Collective Security Treaty Organization Research Articles

О ПРИОРИТЕТНЫХ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯХ И ЗАДАЧАХ МОДЕЛЬНОГО ЗАКОНОТВОРЧЕСТВА В ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ДОГОВОРА О КОЛЛЕКТИВНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ НА 2025–2030 гг.

Based on the analysis of the forecast characteristics of the military-political situation in the field of ensuring national and collective security of the member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, proposals for the development of model acts of the Collective Security Treaty Organization for 2026–2030 are formulated. The results of the analysis allowed the author to substantiate practical recommendations for improving the quality of information, scientific, methodological and expert-analytical support for model lawmaking in the Collective Security Treaty Organization.

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ: ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ МОДЕЛЬНОГО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА ПАРЛАМЕНТСКОЙ АССАМБЛЕИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ДОГОВОРА О КОЛЛЕКТИВНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

In the context of modern challenges and threats caused primarily by the Russian Federation conducting a special military operation to demilitarize and denazify Ukraine and, as a result, unprecedented sanctions of the collective West against the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus, it is important to use the capabilities of the model legislation of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Collective Security Treaty Organization in relation to issues of ensuring economic security. The purpose of the legislative activity of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Collective Security Treaty Organization in this area is to develop effective mechanisms to prevent new challenges and threats to collective security. Currently, the scientific discussion undertaken by the author of the article on the issues of ensuring economic security is important for the development of modern scientific concepts and forecasts. The scientific article can be used by representatives of public authorities, as well as employees, graduate students, applicants and students of higher educational institutions in their research and educational activities.

СУЩНОСТЬ, ЦЕЛИ И ЗАДАЧИ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ АНТИНАРКОТИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

The article presents the results of a study of the basic concepts of information support for international anti-drug activities, including those implemented by Russia in the format of the Collective Se-curity Treaty Organization (CSTO). The main channels of communication of the CSTO, their orienttion, specifics in the presentation of content, the level of coverage of target audiences, as well as their goals, objectives and essence are considered. The nature and orientation of the above-mentioned concepts and their interrelation are revealed

Directions for improving the activities of the collective security treaty organization in the fi eld of information security

The geopolitical shifts and transformations that have taken place over the past decades, the formation of a unipolar world and its subsequent stagnation, have had a serious impact on the formation of the geopolitical situation in the Eurasian region, in fact turning it into a place of collision between the interests of the United States and its allies and the emerging poles of the new world order. One of these poles is the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), which makes a significant contribution to stability in the region. The United States, together with its allies, is not abandoning its attempts to destabilize the emerging security architecture using various methods of hybrid confrontation. With the expanding availability of the Internet and the development of information and communication technologies, the number of challenges and threats in the fi eld of information security has increased dramatically. The article presents an attempt at a systematic assessment of the CSTO's activities in this area, and presents proposals for further improvement of the CSTO's activities in the field of information security, as well as for increasing resistance to acts of hybrid aggression.

Prospects for interaction between the shanghai cooperation organization and the collective security treaty organization

The article evaluates the prospects for interaction between the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Based on a descriptive and explanatory analysis of their common interests and tasks in the field of ensuring security and stability in the region, the authors come to the conclusion that issues of cooperation between the two associations seem to be more of a formal side of the issue, which in practical terms has already been largely resolved through active bilateral contacts and joint military exercises, which only emphasizes the importance of developing this format in the future.

Russia’s Central Asian Security Policy in the Putin Era: Tools for Intervention and Control “We do not want a second Afghanistan in Central Asia. Therefore, we will follow a very careful policy.” Vladimir Putin

Central Asia has been a strategically important region that Russia has dominated or always wanted to dominate throughout history. Therefore, we can see this in the Soviet Union period or in Russia’s policies after the 1990s. Especially after 2000, with Vladimir Putin becoming the President of Russia, policies on this region gained vitality in every field. One of the most important of these dimensions is the military dimension. In this context, we can cite the Collective Security Treaty Organization and Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which was formed with the participation of other states related to the region within the scope of developing relations with Russia, Central Asia, and which it is trying to be effective. On the other hand, we can see that Russia is trying to extend the terms of use of the military bases left from the Soviet Union in the region and to establish new military bases. Therefore, we can evaluate all these approaches of Russia within the scope of its unwillingness to lose its influence and power in the region and its unwillingness to allow ‘foreign’ forces to intervene in the region.

Prospects for the Integration of China and the CSTO

Modern challenges, packages of European and American sanctions, and a special military operation in Ukraine have contributed to Russia’s reorientation to the East, not only in trade, economic and energy terms. The issue of military-political cooperation, in particular, between the countries of the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the People’s Republic of China has acquired particular relevance. The coherence of their actions both in the direction of “CSTO + 1” and “CSTO + Shanghai Cooperation Organization” contributed to the development of interaction, a new round in the development of the CSTO, although some of its participants declare the possibility of leaving the Treaty (Armenia). But there are also countries that are ready to take a more active part in its work (Syria, North Korea). At the same time, none of the CSTO countries sent their military contingents to support the Russian army in the Northern Military District.The Central Asian region occupies a special place in the system of relations between the CSTO and China: for example, the peacekeeping operation of the CSTO countries in Kazakhstan in January 2022 attracted the close attention of the Chinese authorities, which once again demonstrated their interest in regional stability. In the context of American pressure on China, its authorities have repeatedly spoken positively about jointly countering such challenges as terrorism, separatism and extremism (“three evils”).The purpose of this work is to assess the prospects for cooperation in the field of countering the “three evils”. To achieve this goal, the authors use the comparative analysis method and SWOT assessment. The authors come to the concluson that since the CSTO countries and China face similar challenges, there is a possibility of situational involvement of China in the military operations of the CSTO. Therefore, a broader consideration of the “linkage” between the CSTO and the SCO is required.

Current Approaches to Improving Consensus Decision-Making Mechanisms in International Regional Organizations

This study is aimed to study a key element of the activity of any international organization — the problem of consensus decision-making and the corresponding practice of solving it both in integration bodies (Eurasian Economic Union, European Union) and in interstate organizations devoid of a supranational component (Shanghai Cooperation Organization, North Atlantic Treaty Organization treaty, Collective Security Treaty Organization).Aim. Identify current approaches to improving the application of the rule of consensus in interstate (intergovernmental) structures and their bodies.Tasks. Investigate and generalize the practice of consensus decision-making within the international regional organizations, highlight actual ways to increase the efficiency of their decision-making mechanisms.Methods. The study used general scientific methodology. The comparative analysis method is used to compare existing decision-making practices. Analysis, synthesis, generalization, as well as the formal logical method were used to formulate the conclusions of the work.Results. The collective decision-making based on consensus follows from the international legal principle par in parem non habet imperium. It emphasizes the equality of all participants in an international organization and excludes the imposition of obligations non-approved by a sovereign state. From this point of view, consensus is a way to strengthen unity and achieve organizational stability. Simultaneously the practice of using this form in various international organizations gives evidence to its low efficiency in decision-making. Achieving consensus requires intensive efforts to coordinate the positions of the parties, and the emergence of “one-vote veto” situations cannot be ruled out. A possible way to increase the efficiency of decision-making within the framework of integration processes (EU, EAEU) lies through the development of supranational mechanisms.Conclusions. Analysis of the practice of functioning of international regional organizations (SCO, NATO, CSTO) allows to identify two approaches aimed at overcoming the negative features of consensus decision-making. The first involves the development of an international organization with formal obligations of members into a community associated with the establishment of a set of shared values among its participants. The second presumes the creation of mechanisms that allow interested states to use the institutions of such a structure to make collective decisions without a not-participating state. Both approaches do not exclude but complement each other.

Overcoming alliance dilemmas in the collective security treaty organization: signaling for reputation amid strategic ambiguity

The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) bills itself as an alliance. It is seen as Russia’s hedge to NATO, yet it often acts in an inconsistent manner vis-a-vis its members when they face crisis situations. These situations are complicated by the fact that the alliance engages in a policy of strategic ambiguity without making a firm commitment to either side of a dispute. Since Russia often acts as a security guarantor on a bilateral level for these states, staying in the alliance may become counterproductive. In order to prevent defection of its members and assuage their fears of abandonment, while maintaining this unofficial policy of strategic ambiguity, and thus help the alliance patron, Russia, avoid entanglement, reassurances are needed. These reassurances come in the form of sunk costs, specifically joint annual military exercise, and the 2022 intervention in Kazakhstan. These sunk costs by the CSTO enhance its reputation for reliability, while maintaining its policy of strategic ambiguity. They reassure its members, assuaging their fear of abandonment, and keeping them invested in the alliance. This will be shown through the use of process tracing in a case study that examines an internal alliance dilemma with two of the organization’s members.

Attitudes of Labor Migrants from Central Asia to International Integration Organizations in the Post-Soviet Space

The article presents the results of a sociological empirical study that was conducted from May to August in 2023. Its purpose was to study the attitudes of labor migrants in Russia towards various international integration processes in the post-Soviet space. The objects of the study were workers from Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, working in Moscow and the Moscow region. The choice of these countries is not accidental, as they are the main migration donors to the Russian Federation in Central Asia. The uniqueness of the research results lies in the fact that despite the certain “popularity” of such an empirical object as “labor migrants.” The analyzed subject has not yet been sufficiently developed theoretically and empirically. Particular attention is paid to the political preferences and migration attitudes of labor migrants. The issue of awareness of foreign workers of the activities of international integration and military-political associations, such as the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), European Union (EU), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and also the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is examined. The paper also presents the respondents’ assessment of the role of these associations in the development of international processes. Separately, the article examines the relationship between Russia and migrant-sending countries. Based on the results of the study, the authors conclude that respondents have a positive attitude towards integration associations in which Russia plays a key role. Moreover, the socio-political attitudes of foreign workers are characterized by a high degree of loyalty to the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. Migrants overwhelmingly support international cooperation between their countries and Russia and share the foreign policy position of the Russian Federation. In conclusion, labor migrants from Central Asia can be considered as a resource and capital of the influence of Russian “soft power.”

From the history of the defense policy of Kazakhstan Republic (1991-1997)

Relevance. Through specific archival and historical data, this research article describes the purpose of the Republic of Kazakhstan's defense policy, which is based on the goal of peacekeeping, which dates back to the country's early days of independence, the course, results, and historical significance of this activity. In addition, a description and analysis of the fact that this national-level action was carried out in a variety of ways. Purpose. The aims and objectives of the state's defense policy were established and authorized on a legal basis in the first stage. The training strategy for national military experts in several fields has been designed and accepted. The issue of the Armed Forces' contemporary equipment has been addressed and implemented. Methodology. From this period, the Republic of Kazakhstan began to work to ensure the defense capabilities of the Armed Forces of the country, as well as to ensure stability and peace in Central Asia. In particular, the Republic of Kazakhstan became a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, founded by the CIS member states, and began to hold joint events. Results. In particular, cooperation in the field of joint defense with the Russian Federation was established and further developed. For this purpose, equal relations with the People's Republic of China have been ensured. From the first days of independence, the Republic of Kazakhstan has laid the foundation for multifaceted cooperation with the Republic of Turkey in this area. The work of the Republic of Kazakhstan carried out by mutual agreements of this content with the United States was remarkable. At the same time, attention was paid to the relations of independent Kazakhstan with NATO and its adoption was included in the “Partnership for Peace” Program. Conclusions. As a result of the concrete measures taken for this purpose, the capacity of the Armed Forces of the State has increased and has become a strong guarantee of the country's security.

Activities of the Collective Security Treaty Organization in Central Asia (2002–2022)

The article identifies the contribution of the Collective Security Treaty Organization in Central Asia (CSTO) to the process of ensuring security in Central Asia. Conceptual approaches to the CSTO in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation and its allies in the region are analyzed. The documents of the CSTO are examined, as well as its practical activities to ensure regional security, prevent military threats, combat extremism, and terrorism and drug trafficking. The peacekeeping activities of the CSTO are examined. At the same time, an answer is given to the question why the CSTO did not deploy a peacekeeping mission at the request of Kyrgyzstan during the unrest in 2010, but responded to a similar request from Kazakhstan during the January events of 2022.

К ВОПРОСУ ОБ ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ОСНОВАХ БОРЬБЫ С МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫМ ТЕРРОРИЗМОМ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ЕВРАЗИИ

An issue of terrorism is one of the most important in the modern world. Terrorism poses a serious threat to the security and stability not only of individual countries but also of the entire international community. In the Eurasian space we face the manifestation of various forms of terrorism, which have not only national and regional, but also global dimension, capable of affecting negatively security throughout the world. Analyzing the development of terrorism in the Eurasian region, the author identifies the main reasons for its emergence and spread. In the author’s opinion, young post-Soviet states in Eurasia are in a zone of special danger, which for various reasons are often unable to cope with the terrorist threat on their own. A productive solution in that case is the creation of integration associations of different profiles, which contribute to the unification of financial and military potential the above states in the fight against terrorism. The author notes that such organizations – the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization – should unite in the future, creating a new pan-regional organization that would specialize in combating both “classic” forms of terrorism and its more formidable manifestations, such as terrorist wars.

International Cooperation of Member Nations of the CIS on Counteracting Cybercrime

Cybercrime is the threat to national and international informational security. The objects of cyberthreats are economics security, critical information structure, information state sovereignty. All states admit necessity to take effective measures for anti-cybercrime in this time. Such organizations, as Commonwealth of Independent States, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Shanghai Cooperation Organization are to take active measures on counteracting cybercrime.Aim . The aim of this article is to define principal directions on effective counteracting cybercrime, including creation of law base on national, regional and international levels, measures for prevention cybercrime and development of international collaboration.Tasks. There are following tasks in this article: to define “cybercrime”, categories of cybercrime and measures for prevention cybercrime, to analyze experience of member nations of the CIS and world law mechanism for cybercrime control.Methods. There is necessity to define terminology in accordance with the international standards for cybercrime control.Results . Member nations of the CIS are giving important attention to creation the law base for national and international security, and also Criminal Law about responsibility for cybercrime.The Model Law “On counteracting cybercrime” was adopted by Interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS on 14 Aprile 2023, which is the base of development of national legislation in sphere of cybercrime control.On 30 July 2021 Russia was carry in General Assembly of the United Nations the Project of Convention United Nations Countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes for creation of international law mechanism for anti-cybercrime.In the result of this research author is defined cybercrime and it’s variety in accordance with international standards, and also principal directions of counteracting cybercrime in contemporary period.Conclusion. Implementation by member nations of the CIS of Model Law “On counteracting cybercrime” will allow unify national legislation and assist strengthening and extension international cooperation between these states on combating cybercrime.There is necessity to adopt such complex Federal Law “On counteracting cybercrime” and the Strategy on cybersecurity in Russia.

The South Caucasus as one of the priority geopolitical regions of the post-Soviet space for Russia: geographical analysis

The article is focused on identifying the properties of the territory of the countries of the South Caucasus / Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Abkhazia, South Ossetia), influencing Russian foreign policy. Based on an assessment of the geopolitical situation of the region and content analysis of the official document regulating the modern foreign policy of Russia “The Concept of Russian Foreign Policy” (2023), four groups of interests are identified: military-political, territorial, social, economic. Military-political interests are considered through the prism of countries' membership in the Collective Security Treaty Organization and interaction with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Territorial interests are studied in the context of conflict that arose after the collapse of the USSR and associated with the need to legally determine the passage of state borders (in the Caspian Sea; delimitation of the Russian-Azerbaijani border; the formation of independent Abkhazia and South Ossetia; the formation of the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh). Social interests — from the point of view of the process of radicalization of Islam, the problem of “divided peoples”, de-Russification, economic migration of the population. Economic interests have been studied in a multidimensional way, both in the context of the influence of the transit status of countries on the functioning of transport systems in the region, and from the point of view of the distribution of Russian direct investment. In conclusion, it is emphasized that Russia and the countries of the South Caucasus remain part of the post-Soviet territory. The connection of their interests is largely of a conflicting nature, which is manifested both in integration processes oriented towards Russia and disintegration processes supported and actively used by other extra-regional states (Turkey, Iran, EU, USA). This, in turn, creates a geographical property of the region that it did not have during the Soviet period — transitivity. In the context of the reorientation of Russia's foreign policy and foreign economic activities towards Asian countries, it began to be used as the most effective tool to facilitate this process.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ И ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ АНТИНАРКОТИЧЕСКОЙ ОПЕРАЦИИ ОДКБ «КАНАЛ» С УЧЕТОМ НОВЫХ ВЫЗОВОВ И УГРОЗ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The article is devoted to the problems of increasing the effectiveness of the use of new technologies for the operation «Channel», conducted with the participation of law enforcement agencies and special services of states that are members of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. The authors focus on the current challenges and threats to the anti-drug security of the Russian Federation. It is also proposed to make fuller use of the capabilities of the financial intelligence units of the CSTO member states and the forensic units of law enforcement agencies during the operation «Channel», which have the necessary complex of special knowledge, as well as the automated information search system «AIPSIN-Anti-Drugs».

Agents, multilateral institutions, and fundamental institutional change in international society: The case of Russia’s peacekeeping policy

AbstractDrawing on recent debates in English School (ES) theory, this article develops an analytical framework for examining how states use multilateral institutions, or what ES theorists call ‘secondary institutions’, to reshape ‘primary institutions’, i.e. fundamental practices in international society. The framework highlights the role of states’ agency in international institutional change by shedding light on strategies that they employ to bring about changes in primary institutions. It posits that, although they can seek to directly remould primary institutions, states in practice often seek to bring about primary institutional changes through existing or newly formed secondary institutions and that this is especially the case at the level of regional international societies (RISs). The article demonstrates the utility of the framework by using it to analyse the case of Russia’s peacekeeping policy in the post-Soviet regional international society (PSRIS), focusing on its efforts to institutionalise the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) as an alternative ‘peacekeeping’ actor.

카자흐스탄 엘리트 정치 구조의 변화

Has Kazakhstan's elite political structure changed since the 2022 Kazakh unrest? Prior researches on the Kazakh elite have mainly explained the consolidation or replacement of the supreme leader's power, focusing on elite circulation and clientelism. These studies are useful for understanding the characteristics of the Kazakhstan political system and political changes, but there is a limit to not being able to track changes in the elite political structure from a macro perspective. Because it did not apply a tangible analysis framework. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis on the changes in Kazakhstan's elite political structure before and after the 2022 Kazakh unrest from Winters’s typologies of Oligarchy. As a result of applying two measures which are the ‘Nature of Rule’ and the ‘Oligarchs’ Role in Provision of Coercion’ proposed by Winters, the Nazarbayev regime was close to a ‘Sultanistic Oligarchy’ in that it privatized state power, monopolized the state's economic power, and suppressed opposition to neutralize the influence of other oligarchs. On the other hand, the Tokayev regime tended to shift slightly from the existing ‘Sultanistic Oligarchy’ to the ‘Ruling Oligarchy’ in that it distributed some of the power concentrated on the president, failed to suppress itself at the time of the protests, was supported by the Collective Security Treaty Organization, and eased the state's monopoly on economic power. Consequently, it is difficult to say that the current Kazakh elite political structure has completely changed from the existing ‘Sultanistic Oligarchy’ to the ‘Ruling Oligarchy’, but it is necessary to continuously observe the possibility of change in the future.

Contractual Legal Framework for Military-Technical Cooperation between the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation

The article deals with the contractual legal foundations of military-technical cooperation between the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation. The features of the development of military-technical cooperation, events affecting the formation of its contractual legal framework within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the significance of cooperation are shown.

Problems of Ensuring Collective Security of the Post-Soviet Space in the Context of International Escalation

The relevance of this study lies in the need to study the potential effectiveness of the Collective Security Treaty Organization in the conditions of the world order in the XXI century. The formation of the collective security system of the post-Soviet space was accompanied by a number of crisis processes determined by the post-bipolar era. Based on the results of the review of the activities of the CSTO institutions, the reasons for the insufficient effectiveness of the collective security system in the situation of modern international escalation are determined and further reformatting of the scope of competence and structure of the organization is predicted.