This quantitative needs assessment explores undergraduate law student's perceptions of gaps in Legal English proficiency at the College of Law, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF) in Pakistan. This research grounded in the English for Specific Purposes (ESP) paradigm and the necessities-lacks-wants (N-L-W) model proposed by Hutchinson and Waters (1987). This study used a 5-point, 19-item Likert-scale questionnaire in four thematically distinct sections: Section A (Lacks in Oral/Speaking), Section B (Legal Reasoning Baseline), Section C (Perception of Gap and Necessities in the Curriculum and Courses), and Section D (Readiness for Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) and Wants). The data was collected from (N = 193) undergraduate law student's and purposive sampling technique was utilized. SPSS was used to calculate descriptive statistics, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey HSD post-hoc tests, and Pearson bivariate correlations. Findings show a distinct hierarchy of need, with Section D (MALL readiness and wants) having the highest composite mean (M = 3.65, SD = 0.82), followed by Section C (Gap/Necessities; M = 3.28), Section B (Legal Reasoning; M = 3.06), and Section A (Oral Lacks; M = 2.93). ANOVA detected significant differences between proficiency groups on Sections A and B (p < .05), and Tukey HSD post-hoc analysis indicated that Beginner students had significantly more lacks in oral skills than more advanced students. There were no gender differences. Legal reasoning and oral lacks were most strongly correlated (r = .632, p < .01), while the strongest cross-domain correlation was between perceived gap and MALL readiness (r = .568). These results support the need for a contextualised, mobile-enhanced Legal English course to meet the Pakistani legal needs.

The article highlights the founding of the University of Prague by Charles IV of Luxembourg (1316 – 1378) and its development in the 1450s – 1470s. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive study of the genesis of the university through the prism of its institutional formation. The first attempt to found a university in the Czech lands was made by King Wenceslas II (1271 – 1305), which ended in failure due to resistance from the nobility. The situation changed with the coming to power of Charles VI. Having ascended the throne of Bohemia, and then of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles IV sought to glorify Prague and ensure the development of his lands. Successful negotiations were held with Pope Clement VI (1291 – 1352), who issued a bull with permission to open a university in Prague. Then Charles IV issued two charters, which granted the university the appropriate legal status and privileges. Education at the university began in 1347, with the participation of both local and invited teachers from abroad. Teachers independently provided the educational process and equipped the place of study. Later, more organized forms of educational institutions were created – colleges, the most famous of which are the Carolinum and the College of All Saints. The model of organization of the University of Prague was formed by synthesizing the Paris and Bologna models of the organization of medieval universities. In 1360, at the initiative of Arnost of Pardubice (1297 – 1364), the first statute of the University of Prague was created, which determined the powers of the rector, the general assembly of the university, the university council, the procedure for electing the rector and members of the council, and determined the division into nations. The university consisted of four faculties, which regulated the procedure for teaching a specialized subject. The faculties were managed by deans and their councils. All faculties offered two academic degrees – bachelor’s and master’s – which were awarded by passing relevant examinations. Masters could obtain the right to teach. In 1372, an independent law university was established on the basis of the law faculty of the University of Prague. The University of Prague was the first in Central and Eastern Europe and played a significant role in the historical development of the Czech lands.

The study intends to evaluate the ICT skills among the law students of the Karnataka State Law University-affiliated colleges. The study investigated law students’ ability and proficiency in making use of digital devices and software, Responses of law students on improvements in academic learning with the use of ICT. The study highlights the awareness of search strategies and the level of ICT skills of Law students, most importantly study focused on the impact of ICT skills on the utilization of online resources, adequacy in the utilization of ICT tools and ICT-based library services, and problems affecting the accessing and using electronic information resources by the law students. The study thus recommended that law colleges should receive adequate funding to promote the acquisition of suitable ICT resources for effective use by law students in their educational pursuits. This will enhance the student’s proficiency in utilizing these facilities and, in turn, equip them with the necessary skills to operate them. The study concludes that law students still have to make maximum utilization of electronic information resources for their academic excellence in the legal profession.

Type of the article: Research ArticleAbstractFinancial statement fraud (FSF) continues to undermine investor confidence, particularly in emerging markets where governance enforcement remains uneven. This study examines how Fraud Triangle factors influence FSF and whether earnings management strengthens these relationships in Vietnam. Using a two-step system GMM regression on 138 listed non-financial firms over 2019–2022 to address potential endogeneity concerns, the results show that financial distress significantly increases fraud risk. Firm performance is also positively associated with fraud, implying that pressure to maintain good results may contribute to misreporting. State ownership and foreign ownership are both negatively associated with FSF, indicating that monitoring by these shareholders constrains fraudulent behavior. Industry characteristics proxied by receivables intensity are positively related to fraud, suggesting greater opportunity for manipulation in revenue-related accounts. In contrast, liquidity and auditor reputation do not exhibit statistically significant effects, suggesting that external audit prestige alone may be insufficient to constrain fraudulent reporting in transitional regulatory environments. Importantly, earnings management is positively associated with FSF and significantly strengthens the impact of financial distress on fraud, indicating that discretionary accruals amplify the translation of financial pressure into misreporting. These findings point to the importance of improving financial management, enhancing transparency, and strengthening regulatory oversight to reduce fraud risk and support more effective detection by policymakers, auditors, and investors.Acknowledgment(s)This research is funded by the University of Economics and Law, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City/VNU-HCM

The study of the problem of legal regulation of international freight transportation in the context of European integration is relevant for domestic legal science for several reasons. Further internationalization of economic relations leads to an increase in the volume of international trade and the exchange of goods and services between states, which creates a significant demand for international transportation, the relations of which require proper legal regulation. As a primary task, it is possible to outline the study of the foundations of modern legal regulation of TEN-T within EU legislation and doctrine, as well as the identification of guidelines for forming mechanisms to ensure the rights and interests of participants in the national transport system when creating tools and mechanisms for international freight transportation, joining TEN-T, and adapting Ukrainian legislation to EU law. An important direction of legal regulation of freight transportation is the formation of legal mechanisms for the functioning of the Trans-European Transport Network. The update of European legislation regarding the Trans-European Transport Network and transport corridors took place with the adoption of Regulation (EU) 2024/1679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 on Union guidelines for the development of the trans-European transport network, amending Regulations (EU) 2021/1153 and (EU) No. 913/2010 and repealing Regulation (EU) No. 1315/2013, which also requires consideration in the legislation of Ukraine. The development of multimodal transport infrastructure, and in the future intermodal transport, practically from an initial level provides an opportunity for legislative regulation of the restructuring of Ukraine’s transport system directly, bypassing the previously completed stages of TEN-T development. Key legislative changes in Ukraine should provide for new conditions for administrative and sectoral regulation, as well as for the coordination of major transportation flows in rail, road, and other modes of transport, with technical, technological, and legal adaptation to the TEN-T.

STRENGTHENING COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT: APPLYING CHINA’S 2025 ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING REFORMS TO PAKISTAN’S FINTECH REGULATION Wafee Salam Ahmad, LL.M. Candidate in International Commercial Law, Southwest University of Political Science and Law (SWUPL) Chongqing, China, Advocate, Punjab Bar Council, Pakistan Nasser Abdrabou Peter, LL.M. Candidate in International Commercial Law, Southwest University of Political Science and Law (SWUPL), Money laundering remains a significant threat to global financial systems, national security, and economic stability. With the rapid development of financial technology (fintech), existing anti-money laundering (AML) frameworks face growing limitations. China’s 2025 Anti-Money Laundering Law introduces substantial regulatory innovations by formally integrating fintech platforms and virtual asset service providers (VASPs) into the AML compliance regime, strengthening supervisory powers, and enhancing transparency through mechanisms such as beneficial ownership identification and technology-driven monitoring.

AUTHORSHIP ISSUE IN INDIAN COPYRIGHT LAW FOR WORKS CREATED BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Harini V. S, IV-year B.B.A LL. B (Hons), Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University, School of Excellence in Law, Chennai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.67 Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly participating in creative processes such as writing, music composition, and visual art production, raising Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly participating in creative processes such as writing, music composition, and visual art production, raising complex questions for copyright law worldwide. In India, the Copyright Act, 1957 is premised on a human-centric understanding of authorship, reflecting the traditional assumption that creativity originates from natural persons.

The treatment panel at last week's two‐day meeting, The Winter Institute on Addiction Policy and the Law, focused on the legal profession and substance use disorders (SUDs). The aim of the meeting, hosted by the O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law at Georgetown University Law Center, was to provide continuing legal education for lawyers interested in working in the field.

THE FUTURE OF MINORITY RIGHTS IN BANGLADESH: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES IN THE POST-SHEIKH HASINA ERA Dr. Anil Kumar Dixit, Professor, Career College of Law, Bhopal (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.09 This research paper examines the future of minority rights in Bangladesh in the aftermath of Sheikh Hasina’s ouster from power on August 5, 2024, following unprecedented This research paper examines the future of minority rights in Bangladesh in the aftermath of Sheikh Hasina’s ouster from power on August 5, 2024, following unprecedented student-led protests. The study is framed in the context of a post-Sheikh Hasina era, where the turnover of political power is likely to bring new political and legal priorities. Specifically, the research seeks to provide an understanding of the challenges facing minority rights holders-Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, and Indigenous peoples-within this transitional moment.

THE FUTURE OF LABOUR RIGHTS IN THE GIG ECONOMY: BEYOND CONTRACTUAL CLASSIFICATION K.Abitha, Pursuing LLM (BUSINESS LAW) at Government Law College, Coimbatore (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.11 The Rapid rise of the Gig Economy has redefined the contours of labour relations, challenging traditional notions of employment, control, and protection under labour law. Gig Workers often engaged The Rapid rise of the Gig Economy has redefined the contours of labour relations, challenging traditional notions of employment, control, and protection under labour law. Gig Workers often engaged as “Independent Contractors,” occupy an ambiguous space between employee and entrepreneur, resulting in limited access to social security, minimum wages, and collective bargaining rights.

‘ACTUS DEI NEMINI FACIT INJURIA’: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL IN TORT JURISPRUDENCE Vivek Danduboyina, 1st Year -Semester: I, Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.10 The maxim Actus Dei Nemini Facit Injuria, meaning “an act of God does injury to no one”, occupies a significant position in tort jurisprudence as a defence absolving liability The maxim Actus Dei Nemini Facit Injuria, meaning “an act of God does injury to no one”, occupies a significant position in tort jurisprudence as a defence absolving liability where harm is caused exclusively by extraordinary natural forces beyond human control. Rooted in Roman law and developed through English common law, the doctrine reflects the foundational principle that the law does not impose liability for events that human foresight and prudence cannot reasonably anticipate or prevent.

ALGORITHMIC ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND THE FUTURE OF NEUTRALITY: CAN DIGITAL PLATFORMS REPLACE HUMAN ARBITRATORS? Kriti Agrawal, 8th Semester Student Pursuing BBA.LLB from Maharashtra National Law University, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.08 The increasing institutionalisation of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) reflects a structural transformation in contemporary systems of alternative dispute resolution. While early models The increasing institutionalisation of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) reflects a structural transformation in contemporary systems of alternative dispute resolution. While early models of ODR were largely confined to facilitating communication, document exchange, and procedural coordination, recent platforms increasingly deploy algorithmic systems capable of predicting dispute outcomes, recommending settlements, and, in limited contexts, autonomously resolving disputes.

CRITIQUING THE ‘NOTICE AND CONSENT’ FRAMEWORK WITHIN INDIA’S DPDP ACT, 2023 AND CONSUMER PROTECTION REGIMES Nitin Shukla, PhD Research Scholar, Faculty of Law University of Lucknow, Lucknow (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.14 The introduction of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) is a landmark in the digital jurisprudence in India that transformed the The introduction of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) is a landmark in the digital jurisprudence in India that transformed the country into a unified statutory framework, moving away from a disjointed regulatory framework of Information Technology Act, 2000, to a centralized one, based on the Notice and Consent approach. This research paper critically, in detail, and exhaustively critiques this framework, enshrined in the DPDP Act, Sections 5 and 6, by contrasting it with the parallel remedial framework of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, in Section 7, the so-called Legitimate Uses exception.

After George Zimmerman was acquitted of the murder of Trayvon Martin in 2013, three women, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi, created, in their words, “a Black-centered, political-movement-building project called #BlackLivesMatter.” Just over a decade later, this movement has grown into a powerful, decentralized coalition catalyzed by the protest actions following the deaths of Ferguson teen Michael Brown and New Yorker Eric Garner at the hands of police officers and by the worldwide response to police violence following George Floyd's choking death by Derek Chauvin in Minneapolis. This edition of Perspectives is an effort to take stock of how these events and attendant social movements have inspired change in criminal justice research, policy, and law. In particular, we were interested in how the past decade's events have influenced how we teach. We asked noted Yale Law School scholar and professor, James Forman, author of the 2018 Pulitzer Prize winning book Locking Up Our Own : Crime and Punishment in Black America , to select a group for and to guide a conversation on this topic. Professor Forman is joined by Bennett Capers (Fordham School of Law), Angela Davis (American University Washington College of Law), Erin Murphy (NYU School of Law), and Shaun Ossei-Owusu (University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School).

Type of the article: Research ArticleThis study examines whether knowledge management practices in commercial banks influence employees’ knowledge of environmental law, providing empirical evidence from Vietnam’s banking sector as an emerging Asian economy. Data were collected from 568 employees across 35 Vietnamese commercial banks in the first quarter of 2025, and the hypotheses were tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that all three knowledge management components (information-sharing systems, a learning-oriented organizational culture, and training and skill development) have positive effects on both work motivation and perceived organizational support. Information-sharing systems exert a strong influence on organizational support (β = 0.188) and work motivation (β = 0.207), while a learning-oriented culture significantly enhances organizational support (β = 0.204) and work motivation (β = 0.165). Training and skill development show the strongest effects on work motivation (β = 0.240) and organizational support (β = 0.185). In turn, work motivation and organizational support directly and positively affect employees’ environmental law knowledge (β = 0.343 and β = 0.363, respectively). Moreover, both variables significantly mediate the relationships between KM components and environmental law knowledge. These findings underscore the relevance of social exchange theory in explaining how effective knowledge management practices enhance employees’ legal knowledge, thereby contributing to more sustainable organizational development. Accordingly, practical implications are proposed for bank managers to strengthen knowledge management implementation.Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank the Editor-in Chief and a reviewer for their helpful comments that in our view have helped to improve the quality of the manuscript significantly. Beside, this study is the result of collaboration between researchers from the University of Law, Hue University, and School of Business and Economics, Duy Tan University. The authors would like to thank both institutions for their support and facilitation in the publication of this research.

Child Sex Abuse (CSA) is a heinous crime that is spreading its tentacles far and wide in our society. Children are one of the most vulnerable sections of society, and being future citizens, it is imperative to provide them with adequate and appropriate health, education, and safety. To achieve the aim of becoming Viksit Bharat (Developed India), it is paramount that all necessary steps are undertaken to provide every child in India with a safe and healthy environment where they can flourish and thrive, imbibe education and skills, and metamorphose to contribute to the growth of the nation. In my research paper, I would begin by defining CSA, its impacts on impressionable minds, which can hamper the growth of the survivors, and the urgent need to combat it. I would delve into the Constitutional provisions that direct and mandate the State to protect children's rights to safety and dignity. Next, I would discuss the primary legislation in this regard, i.e., the Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses (POCSO) Act - a crucial legal framework that safeguards children’s rights and prescribes stringent measures against abuse. Finally I would suggest some changes that can be implemented to provide more teeth to the legislation as well as spruce up the effectiveness of responders i.e., police, healthcare professionals, judiciary, and the caregivers. This paper is an extended version of my Master's dissertation on the topic ‘Child Sex Abuse: A Never-Ending Trauma’, at Dr.BR Ambedkar University, Delhi, India, in the year 2023 under the supervision of Professor Krishna Menon, and was presented at a conference in National Law University, Raipur, in the year 2025.

ABSTRACT Professor Beth Gaze has made an enormous contribution to Australia’s quest for equality through her critical scholarship considering legal prohibitions of discrimination, her teaching of anti-discrimination law to new generations of practitioners and by facilitating work placements for students studying discrimination to enable them to develop practical legal skills, professional connections and enhanced legal knowledge. This paper will focus within that legacy on the growing importance of equitable access to quality internships and work experience to facilitate a law graduate’s transition into professional employment. It will examine the legal, knowledge, process and social issues, which limit the capacity of student and graduate interns to utilise prohibitions of discrimination to seek redress for prohibited discrimination and harassment. The paper will outline a pilot project run by Adelaide University Law School to assist law students in overcoming some of these issues. That project aims to support both interns and supervisors by educating current students (who constitute current and future cohorts of legal interns) about their workplace rights and available complaint mechanisms and providing resources and training for legal supervisors to encourage conversations about appropriate workplace behaviours and responses to inappropriate behaviours. Together, these initiatives are intended to help minimise some of the obstacles for diverse law students and graduates in the Australian legal profession. While the project is insufficient to transform the legal profession from its history as ‘white, heterosexual, able-bodied, middle class’, 1 1 Margaret Thornton, ‘“Otherness” on the Bench: How Merit Is Gendered’ (2007) 29 Sydney Law Review 391, 391. it is hoped that it might act as an exemplar, encouraging other stakeholders to engage with the various issues that limit the efficacy of existing protections for aspiring lawyers. The article is part of the ongoing critical analysis of the accessibility and impact of equality laws, to which Professor Gaze has made such an important contribution. At the same time, we hope its focus on workplace rights for legal interns learning the practice of their craft will resonate with Professor Gaze’s commitment to facilitating practical workplace experience.

Gambling has over the years been seen as a means to obtain quick money in such a time where economic growth has dwindled. Similarly, gambling was previously frowned at in the stone days but the advent of technology and several betting platforms available has given room for different persons and social strata of the society to participate without flinching as it calls for concerns that custodians of knowledge and societal morals are at the fore of this decadence with the expectation of winning exorbitant funds in exchange for using minute sum of money to stake the odds in the betting pool. In light of the aforementioned, the study examined sport advertisement and attitude of female Chrisland University students on online gambling. The theoretical tenets of agenda setting and information processing theories were the basis which the study was hinged upon thereby reviewing relevant concepts and propelled by empirical facts from literature. The survey research design was adopted as the study’s methodology thereby 933 female students of Chrisland University were the population of the study as 280 female students were proportionately drawn from the departments in the colleges of arts, management sciences(CAMASS), college of law(COLAW), college of basic medical and applied science(COBAMS) and college of natural applied science(CONAS). The findings of this study revealed that 48.9% of the respondents agree that sports betting is a form of entertainment while 51.8% of the respondents strongly agreed that sports betting possess potential risks associated with online gambling. The study recommends that regulatory bodies should introduce stricter guidelines for sports betting advertisement, also educational institutions and parents should monitor their ward’s exposure to sports betting advertisement and online gambling activities.

THE "DIGITAL SHIFT": INTEGRATING LEGAL TECH AND AI IN PEDAGOGY

CYBER LAW IN INDIA: LOOPHOLES, LEGISLATIVE BACKWARDNESS AND THE NEED FOR COMPREHENSIVE REFORM Subhash Kumar, LLB 2nd Year, Dayanand College of Law, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.200 India’s rapid digitalization, driven by initiatives like Digital India, Aadhaar-linked services, fintech expansion, and pervasive social media use, has led to an exponential increase in cyber-dependent India’s rapid digitalization, driven by initiatives like Digital India, Aadhaar-linked services, fintech expansion, and pervasive social media use, has led to an exponential increase in cyber-dependent and cyber-enabled crimes. The National Crime Records Bureau reported 428,278 cybercrime cases in 2022, marking a 24.4% increase from 2021.