Collision Partners Research Articles

Collision-Induced C60 Rovibrational Relaxation Probed by State-Resolved Nonlinear Spectroscopy

Quantum state-resolved spectroscopy was recently achieved for C60 molecules when cooled by buffer gas collisions and probed with a midinfrared frequency comb. This rovibrational quantum state resolution for the largest molecule on record is facilitated by the remarkable symmetry and rigidity of C60, which also present new opportunities and challenges to explore energy transfer between quantum states in this many-atom system. Here we combine state-specific optical pumping, buffer gas collisions, and ultrasensitive intracavity nonlinear spectroscopy to initiate and probe the rotation-vibration energy transfer and relaxation. This approach provides the first detailed characterization of C60 collisional energy transfer for a variety of collision partners, and determines the rotational and vibrational inelastic collision cross sections. These results compare well with our theoretical modeling of the collisions, and establish a route towards quantum state control of a new class of unprecedentedly large molecules.

Modeling approaches for atmospheric ion–dipole collisions: all-atom trajectory simulations and central field methods

Abstract. Ion–dipole collisions can facilitate the formation of atmospheric aerosol particles and play an important role in their detection in chemical ionization mass spectrometers. Conventionally, analytical models, or simple parametrizations, have been used to calculate the rate coefficients of ion–dipole collisions in the gas phase. Such models, however, neglect the atomistic structure and charge distribution of the collision partners. To determine the accuracy and applicability of these approaches under atmospheric conditions, we calculated collision cross sections and rate coefficients from all-atom molecular dynamics collision trajectories, sampling the relevant range of impact parameters and relative velocities, and from a central field model using an effective attractive interaction fitted to the long-range potential of mean force between the collision partners. We considered collisions between various atmospherically relevant molecular ions and dipoles and charged and neutral dipolar clusters. Based on the good agreement between collision cross sections and rate coefficients obtained from molecular dynamics trajectories and a generalized central field model, we conclude that the effective interactions between the collision partners are isotropic to a high degree, and the model is able to capture the relevant physicochemical properties of the systems. In addition, when the potential of mean force is recalculated at the respective temperatures, the central field model exhibits the correct temperature dependence of the collision process. The classical parametrization by Su and Chesnavich (1982), which combines a central field model with simplified trajectory simulations, is able to predict the collision rate coefficients and their temperature dependence quite well for molecular systems, but the agreement worsens for systems containing clusters. Based on our results, we propose the combination of potential of mean force calculation and a central field model as a viable and elegant alternative to the brute force sampling of individual collision trajectories over a large range of impact parameters and relative velocities.

Emission of x rays in collisions of xenon ions with metal surfaces

X-ray spectra emitted in collisions of 1500 ∼ 3500-keV projectile Xeq+ (q = 12–29) ions with medium-Z Fe, Ni, and Cu targets as well as higher-Z Ta targets are reported. Interestingly, the lines from the collisions with higher-Z targets are mainly composed of characteristic x rays of target atoms, while those from the collisions with medium-Z targets consist mainly of characteristic x rays of projectile ions and broad molecular-orbital x rays. The origins of all these lines and their charge-state dependence are analyzed in detail within the framework of the transient quasi-molecular states which are formed in the collisions. By analyzing the fluorescence yields and vacancy lifetimes of the collision partners, the reasons for the differences in producing x rays between medium-Z and higher-Z targets are discussed in detail for the first time.

Tram to Pedestrian Collisions—Priorities and Potentials

To improve mobility in cities in line with environmental goals, in urban traffic, trams represent an increasingly important means of transport. Due to the close interaction with other road users, this makes collisions with trams fairly frequent. This study has investigated accidents between trams and vulnerable road users resulting in personal injury, aimed at identifying priorities for simulating collisions between trams and pedestrians to assess passive safety measures. Tram accident data collection established throughout Europe from multiple sources and with varying degree of details, have been combined and analysed. These analyses comprise risk assessments per km-driven and general tram accident partner and site type evaluations, with more detailed analyses on accident site distance to the closest tram stop and injured body regions, respectively. In total, 7,535 tram-pedestrian accident resulting in 8,802 pedestrian injuries, collected in the year 2000–2021, was analysed. Accident risk ranges from 0.934 accidents per number of tram (million) km-driven, for slight injuries to 0.063 for fatal injuries. Pedestrians represent a large proportion of tram accident collision partners, especially for severe and fatal accidents. In accidents between trams and pedestrians, 3% of reported injuries are fatal, 23% severe and 74% minor. Generally, low-speed accidents close to tram stops often leading to minor injuries were observed to be of significant importance (<20m to the GPS location of a stop). Analysis of accidents was done bases on gender of the pedestrian showing overall similar involvements in accident with slight difference for various age groups and sites. Regardless of injury severity, the most frequently injured body region in accidents involving a tram is the head. Likewise, injuries sustained to the thorax, especially for higher injury severities are of high relevance, followed by injuries to the lower extremities. Based on this study, recommendations for developing reasonable tram-pedestrian accident scenarios for virtual testing can be derived for further optimisation of pedestrian safety of trams.

Measurement of temperature-dependent line parameters of ammonia transitions near 1103 cm−1

Accurate knowledge of the line parameters of ammonia (NH3) transitions is important for developing precise laser-based NH3 sensors. We report the measurement of line-strengths and temperature-dependent broadening coefficients of NH3 with N2, air, Ar, and CO2 for six transitions in the ν2 fundamental band near 1103 cm−1. The absorption feature contributed by the target transitions is of particular interest for combustion emission applications due to its strong absorbance and the minimal spectral interference from other species such as H2O, CO2, and NOX. In this work, we measured NH3 absorption spectra with different collisional partners at the temperature range of 296–573 K using a quantum cascade laser. Spectroscopic parameters were determined by conducting multi-line fitting of the measured spectra using the Galatry lineshape function due to the evident line narrowing effect. Our study will aid the development of mid-infrared NH3 sensors particularly for high-temperature applications.

Coherent multichannel optical theorem: Quantum control of the total scattering cross section

The optical theorem is a fundamental aspect of quantum scattering theory. Here, we generalize this theorem to the case where the incident scattering state is a superposition of internal states of the collision partners, introducing additional interference contributions and, e.g., providing a route to control the total integral cross section. As in its standard form, forward scattering plays an essential role in the multichannel optical theorem, but with interference terms being related to the inelastic forward scattering amplitudes between states in the initial superposition. Using the resultant control index, we show that extensive control is possible over ultracold collisions of oxygen molecules in their rovibrational ground states, and of $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ collisions, promising systems for the experimental demonstration of the quantum interference control of the total scattering cross section.

Characteristics of Cyclist Crashes Using Polytomous Latent Class Analysis and Bias-Reduced Logistic Regression

Although the number of cyclist crashes is decreasing in Japan, the fatality rate is not. Thus, reducing their severity is a major challenge. We used a polytomous latent class analysis to understand their characteristics and bias-reduced logistic regression to analyze their severity. Specifically, 90,696 combinations and 139,955 cyclist accidents were divided into 17 classes. The variable contributing the most to the classification was the crash location. Common fatality risks included older age groups and rural areas, whereas other factors differed among crash locations. Median strips, stop signs, and boundaries between the sidewalk and roadway affected the severity of crashes at intersections. Moreover, the existence of a median strip, collision partner, and time period affected the severity of crashes between intersections. On the sidewalks, the fatality risk was higher when the front part of the bicycle was subjected to the collision.

Dynamically Hidden Reaction Paths in the Reaction of CF3 + + CO.

Reaction paths on a potential energy surface are widely used in quantum chemical studies of chemical reactions. The recently developed global reaction route mapping (GRRM) strategy automatically constructs a reaction route map, which provides a complete picture of the reaction. Here, we thoroughly investigate the correspondence between the reaction route map and the actual chemical reaction dynamics for the CF3+ + CO reaction studied by guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry (GIBMS). In our experiments, FCO+, CF2+, and CF+ product ions were observed, whereas if the collision partner is N2, only CF2+ is observed. Interestingly, for reaction with CO, GRRM-predicted reaction paths leading to the CF+ + F2CO product channel are found at a barrier height of about 2.5 eV, whereas the experimentally obtained threshold for CF+ formation was 7.48 ± 0.15 eV. In other words, the ion was not obviously observed in the GIBMS experiment, unless a much higher collision energy than the requisite energy threshold was provided. On-the-fly molecular dynamics simulations revealed a mechanism that hides these reaction paths, in which a non-statistical energy distribution at the first collisionally reached transition state prevents the reaction from proceeding along some reaction paths. Our results highlight the existence of dynamically hidden reaction paths that may be inaccessible in experiments at specific energies and hence the importance of reaction dynamics in controlling the destinations of chemical reactions.

HeH+ Collisions with H2: Rotationally Inelastic Cross Sections and Rate Coefficients from Quantum Dynamics at Interstellar Temperatures.

We report for the first time an accurate ab initio potential energy surface for the HeH+–H2 system in four dimensions (4D) treating both diatomic species as rigid rotors. The computed ab initio potential energy point values are fitted using an artificial neural network method and used in quantum close coupling calculations for different initial states of both rotors, in their ground electronic states, over a range of collision energies. The state-to-state cross section results are used to compute the rate coefficients over a range of temperatures relevant to interstellar conditions. By comparing the four dimensional quantum results with those obtained by a reduced-dimensions approach that treats the H2 molecule as an averaged, nonrotating target, it is shown that the reduced dimensionality results are in good accord with the four dimensional results as long as the HeH+ molecule is not initially rotationally excited. By further comparing the present rate coefficients with those for HeH+–H and for HeH+–He, we demonstrate that H2 molecules are the most effective collision partners in inducing rotational excitation in HeH+ cation at interstellar temperatures. The rotationally inelastic rates involving o-H2 and p-H2 excitations are also obtained and they turn out to be, as in previous systems, orders of magnitude smaller than those involving the cation. The results for the H2 molecular partner clearly indicate its large energy-transfer efficiency to the HeH+ system, thereby confirming its expected importance within the kinetics networks involving HeH+ in interstellar environments.

Rare isotope formation in complete fusion and multinucleon transfer reactions in collisions of Ca48+Cm248 near Coulomb barrier energies

Within the framework of the dinuclear system model, the reaction mechanisms for synthesizing target-like isotopes from Bk to compound nuclei Lv are thoroughly investigated in complete and incomplete fusion reaction of $^{48}$Ca +$^{248}$Cm around Coulomb barrier energies. Production cross-section of $^{292,293}$Lv as a function of excitation energy in fusion-evaporation reactions and target-like isotopic yields in multinucleon transfer reactions are evaluated, in which a statistical approach is used to describe the decay process of excited nuclei. The available experimental data can be reproduced well with the model reasonably. The products of all possible formed isotopes in the dynamical pre-equilibrium process for collision partners at incident energy $E_{\rm lab}$ = 5.5 MeV/nucleon are exported, systematically. It is found that the quasi-fission fragments are dominant in the yields. The optimal pathway from the target to compound nuclei shows up along the valley of potential surface energy. The effective impact parameter of two colliding partners leading to compound nuclei is selected from head-on collision to semi-central collision with $L$ = 52 $\rm \hbar$. The timescale boundary between complete fusion and multinucleon transfer reactions is about 5.7$\times 10^{-21}$ s with effective impact parameters. Synthesis cross-section of unknown neutron-rich actinides from Bk to Rf have been predicted around several nanobarns.

Collisional broadening and pressure shift of the potassium resonance doublets by nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen at high temperatures

This paper presents measurements of collisional broadening and pressure shift parameters for the potassium D1 and D2 transitions near 0.77 μm with the collisional partners of molecular nitrogen, helium, and molecular hydrogen. Experiments were conducted in a shock tube at temperatures from 1100 K up to 1900 K, using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy and KCl salts as precursors of atomic potassium. In many of the experiments, the target gas was blended with argon to increase the ratio of the driver to driven gas speed of sound. This approach was employed to generate strong incident and reflected shock waves with sufficient temperature rises to produce optimal potassium concentrations (1–10 ppb) in the test gas for high signal-to-noise ratio absorption line shape measurements. The well-resolved absorption line shapes were modeled as Voigt profiles and a least-squares fitting algorithm yielded multiple variables, including the potassium concentration, the collisional full half-widths, and the pressure-induced shifts. Any broadening and shift contributions from the argon dilution were subtracted from the measurements using previous correlations. The pressure-normalized results, i.e., collisional broadening coefficients and pressure shift coefficients, are presented as temperature-dependent power-law relations for the species of interest. The helium and hydrogen results show good agreement with lower-temperature experimental data within 15–20%, and high-temperature theoretical predictions within 10–30%. However, larger discrepancies are observed between the nitrogen results and existing low-temperature experimental data and simplified impact theory predictions. These results may suggest that a more detailed model for the nitrogen collisional broadening of potassium is warranted. The presented correlations may also be useful for the development of potassium-based sensing methods with application to combustion, hypersonics, and astrophysics.

Properties of radiative charge transfer in heterogeneous noble-gas clusters

Radiative charge transfer (RCT) from cationic to neutral atoms is a fundamental and frequently occurring process in ion-neutral collisions and in van der Waals clusters. In contrast to collisions with only two collision partners, RCT in clusters is more involved as it may depend on the cluster size, the cluster stoichiometry, and the local arrangement of atoms in the cluster. Here, we present a systematic investigation of an RCT photon spectrum as a function of cluster size, stoichometry, and local atom arrangement. For this purpose, we utilize RCT in heterogeneous NeKr and NeXe clusters after Ne $2p$ photoionization. Our results confirm that Ne dimer ions form prior to RCT if enough Ne is available and we observe that different features dominate the photon spectrum depending on the cluster production parameters. Additionally, we find that the lifetime of the radiative decay is sensitive to the cluster stoichiometry, which we explain and interpret by theoretical calculations on the RCT decay width for different local geometric structures of the involved atoms. We conclude that RCT properties such as photon spectrum and lifetime in turn exhibit information on the mean size and stoichiometry of a cluster jet and the arrangement of the involved atoms.

Stereodynamical Control of Cold Collisions of Polyatomic Molecules with Atoms.

Scattering between atomic and/or molecular species can be controlled by manipulating the orientation or alignment of the collision partners. Such stereodynamics is particularly pronounced at cold (∼1 K) collision temperatures because of the presence of resonances. Comparing to the extensively studied atomic and diatomic species, polyatomic molecules with strong steric anisotropy could provide a more sophisticated platform for studying such stereodynamics. Here, we provide the quantum mechanical framework for understanding state-to-state stereodynamics in rotationally inelastic scattering of polyatomic molecules with atoms and apply it to cold collision of oriented H2O with He on a highly accurate potential energy surface. It is shown that strong stereodynamical control can be achieved near 1 K via shape resonances. Furthermore, quantum interference in scattering of a coherently prepared initial state of the H2O species is explored, which is shown to be significant.

Trajectory-based Simulation of Far-infrared Collision-induced Absorption Profiles of CH4–N2 for Modeling Titan’s Atmosphere

Abstract We report the results of the trajectory-based simulation of far-infrared collision-induced absorption (CIA) due to CH4–N2 pairs at temperatures between 70 and 400 K. Our analysis utilizes recently calculated high-level potential energy and induced dipole surfaces. Treating collision partners as rigid rotors, the time evolution of interaction-induced dipole is accumulated over a vast ensemble of classical trajectories and subsequently transformed into a CIA spectrum via Fourier transform. In our calculations, both bound and unbound states are properly accounted for, and the rigorous theory of lower-order spectral moments is addressed to check the accuracy of simulated profiles. Classically derived trajectory-based profiles are subject to two approximate desymmetrization procedures so that resulting profiles conform to the quantum principle of detailed balance. The simulated profiles are compared to laboratory measurements and employed for modeling Titan’s spectra in the 50–500 cm−1 range. Based on the desymmetrized simulated profiles, a new semiempirical model for CH4–N2 CIA is proposed for modeling Titan’s infrared spectra. Synthetic spectra derived using this model yield an excellent agreement with the data recorded by the Composite Infrared Spectrometer aboard the Cassini spacecraft at low and high emission angles.

Structures, proton transfer and dissociation of hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN) revealed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics simulations.

Hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN) is a potential propellant candidate for dual-mode propulsion systems that combine chemical and electrospray thrust capabilities for spacecraft applications. However, the electrospray dynamics of HAN is currently not well understood. Capitalizing on electrospray ionization guided-ion beam tandem mass spectrometry and collision-induced dissociation measurements, and augmented by extensive molecular dynamics simulations, this work characterized the structures and reaction dynamics of the species present in the electrosprays of HAN under different conditions, which mimic those possibly occurring in low earth orbit and outer space. While being ionic in nature, the HAN monomer, however, adopts a stable covalent structure HONH2·HNO3 in the gas phase. Spontaneous proton transfer between the HONH2 and HNO3 moieties within the HAN monomer can be induced in the presence of a NO3-, a water ligand or a second HAN monomer within 3-5 Å or a H+ within 8 Å, regardless of their collision impact parameters. These facts imply that HAN proton transfer is trigged by a charge and/or a dipole of the collision partner without the need of chemical interaction or physical contact. Moreover, the addition of NO3- to HAN leads to the formation of a stable -O3N·HONH3+·NO3- anion in negative electrosprays. In contrast, when a proton approaches the HONH2·HNO3 structure, dissociative reactions occur that lead to the H2O, NO2 and HONH2 fragments (and their cations) but not intact HAN species in positive electrosprays.

Collisional mixing and quenching cross sections of Cs 62P levels with methane, ethane, and propane

Mixing cross sections of Cs between the 62P1/2 and 62P3/2 levels and quenching cross sections from these levels to the ground state 62S1/2 were measured, with methane, ethane, and propane as collision partners. We excited Cs to the 6P3/2 level with a tunable nanosecond pulse laser and measured the fluorescence at the 62P1/2 level. The measured mixing cross sections with methane, ethane, and propane were (1.39 ± 0.16), (5.67 ± 0.85), and (7.91 ± 0.93)×10−15 cm2, respectively, and the statistically averaged quenching cross sections were (1.5 ± 0.25), (10 ± 2.0), and (25 ± 5.3)×10−18 cm2, respectively. The quenching cross section of Cs-propane is reported for the first time.

Compact and portable quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy sensor for carbon monoxide environmental monitoring in urban areas

We report on the realization, calibration, and test outdoor of a 19-inches rack 3-units sized Quartz Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (QEPAS) trace gas sensor designed for real-time carbon monoxide monitoring in ambient air. Since CO acts as a slow energy relaxer when excited in the mid-infrared spectral region, its QEPAS signal is affected by the presence of relaxation promoters, such as water vapor, or quenchers like molecular oxygen. We analyzed in detail all the CO relaxation processes with typical collisional partners in an ambient air matrix and used this information to evaluate oxygen and humidity-related effects, allowing the real CO concentration to be retrieved. The sensor was tested outdoor in a trafficked urban area for several hours providing results comparable with the daily averages reported by the local air inspection agency, with spikes in CO concentration correlated to the passages of heavy-duty vehicles.

Waymo simulated driving behavior in reconstructed fatal crashes within an autonomous vehicle operating domain

Preventing and mitigating high severity collisions is one of the main opportunities for Automated Driving Systems (ADS) to improve road safety. This study evaluated the Waymo Driver’s performance within real-world fatal collision scenarios that occurred in a specific operational design domain (ODD). To address the rare nature of high-severity collisions, this paper describes the addition of novel techniques to established safety impact assessment methodologies. A census of fatal, human-involved collisions was examined for years 2008 through 2017 for Chandler, AZ, which overlaps the current geographic ODD of the Waymo One fully automated ride-hailing service. Crash reconstructions were performed on all available fatal collisions that involved a passenger vehicle as one of the first collision partners and an available map in this ODD to determine the pre-impact kinematics of the vehicles involved in the original crashes. The final dataset consisted of a total of 72 crashes and 91 vehicle actors (52 initiators and 39 responders) for simulations. Next, a novel counterfactual “what-if'' simulation method was developed to synthetically replace human-driven crash participants one at a time with the Waymo Driver. This study focused on the Waymo Driver’s performance when replacing one of the first two collision partners. The results of these simulations showed that the Waymo Driver was successful in avoiding all collisions when replacing the crash initiator, that is, the road user who made the initial, unexpected maneuver leading to a collision. Replacing the driver reacting (the responder) to the actions of the crash initiator with the Waymo Driver resulted in an estimated 82% of simulations where a collision was prevented and an additional 10% of simulations where the collision severity was mitigated (reduction in crash-level serious injury risk). The remaining 8% of simulations with the Waymo Driver in the responder role had a similar outcome to the original collision. All of these “unchanged” collisions involved both the original vehicle and the Waymo Driver being struck in the rear in a front-to-rear configuration. These results demonstrate the potential of fully automated driving systems to improve traffic safety compared to the performance of the humans originally involved in the collisions. The findings also highlight the major importance of driving behaviors that prevent entering a conflict situation (e.g. maintaining safe time gaps and not surprising other road users). However, methodological challenges in performing single instance counterfactual simulations based solely on police report data and uncertainty in ADS performance may result in variable performance, requiring additional analysis and supplemental methodologies. This study’s methods provide insights on rare, severe events that would otherwise only be experienced after operating in extreme real-world driving distances (many billions of driving miles).

Stereodynamic Control of Collision-Induced Nonadiabatic Dynamics of NO (A2Σ+) with H2, N2, and CO: Intermolecular Interactions Drive Collision Outcomes.

Intermolecular interactions, stereodynamics, and coupled potential energy surfaces (PESs) all play a significant role in determining the outcomes of molecular collisions. A detailed knowledge of such processes is often essential for a proper interpretation of spectroscopic observations. For example, nitric oxide (NO), an important radical in combustion and atmospheric chemistry, is commonly quantified using laser-induced fluorescence on the A2Σ+ ← X2Π transition band. However, the electronic quenching of NO (A2Σ+) with other molecular species provides alternative nonradiative pathways that compete with fluorescence. While the cross sections and rate constants of NO (A2Σ+) electronic quenching have been experimentally measured for a number of important molecular collision partners, the underlying photochemical mechanisms responsible for the electronic quenching are not well understood. In this paper, we describe the development of high-quality PESs that provide new physical insights into the intermolecular interactions and conical intersections that facilitate the branching between the electronic quenching and scattering of NO (A2Σ+) with H2, N2, and CO. The PESs are calculated at the EOM-EA-CCSD/d-aug-cc-pVTZ//EOM-EA-CCSD/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory, an approach that ensures a balanced treatment of the valence and Rydberg electronic states and an accurate description of the open-shell character of NO. Our PESs show that H2 is incapable of electronically quenching NO (A2Σ+) at low collision energies; instead, the two molecules will likely undergo scattering. The PESs of NO (A2Σ+) with N2 and CO are highly anisotropic and demonstrate evidence of electron transfer from NO (A2Σ+) into the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the collision partner, that is, the harpoon mechanism. In the case of ON + CO, the PES becomes strongly attractive at longer intermolecular distances and funnels population to a conical intersection between NO (A2Σ+) + CO and NO (X2Π) + CO. In contrast, for ON + N2, the conical intersection is preceded by an ∼0.40 eV barrier. Overall, our work shines new light into the impact of coupled PESs on the nonadiabatic dynamics of open-shell systems.

Fine and hyperfine excitation of nitric oxide by collision with para-H2 at low temperature

ABSTRACT Nitric oxide is an open-shell molecule abundantly detected in the interstellar medium. A precise modelling of its radiative and collisional processes opens the path to a precise estimate of its abundance. We present here the first rate coefficients for fine and hyperfine (de-)excitation of NO by collisions with the most ubiquitous collision partner in the interstellar medium, para-H2 hydrogen molecules, using a recently developed accurate interaction potential. We report quantum scattering calculations for transitions involving the first 74 fine levels and the corresponding 442 hyperfine levels belonging to both F1 and F2 spin–orbit manifolds. To do so, we have calculated cross-sections by means of the quantum mechanical close-coupling approach up to 1000 cm−1 of total energy and rate coefficients from 5 to 100 K. Propensity rules are discussed and the new NO–H2 rates are compared to those available in the literature, based on scaled NO–He rates. Large differences are observed between the two sets of rate coefficients, and this comparison shows that the new collision rates must be used in interpreting NO emission lines. We also examined the effect of these new rates on the NO excitation in cold clouds by performing radiative transfer calculations of the excitation and brightness temperatures for the two NO lines at 150.176 and 250.4368 GHz. This shows that the local thermodynamic equilibrium is not fulfilled for this species for typical conditions. We expect the use of the rates presented in this study to improve the constraints on the abundance of NO.