ratificada en Colombia mediante la ley 1346 de 2009. Dicha Convención encarna los ideales de Justicia, Igualdadd y Libertad para las Personas con Discapacidad. La ruta trabajada inició con una fase documental que arrojó un minucioso normograma de 1994 a 2013 compuesto por las leyes, decretos y resoluciones relacionadas con la educación inclusiva. Posteriormente, se replicó el instrumento de Turnbull y Stowe (2001), para el análisis de los conceptos nucleares de la normatividad identificada, adaptada por Moreno (2007). Adicionalmente, se complemen- tó este análisis con una encuesta a un grupo de docentes de colegios públicos rurales, lo cual confirmó el impacto de los términos que manejan los docentes para referirse a la población de estudio, en el marco de la normatividad colombiana. Por último, se realizó un aporte conceptual introduciendo algunas consideraciones para la futura implementación de la ley 1618 aplicando los principios de la Convención de Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad: libertad, justicia e igualdad, necesarias garantizar el derecho a la educación con calidad, para las niñas, niños y jóvenes con discapacidad.

Geochemical characterization of fluoride in water, table salt, active sediment, rock and soil samples, and its possible relationship with the prevalence of enamel fluorosis in children in four municipalities of the department of Huila (Colombia).

Fluoride is an element that affects teeth and bone formation in animals and humans. Though the use of systemic fluoride is an evidence-based caries preventive measure, excessive ingestion can impair tooth development, mainly the mineralization of tooth enamel, leading to a condition known as enamel fluorosis. In this study, we investigated the geochemical characterization of fluoride in water, table salt, active sediment, rock and soil samples in four endemic enamel fluorosis sentinel municipalities of the department of Huila, Colombia (Pitalito, Altamira, El Agrado and Rivera), and its possible relationship with the prevalence of enamel fluorosis in children. The concentration of fluoride in drinking water, table salt, active sediment, rock, and soil was evaluated by means of an ion selective electrode and the geochemical analyses were performed using X-ray fluorescence. Geochemical analysis revealed fluoride concentrations under 15mg/kg in active sediment, rock and soil samples, not indicative of a significant delivery to the watersheds studied. The concentration of fluoride in table salt was found to be under the inferior limit (less than 180μg/g) established by the Colombian regulations. Likewise, exposure doses for fluoride water intake did not exceed the recommended total dose for all ages from 6months. Although the evidence does not point out at rocks, soils, fluoride-bearing minerals, fluoridated salt and water, the hypothesis of these elements as responsible of the current prevalence of enamel fluorosis cannot be discarded since, aqueducts might have undergone significant changes overtime.

Metodología para la Medición del Déficit Cualitativo de Espacio Público en Colombia: un Indicador Clave del Ordenamiento Territorial

This research proposes a methodology for the evaluation of the “qualitative deficit of the public space”, in response to the gaps and weaknesses presented by Colombian regulations. It focuses on the individual assessment of the qualitative state of the various elements of the public space (sports, children and residence scales of influence or neighborhood, zonal or regional influence scenarios), allowing its spatial representation and territorial analysis in the framework of the planning process and land use planning. The case study applied in the city of Monteria, Colombia, validates the operation of the methodology, evidencing the affectation of the quality of life of the citizens due to the inadequate conditions that do not guarantee the functionality of the public space.

Código tecnico de la edificación como instrumento para la protección del medio ambiente: Una mirada al caso colombiano

This research has as objective to study the convenience or not of the implementation of Technical Codes for a Sustainable Building in Colombia. Specifically, it seeks to analyze whether Resolution 0549 of 2015, which dictates the guidelines for sustainable construction for new buildings and that is structured before the need to incorporate green buildings in the country is optimal to reduce the negative impact that leaves The building industry in the environment. Once the subject of sustainable construction has been deepened, it intends to analyze in detail the Colombian regulations and identify their shortcomings, with a view to proposing a series of reforms that will make Colombia the leader in Latin America in green buildings.

Colombia: ¿Una democracia censitaria?

Siguiendo la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, el presente artículo se propone analizar si las reglas del sistema electoral colombiano se adecúan a los estándares de derechos humanos para el ejercicio de los derechos políticos previstos en el artículo 23 de la Convención Americana. Para ello, expondrá los requisitos colombianos para el ejercicio de los derechos políticos, específicamente, de los grupos significativos de personas no afiliadas a ningún partido o movimiento político; luego, describirá los estándares de derechos humanos previstos en la jurisprudencia; y finalmente argumentará que con base en dichos estándares, la normativa colombiana no se ajusta a ellos pues la exigencia de una garantía de seriedad por medio de una póliza de seguros genera una práctica restrictiva. En un primer momento, la metodología que se usará será descriptiva: en este camino se realizará una enunciación de las normas nacionales e internacionales vigentes en torno a los derechos políticos. Luego, en la medida en que la jurisprudencia es la que fija el norte interpretativo de las normas que se describirán, se hará un análisis de casos con el propósito de saber, en la actualidad, cómo se deben proteger los derechos políticos por parte de los estados parte del sistema interamericano de derechos humanos. Finalmente se hará el proceso argumentativo que concluirá afirmando que las normas colombianas no se ajustan a los estándares de derechos humanos de la Corte Interamericana de derechos humanos.

Evaluation of due process like determinant factor of legitimacy of colombian account regulation: An approximation.

Evaluation of due process like determinant factor of legitimacy of colombian account regulation: An approximation.

Tax benefits by Research, Development and Innovation inversion projects (R+D+I): An analisys of the current regulation for colombian case.

The regional cultural context and the vertiginous change in public policies, generate important changes in the tax area, which in turn contributes to the development of science. In our country, the investment commitment to research begins with Colciencias, in charge of science, technology and innovation. The creation of higher education centers with engineering programs together with industrial policies in Colombia, introduces a new cycle in the formation of human capital for science and technology activities, which seek to encourage large-scale social modernization.The tax incentives for investment in research established in the Colombian tax regulations are indispensable for the profitability of many companies in the country that do not manage to measure what an investment of this type can represent in a positive cost-benefit relation.The document analyzes the set of tax incentives designed in the national legislation for the development of science, technology and innovation work and some of the impacts they may have for companies in the sector.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like PCBs in commercialized food products from Colombia

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) are commonly known as dioxins and are the most toxic members of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) because present a variety of health effects especially as promoting agent of growing and transformation of cancer cells. They are bio-accumulate in humans primarily via the diet, specifically by ingestion of foods that have high lipid content which are generally associated with foods of animal origin such as oils and fats and with fishery and dairy products. In Colombia the Ministry of Health and Social Protection which is the entity responsible for surveillance food conditions, has established maximum levels for dioxins and dl-PCBs in oils from animal and vegetable origins. Oils of vegetable and animal origin represent an appreciable intake in the country thus the presence of dioxins and dl-PCBs in these materials is a matter of concern because they can bioaccumulate in fat. In this contribution the levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in olive, soybean, fish oil, butter and shrimp consumed in Colombia were determined using HRGC-HRMS and were compared with the maximum levels permitted in oil samples according to both the Colombian and European regulations. WHO-TEQ concentrations for PCDD/Fs and dioxin like PCBs ranged from 0.24 to 1.710pgWHO-TEQ PCDD/Fg−1 of fat and from 0.050 to 3.000pgWHO-TEQ PCBg−1 of fat, respectively. As expected, fish oils and shrimp present the highest WHO-TEQ PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs values followed by butter and soybean oil sample, while the olive oil shows the lowest levels. In general, the vegetable oils show levels below the limits established by both the Colombian and European regulations. The levels from soybean oil found in this study were slightly higher than the threshold established both by the Commission Regulation European Union (EU) and the Colombian legislation, while fish oils showed concentrations above the European regulations. Furthermore, shrimp exhibited values below the maximum concentration levels established by the EU and Colombian regulation.

Herramienta para evaluar la gestión de residuos hospitalarios

<p>En esta investigación se evaluó la gestión de los residuos hospitalarios en una clínica privada de tercer nivel de complejidad de la ciudad de Cali, mediante el uso de una herramienta ponderada por un panel de expertos, basada en las normas colombianas y las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para la gestión de los residuos hospitalarios. La herramienta evaluó la producción de residuos, la operatividad, capacitación y cumplimiento de compromisos de los involucrados en la gestión. Se diagnosticó previamente la gestión de los residuos en la clínica, se diseñó una herramienta en Excel, y se aplicó mensualmente entre los meses de junio y septiembre de 2013. Los resultados mensuales de la medición facilitaron la identificación de las fallas en la gestión y orientaron la toma de decisiones a los responsables, lo que permitió incrementar la fracción de residuos reciclables en 3%, reducir los residuos comunes en 2,4% y los peligrosos en 0,6%. Se redujo la producción de residuos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, de 3,87 kg/cama/día en junio, a 3,5 kg/cama/día en septiembre, y en hospitalización de 1,33 kg/cama/día a 1,25 kg/cama/día. La evaluación mensual de la gestión de estos residuos con el uso de la herramienta, permitió la identificación puntual de las fallas en la producción de residuos, el componente operativo, el programa de capacitaciones y el cumplimiento de compromisos por parte de los responsables de la gestión, lo cual entregó información valiosa para apoyar la toma de decisiones en busca de mejorar su desempeño.</p>

Exploratory analysis of preventable first day mortality in Colombia

ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to inform public health policy which can reduce Colombia's estimated infant mortality rate (IMR), 17.78 deaths for 1000 live births (2011), by lowering preventable first day mortality (PFDM). Study designThis study combined a time series analysis, using a linear regression method, for the period 2001–2012 with a cross-sectional analysis, using odds ratios and bi-variate methods, for the year 2012 to study first day mortality (FDM) and PFDM classified by biological, socio-economic, and medical correlates. MethodsThe study examined the trends for 2001–2012 in Colombia's infant mortality rate per 1000, and in the relative significance of PFDM by cause. It established the relative odds of PFDM for 2012 by major risk categories, defined by birthweight and gestational age, and within those by biological, sociodemographic risk factors or groups and by potential access to and use of care. Then, the study established the major causes of PFDM within major risk categories and groups. ResultsBetween 2001 and 2012, the average annual rate of FDM declined by 6.30%, while overall infant mortality only declined by 4.20%. Yet, in 2012, 37.04% of FDM was preventable by using proper pregnancy control (7.00% of total preventable), proper care during childbirth (37.20%), and handling causes associated with late diagnosis and treatment (55.80%). PFDM is primarily a socio-economic phenomenon, even among normal weight and gestational age newborns, who account for 32.73% of PFDM due to improper management of pregnancy and delivery among lower socio-economic and outlying populations, specifically in rural areas and among members of the inferior subsidised social insurance regime. ConclusionFrom efficacy and probable cost effectiveness perspectives, intervention priority should be given to handling babies with normal gestation age and birthweight, and then to babies with very low gestation age and birthweight. At the same time, more prenatal visits could lead to fewer very high-risk situations at the outset. In view of the Colombian regulation to the contrary, the use of foetal monitoring and echography methods by all general practitioners should be considered. They should be trained accordingly. Policies should focus on members of the underprovided subsidised health insurance regime, rural areas, young, low-educated and single mothers during pregnancy, mainly delivery.

Portafolio para Auto-Generación de Electricidad con Fuentes Renovables en Edificios Comerciales

The aim of this study is to perform an optimum electricity self-generation portfolio with renewable energy sources in commercial buildings based on consumer characterization, renewable uncertainty, Colombian regulation and the real options of the project. The optimization methodology designed starts with the selection of renewable alternatives using multi-criteria methods. The economic evaluation of the alternative options was done using the cash flow method. The flexibility of the present value of the project was defined using the Real Options theory and the optimal portfolio was estimated through maximization of the present value of the project. The case study was developed in a commercial center concluding that renewable energies are feasible when the real options are considered in the project. Returns increase with optimization up to two thousand three hundred percent.

Propuesta para Colombia de un estatuto en la experimentación con animales

Animals have made possible to science the production of new knowledge within the fields of Biology and Physiology. This knowledge has allowed the development of methods of diagnosis and treatments that improve the quality of life of human beings and animals. Therefore, the use of animals for testing should be made with respect, and considering the possible reactions of the animals and their own ethology. Animal testing might remain under debate in the coming years due to the necessity to adapt the care of the animals used for testing to the opportunities and challenges that might come in the future. Thus, it will be relevant for researchers to remain up to date with the progress of procedures. Bearing all this in mind, it is necessary to examine the ethical appropriateness of the legal aspects considered by Colombian regulations concerning scientific experimentation and testing. Such aspects are discussed in the article and a proposal for a National Legislation that takes into account all the technical, scientific and bioethical elements that are involved in animal testing is outlined.

El riesgo psicosocial en la legislación colombiana

Este artículo cuestiona la legislación colombiana en materia de riesgo psicosocial desde el concepto de “sociedad del riesgo” de Ulrich Beck. Para ello, reconstruye la perspectiva teórica mencionada y plantea algunas diferencias y similitudes con otras posturas teóricas, luego se describen en perspectiva histórica las normas colombianas sobre riesgo psicosocial; finalmente se discute la dirección que han tomado en Colombia las normas descritas sobre riesgo psicosocial. La etnografía y el análisis de discurso en la perspectiva de Foucault hacen parte de la metodología empleada. Se concluye que la legislación sobre riesgo psicosocial en Colombia muestra que no habitamos una sociedad del riesgo, sino una sociedad del orden.

Wave energy: Modeling and Analysis of Power Grid Integration

Wave energy could play a major role for diversification of the energy matrix in Latin America. However, it has impact on the stability of the power system. This paper studies the integration of a wave generation system in a power grid and its impact on the oscillations of frequency. A critical analysis is made about the real potential of this technology. Different cases are analyzed taking into account the injection level of power from the wave generator and the requirement of energy storage. Results demonstrate that high penetration of wave generation affects the frequency of the network and takes it out from the dead band considered in the Colombian regulation. Simulations on the IEEE 9 bus system shows that integration of a wave power generation system produces frequency drop, phase power and voltage oscillation as well as other dynamic problems in the power grid. However, when such integration is adequately planned, it is safe to inject power to the electrical system from a wave generation plant.

MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS OF UAVS REGULATIONS IN 6 COUNTRIES USING THE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHICAL PROCESS AND EXPERT KNOWLEDGE

Abstract. To analyze the current situation of Colombian regulation, it is necessary to compare some specific aspects with the legislation used in other countries where the UAVs topic dates to many years ago. This study is focused on evaluating all the possibilities to make the Colombian regulation effective without closing opportunities of research and development growth, but still guarantee the privacy and intimacy rights of the population. Results from our study are currently being used in the development of the Colombian regulation and they are proven useful to instigate informative debates and identify areas where specific needs are to be address in Colombia.

Implementación de norma internacional de inventarios en Colombia

La implementación de las normas internacionales de información financiera (NIIF) en Colombia sigue la tendencia de globalización y armonización de la información contable que permitirá que los estados financieros sean comparables entre países. Dicha comparabilidad es importante, ya que les permite ahorrar tiempo y dinero a las empresas, en cuanto a conversión de estados financieros se refiere. Dentro de las partidas que van a sufrir un cambio importante se encuentra la partida de inventarios. La valuación, costo y presentación de los inventarios se modifican, lo cual tendrá un efecto en los estados financieros, sus indicadores y la determinación de los impuestos de las compañías colombianas.Bajo la nueva normativa contable, no se puede llevar como un mayor valor de inventario los intereses de financiación de los mismos. Esto tiene repercusiones en el Estado de Resultados de las empresas, que deberán llevar como gasto financiero estos rubros pagados, disminuyendo las utilidades de las mismas. Adicionalmente, los inventarios deberán reflejar su valor de mercado. Cuando los inventarios sean superiores al valor de este, se ajustarán reflejando un gasto en el Estado de Resultados, disminuyendo así las utilidades de los entes económicos, y generando incluso quiebras en los casos donde la partida del inventario sea muy significativa y su valor de mercado sea inferior al valor en libros.Los nuevos estándares de contabilidad no permiten la valuación del inventario utilizando el método "últimas en entrar, primeras en salir" (UEPS). Esto tiene como fin el hecho de que no se puedan manipular las utilidades al registrar mayores valores como costo, disminuyendo así las ganancias. Las empresas cuyos inventarios son perecederos deberán tener una optimización de la rotación de inventario para adaptarse a la NIC 2.Ya que la valuación de los inventarios bajo la NIC 2 tendrá efectos importantes sobre las utilidades de las empresas y sus activos, los impuestos que deberán pagarse por esas utilidades y la determinación de la renta presuntiva también se verán afectados a partir de la convergencia.Finalmente, las empresas prestadoras de servicios deberán registrar el valor de la mano de obra y de las prestaciones sociales directamente relacionadas con el servicio como inventarios intangibles. Dicho concepto es totalmente nuevo en el ámbito nacional, ya que el artículo 63 de las antiguas normas colombianas (Decreto 2649/93) definía el inventario como bienes corporales destinados a la venta. La capitalización de dichos costos tendrá una incidencia en los indicadores financieros de las empresas de servicios, ya que aumentará su activo corriente y, adicionalmente, aumentarán sus utilidades si hay inventarios que no se llevaron al costo de ventas.

Talento humano en unidades de cuidado intensivo: adaptación de un modelo de estándares para Colombia basado en la evidencia científica

IntroductionThe number of intensive care units (ICU) in Colombia has increased in the last 25 years and its magnitude is not well known. In contrast, trained human resources are scarce, and postgraduate higher education programs have been available for less than 15 years. The distribution and number of graduated practitioners needs to be known. Materials and methodA literature search was performed looking for studies on human resources in ICU and their association with primary and secondary outcomes. The Colombian regulations were also reviewed. ResultsOne hundred and twenty national and international articles were found. Colombian regulations from 1990 to date were reviewed. Descriptive, analytical or experimental studies in English or Spanish were included. Discussion and conclusionsThere are a significant number of adult, pediatric and neonatal ICU beds in Colombia. Nevertheless, there is an insufficient number of critical care trained practitioners, which make them scarce where they are needed. The evidence broadly shows better outcomes when critical care patients are treated by the best-trained human resources. This lack of planning and control in the sector generates an unfair distribution, not necessarily based on the actual needs. A bigger problem is the lack of standardization of this need (load of work) and the quality of human talent in the upgrades of the rulings and by the scientific associations. A greater effort is required between universities, associations and health ministry to promote coverage of these vacancies with suitable and ideal staff, and to establish timely referral strategies for remote sites so that patients may receive a better care.