This study evaluated the clinical, radiographic, and histological outcomes of alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) using collagen sponge with xenografts (CS + Xenografts) versus collagen sponge (CS) alone, compared to spontaneous healing. 36 extraction sockets were randomly allocated into three groups: Group I (CS + Xenografts), Group II (CS alone), and Group III (control) spontaneous healing. Soft tissue assessment and CBCT imaging were conducted before tooth extraction (baseline) and 6 months post-extraction, followed by histologic and histomorphometric analysis of bone biopsies. Groups I and II exhibited minimal vertical and horizontal soft tissue changes compared to the control group (P < 0.001), with no statistically significant difference between Group I and II (P ≥ 0.05). Vertical and horizontal bone resorption was significantly lower in Groups I and II than in the control group (P < 0.001), with no statistically significant difference between Groups I and II regarding vertical bone loss (P = 0.477 and 0.108, respectively); percent of changes were 8.68 ± 2.69 and 8.61 ± 2.14 respectively. The greatest reduction in alveolar bone width was observed at 1mm: 17.81 ± 3.97 (Group I), 19 ± 2.77 (Group II), and 41.79 ± 10.3 (Group III); overall P < 0.001. Histologically, Group I had the highest area% of lamellar bone and no residual inflammation, followed by Group II, which showed more inflammation; Group III had the lowest area% of lamellar bone. Intervention techniques were clinically and radiographically proven effective in ARP, however, CS + Xenografts histological results showed more lamellar bone and less residual inflammations.

Wound coatings in the form of sponge plates were obtained based on hydrogels of cod collagen (CC) copolymers. The synthesis of CC copolymers with pectin was carried out in the presence of a triethylbor–hexamethylenediamine (TEB-HMDA) complex, which forms free radicals under reaction conditions, and with polyethylene glycol (PEG) during photocatalysis in the presence of RbTe1.5W0.5O6 oxide under visible-light irradiation with a LED lamp. Evaluation of their effectiveness and safety for rapid healing of wounds and burn surfaces has been conducted on small animals (rats). It has shown significantly higher efficiency in comparison with commercial collagen sponges based on bovine collagen. Coatings based on cod collagen contributed to the normalization of microcirculation levels according to the results of laser Doppler flowmetry and a high rate of reduction in the area of the scalped burn wound according to planimetry. The morphological studies indicate complete epithelialization with the formation of scar tissue in all studied groups of animals. The dynamics of microcirculation parameters indicate the repair of thermal burns during local treatment with wound-healing coatings against the background of normalization of the functioning of the microcirculatory system. It is advisable to use new collagen-based polymer sponge plates to increase the effectiveness of wound treatment of various origins, shorten recovery time, and optimize the course of typical physiological reactions during the wound process in order to accelerate tissue regeneration, as well as reduce mortality.

Electroactive biomaterials present new opportunities for "smart" vascular grafts capable of supporting tissue integration while enabling electrical stimulation, sensing, or real-time modulation of the vascular environment. In this study, a conductive vascular conduit was engineered by incorporating sulfonated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (S'PEDOT) into extracellular matrix (ECM)-based scaffolds. Initial screening in collagen sponges identified S'PEDOT concentrations that supported biocompatibility with primary endothelial and smooth muscle cells while minimizing platelet adhesion. This strategy was then applied to decellularized rat aortas, which were functionalized with S'PEDOT and evaluated for electrical conductivity, tensile mechanics, and structural integrity. The modified grafts retained native architecture and mechanical compliance while exhibiting significantly enhanced conductivity compared to unmodified controls. Invivo biocompatibility was assessed by subcutaneous implantation in rats, followed by histological and immunohistochemical analyses. The S'PEDOT-modified grafts elicited minimal inflammatory response and preserved tissue architecture. These findings demonstrate a promising approach for integrating conductive polymers into natural scaffolds to develop electroactive vascular grafts, supporting future applications in multifunctional and responsive vascular devices.

Local hemostatics is well-established device to tackle a problem of surgical bleeding, but their properties in infected wounds are still the point of discussion. We present the results of the use of collagen sponge (22 cases) and Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose (10 cases) in surgical closure of infected wounds during routine surgical practice. Local hemostatics have been used only in cases of inconsistency of surgical methods of bleeding control. Both used hemostatics allowed to achieve a robust control of surgical bleeding. We did not notice an influence of local hemostatics on the frequency and nature of post-surgery wound complications.

The development of effective hemostatic materials for acute hemorrhage control remains a significant clinical challenge. This study presents a dual-crosslinked hemostatic sponge fabricated by modifying collagen (COL) with dialdehyde oxidized cellulose (DOC) of varying carboxyl contents. The material design leverages synergistic mechanisms involving Schiff base formation and polyelectrolyte complexation. The resulting dual-crosslinked network demonstrated exceptional fluid absorption capacity, reaching 3000% and 5000% of its dry weight in water and blood, respectively, within 5 min, while maintaining excellent structural integrity without significant shrinkage or deformation. This property ensures optimal wound contact during application. Notably, the DOC-COL-18.90% composite sponge (using DOC with 18.90% carboxyl content) reached 1.9 times the compressive modulus of the pure COL sponge. In vivo evaluations revealed superior hemostatic performance, with blood loss measuring 187 ± 8mg and hemostasis time of 65 ± 7 s in liver injury models, significantly lower than those of the commercial hemostatic agent Gelfoam, which showed 682 ± 15mg blood loss and 112 ± 11 s hemostasis time. The optimized composite sponge also exhibits excellent hydrophilicity, thermal stability, and biocompatibility, demonstrating strong potential for clinical application in acute hemorrhage management.

Infected wounds suffer from limited self-healing, persistent bacterial infections, prolonged inflammation, and oxidative wound microenvironment. While anti-bacterial peptides such as SAAP148 demonstrate remarkable efficacy against drug-resistant pathogens, their clinical application is hindered by rapid inactivation and uncontrolled burst release. To address these limitations, collagen type I (Col I) is integrated with self-assembling peptide RADA16 to develop a novel self-assembled nano-micro structured hydrogel (Col I-RADA16, CR) without chemical cross-linkers. This unique design leverages the micron-scale porous structure of Col I and the nanofibrous architecture of RADA16, resulting in a hydrogel with excellent mechanical properties, sustained SAAP148 release, and enhanced bioactivity. CR not only promotes fibroblast adhesion, migration, and proliferation, but when loaded with SAAP148 (Col I-RADA16-SAAP148, CRS), effectively inhibits bacterial infection, enhances macrophage polarization and accelerates wound healing in vivo. Importantly, histological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the CRS hydrogel significantly enhances regeneration of skin appendages (e.g., hair follicles and glands) by action of CK5 and CK14 in the ERBB/MAPK, mTOR/PI3K-Akt, JNK/p38 MAPK signaling axes, significantly surpassing the performance of traditional collagen or gelatin sponges. This innovative dual-scale design and cross-linker-free fabrication strategy offers a versatile and clinically translatable platform for infected wound healing, addressing critical limitations in current wound care technologies.

This study aimed to elucidate the effect of minimally invasive tooth extraction using a high-speed turbine combined with collagen sponges in patients with complex impacted teeth. Eighty patients with complex impacted teeth were categorised into a control group (received piezosurgery extraction treatment) and an observation group (received high-speed turbine-assisted minimally invasive extraction plus medical collagen sponge treatment). Outcome measures included intraoperative blood loss, integrity of the tooth socket, degree of postoperative mouth-opening limitation, VAS scores, degree of swelling, postoperative complications and the Pink Aesthetic Score (PES). The observation group exhibited less intraoperative blood loss and superior tooth socket integrity compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The degree of mouth-opening limitation in the observation group was better than that in the control group (p < 0.05). VAS scores on postoperative Days 3 and 7 were significantly lower in the observation group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). On postoperative Day 5, the swelling rate was lower in the observation group than the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the incidence of postoperative complications was reduced and the PES index was higher in the observation group compared with the control group (both p < 0.05). Minimally invasive tooth extraction using a high-speed turbine combined with collagen sponges effectively reduces postoperative pain, swelling, and complications in patients with complex impacted teeth, while improving aesthetic outcomes.

Abstract INTRODUCTION There is growing recognition of the significant toll that malignant brain tumors and associated treatments take on the patient’s quality of life (QoL). Here, we examined the QoL for malignant brain tumor patients who underwent craniotomy for tumor resection and placement of Gammatile (GT), a brachytherapy platform consisting of resorbable collagen sponges embedded with regularly spaced cesium-131. METHODS QoL was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – Brain (FACT-Br). Analysis was performed separately for recurrent glioblastoma (rG) and brain metastasis (rBM) patients. Physical, social, functional, and emotional well-being scores (PWB, SWB, FWB, and EWB) were analyzed separately. For the cross-sectional analysis, we examined all available responses collected at month 0 (the time of resection/GT implantation) and at 1-, 3-, and 6-month post-treatment. For the longitudinal cohort analysis, we compared the responses of the same subject at months 0, 1, 3, and 6. RESULTS FACT-Br responses from 31 recurrent glioblastomas and 37 recurrent brain metastases were available at the six-month follow-up. No significant changes in all FACT-Br domains were observed for rBM patients during the six-month interval. In contrast, rG patients showed notable decreases in SWB and FWB when comparing the responses collected at 0 and 6 months (-3.35, p=0.03 and -3.86, p=0.01, respectively). These findings were recapitulated in our longitudinal cohort analysis, where the reductions in SWB and FWB scores were -7.0 (p=0.014) and -4.74 (p=0.006), respectively. For the FWB, the most notable score reductions were in response to questions related to the ability to work, enjoyment of life, and overall quality of life. For the SWB, the most notable score reductions were in response to questions related to support from friends, family communication, and satisfaction with sexual activity. CONCLUSION FACT-Br assessment revealed unmet functional and social needs in rG patients that were not found in rBM patients.

Implant supporting materials are currently used in breast reconstruction. However, when used in humans, they are associated with several problems. To address these issues, a new mesh called TissueDerm was created by combining a collagen sponge with a 3D printed polycaprolactone (PCL) mesh. It has shown promising results in pig experiments and could potentially replace the most commonly used acellular dermal matrix (ADM) for breast reconstruction. Four 12-month-old minipigs were used in this experiment. Silicone implants were wrapped with ADM or TissueDerm, and the breast tissue was excised and implanted along with the wrapped implants. Three months later, the minipigs were sacrificed and the skin and mammary gland tissue surrounding the implants were harvested for further analysis. Histological analyses and immunostaining were performed. Although there was no significant difference in capsule thickness between the ADM and TissueDerm groups, collagen was more involved in TissueDerm, leading to better tissue regeneration. TissueDerm also induced lower levels of inflammatory markers TNF-α and IL-6 compared to ADM. However, capsules induced with ADM had significantly higher collagen fiber alignment and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) positive immunoreactivity, suggesting that TissueDerm may be less likely to cause spherical contractures in the porcine model compared to ADM. The study found that TissueDerm has advantages over ADM in terms of easier tissue invasion and reduced spheroidization in a porcine model. The results showed that TissueDerm is a promising new mesh for implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) and could potentially replace ADM.

Socket sealing is a technique for alveolar ridge preservation following tooth extraction. Leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF), an autologous platelet-derived material rich in growth factors, is used to support healing. However, its benefits for soft tissue healing compared with collagen sponge or spontaneous healing remain unclear. This study evaluated soft tissue healing outcomes, wound margin distance, inflammation, postoperative pain, and wound closure area, among sockets treated with L-PRF membrane, collagen sponge, or spontaneous healing.A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 45 extraction sites at the Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Sockets were randomly assigned to L-PRF sealing, collagen sponge sealing, or spontaneous healing. Primary outcomes included wound margin distance reduction percentage, soft tissue healing index, and postoperative pain. The secondary outcome was wound closure area reduction percentage between the L-PRF and collagen sponge groups. Measurements were recorded postoperatively and on days 7, 14, and 21. Pain scores were recorded daily for 1 week. Age, sex, tooth position, and arch were evaluated as covariates.One-way ANOVA with least significant difference post-hoc test was used for primary outcomes, and an independent t-test was used for secondary outcomes (p < 0.05).Forty-five teeth were enrolled. Three teeth from the collagen sponge group were excluded due to infection and loss to follow-up; three additional teeth were recruited using the original allocation and randomization protocol. On day 7, L-PRF showed a significantly superior soft tissue healing index than collagen sponge (p = 0.002, 95% CI: [0.28, 1.18]) and spontaneous healing (p = 0.002, 95% CI: [0.28, 1.18]). On day 5, L-PRF reduced pain more than collagen sponge (p = 0.036, 95% CI: [0.04, 1.03]) and spontaneous healing (p = 0.026, 95% CI: [0.07, 1.06]). No significant differences in wound closure distance reduction percentage or wound area reduction percentage were observed among the groups.L-PRF improved soft tissue healing and reduced postoperative pain within the first week, but showed no added benefit in wound closure compared with collagen sponge or spontaneous healing. L-PRF may support short-term symptom relief but not enhanced post-extraction soft tissue regeneration at the clinical relevance level.

To test the hypothesis that a volume-stable collagen matrix (VCMX) can serve as an effective rhBMP-2 carrier for bone regeneration while compensating for the volume instability of absorbable collagen sponge (ACS). (i) rhBMP-2 release kinetics from VCMX and ACS were measured over 7 days by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (ii) Bilateral sinus augmentations were performed in 15 rabbits using either VCMX or ACS, with or without rhBMP-2. After 4 weeks, radiographic and histological analyses were conducted. The overall release patterns between VCMX and ACS did not differ significantly, although VCMX showed a delayed peak release (at 3 h) compared to ACS (at 10 min). Three-dimensional radiographic analysis showed greater volumetric gains in VCMX groups than in ACS groups, regardless of rhBMP-2 loading. Histologically, VCMX/rhBMP-2 group exhibited the largest total augmented area (13.1 ± 2.9 mm2). The use of rhBMP-2 led to significant increases in new bone area for both VCMX (3.9 ± 1.1 vs. 1.6 ± 1.3 mm2, p = 0.003) and ACS (1.8 ± 0.8 vs. 1.0 ± 0.6 mm2, p = 0.035). Notably, the proportion of new bone in the total augmented region was comparable between the VCMX/rhBMP-2 and ACS/rhBMP-2 groups (p > 0.05). rhBMP-2-loaded VCMX enhances bone regeneration in sinus augmentation, suggesting that its volume maintenance may contribute to the improved clinical and radiographic outcomes.

ObjectiveCollagen sponge and substance P (SP) can facilitate trauma healing. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the role and mechanism of collagen sponge combined with SP in maxillofacial trauma healing.MethodsA maxillofacial trauma model was established using rats. The rats were divided into four groups: research group 1 (RG 1; Vaseline gauze and SP), research group 2 (RG 2; Vaseline gauze and collagen sponge), research group 3 (RG 3; collagen sponge and SP), and a control group (CG; Vaseline gauze and normal saline). The trauma healing rate was examined on days 3, 7, and 14 after treatment, and the pathological morphology of the trauma was examined on day 14 after treatment. Hydroxyproline expression; positive expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF); serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels; matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) protein levels; and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), TGF-β1, and SMAD3 mRNA levels were detected on day 14 after treatment.ResultsOn days 7 and 14 after treatment, the trauma healing rates in all research groups were higher than that in the CG, and the trauma healing rate in RG 3 was higher than that in RG 1 and RG 2. On day 14 after treatment, compared to the CG, the number of inflammatory cells in the rat trauma tissues was reduced in all research groups, while the collagen fiber content was enhanced in all research groups. Compared to RG 1 and RG 2, the number of inflammatory cells in RG 3 was lower, while the collagen fiber content in RG 3 was higher. The tissue hydroxyproline and bFGF levels in all research groups were higher than those in the CG, and the levels in RG 3 were higher than those in RG 1 and RG 2. Compared to the CG, serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and tissue levels of MMP-9 were lower across all research groups, while tissue levels of TIMP-1 were elevated in all research groups. The improvements in serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels and tissue MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels in RG 3 were greater than those in RG 1 and RG 2. Compared to the CG, the mRNA levels of VEGF, TGF-β1, and SMAD3 were higher in all research groups, with RG 3 showing higher levels than RG 1 and RG 2.ConclusionCollagen sponge and SP can facilitate the healing of maxillofacial trauma and reduce scar formation after trauma healing. This effect may be related to the TGF-β1/Smad3-VEGF signaling pathway.

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is clinically used to promote bone regeneration but suffers from uncontrolled release when delivered from collagen sponges, necessitating high doses that can cause adverse effects. Hydrogels offer tunable protein release but are limited by weak mechanics and poor stability during storage and handling. Here, we introduce a two-part protein delivery platform that integrates mechanical reinforcement with affinity-controlled protein release. We developed a melt electrowritten (MEW) scaffold–reinforced, affibody-conjugated polyethylene glycol maleimide (PEG-mal) hydrogel for affinity-controlled BMP-2 delivery. MEW scaffolds improved hydrogel handling, compressive resistance, and stability during lyophilization and rehydration, without altering bulk stiffness. Engineered BMP-2-specific affibodies provided affinity-based control over BMP-2 release. This ability to control BMP-2 release was preserved after lyophilization and rehydration of the hydrogels. In vivo, conjugation of high-affinity affibodies to the hydrogels significantly enhanced BMP-2 retention in subcutaneous implants, while MEW reinforcement significantly increased bone volume and defect bridging in rat femoral bone defects. Histology revealed more organized lamellar bone with reinforced constructs. This affibody-conjugated, MEW scaffold-reinforced hydrogel system effectively integrates mechanical reinforcement with tunable protein-material affinity interactions, advancing hydrogel-based delivery strategies for BMP-2 and other protein therapeutics in musculoskeletal repair.

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (Rh-bFGF) combined with collagen sponge in the treatment of grade II acute maxillofacial abrasions. During the study period from September 2020 to September 2023, 128 such patients were in the authors' hospital and randomly divided into control group (N = 64) and experimental group (N = 64). The observation group was treated with Rh-bFGF and collagen sponge after debridement, while the control group was treated with vaseline gauze after debridement. The healing rate and healing time were observed, and the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, EGF, VEGF, and Timp-1 were determined. The Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was used to evaluate the local scar hyperplasia 6 months after wound healing in both groups. On the seventh and 14th day of treatment, the wound healing rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), and the wound healing time in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05), the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, EGF, VEGF, and Timp-1 in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05), the levels of Il-10 were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and the levels of EGF, VEGF, and Timp-1 were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Vancouver Scar Scale score of local scar hyperplasia was significantly lower than that of control group (P < 0.05). Recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (Rh-bFGF) combined with collagen sponge in the treatment of maxillofacial contusion can decrease the levels of TNF-α and IL-6, increase the levels of IL-10 and effectively control inflammation, at the same time, it can increase the levels of EGF, VEGF, and Timp-1, promote wound healing and reduce scar hyperplasia. The therapeutic scheme is simple, safe, and effective, and suitable for clinical popularization and application.

Enamel matrix derivative in the prevention and treatment of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in rats.

Abstract Objectives: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently administered in patients with orthopaedic trauma because of their effectiveness in pain reduction and managing inflammation, but clinicians are concerned regarding the possibility that NSAID use may increase the risk of delayed fracture healing or nonunion. Prior research is not definitive in this regard, showing variable association between bone healing and systemic NSAID administration. In addition to the inconclusive results regarding systemic NSAIDs, the effects of locally applied NSAIDs on fracture healing have not widely investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of local ketorolac in an open femur fracture rat model compared with systemic ketorolac and placebo. Methods: After a standardized open femur fracture stabilized with an intramedullary pin, animals were divided into 3 treatment groups: (A) a negative control collagen sponge soaked in saline, (B) a collagen sponge soaked in ketorolac, and (C) systemic delivery of ketorolac by intraperitoneal injection. Micro computed tomography and mechanical testing were used to assess fracture healing 14, 42, and 84 days after surgery. Results: Significant differences in quantifiable fracture healing were observed between the 3 euthanasia time points, with greater fracture healing over time regardless of treatment. However, there were no significant differences observed in the callus size, callus strength, degree of fracture healing, bone mineral density, or bone volume/tissue volume between treatment groups at any time point. Conclusions: These data suggest no detrimental effect of local or systemic ketorolac on fracture healing in this small animal model of femur fracture healing.

To evaluate the clinical outcomes of collagen sponges (CSs) on wound healing following palatal graft harvesting and compare their efficacy with gelatine sponges (GSs). Thirty-two participants who had undergone free gingival grafts or de-epithelialised gingival grafts were randomised into the CS group or the GS group. Wound healing rate was calculated as the percentage of the healed wound area divided by the initial wound area. Wound healing rate and complete epithelialisation were evaluated at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Postoperative pain was assessed on days 1, 3 and 7. Willingness to repeat graft harvesting, delayed bleeding and aesthetic outcomes were also recorded. CS group had higher wound healing rates than GS group at 1 and 2 weeks (24.44% ± 6.28% vs. 5.56% ± 2.19%, p < 0.01; 91.54% ± 3.20% vs. 75.56% ± 4.77%, p < 0.05). Complete epithelialisation was achieved within 2-3 weeks in CS group and within 2-4 weeks in GS group, but no significant difference was found. Postoperative pain in VAS was lower in the CS group on Day 1 compared with the GS group (1.6 ± 0.4 vs. 3.1 ± 0.5, p < 0.05). No significant difference could be detected in willingness to repeat graft harvesting, delayed bleeding and aesthetic outcomes. Compared with GS, CS seemed to offer improved early healing and reduced postoperative pain following palatal graft harvesting. This trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry with the registration number ChiCTR2200057221 (https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=154474) on March 4, 2022.

Collagen-based biomaterials are increasingly explored in dentistry for their ability to deliver drugs locally and support healing. In this study, we developed chlortetracycline-loaded collagen sponges aimed at preventing postoperative infections. Five formulations were prepared by lyophilization, each with the same collagen-to-drug ratio but different glutaraldehyde (GA) concentrations: 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% (w/w) relative to dry collagen. The sponges were characterized using FT-IR and UV–VIS–NIR spectroscopy, and their swelling capacity, enzymatic stability, and drug release kinetics were evaluated. Antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Statistical differences between formulations were assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05). All sponges released the antibiotic rapidly within the first 60 min, followed by a sustained release for up to 10 h. The non-crosslinked sponge showed the highest antimicrobial effect, while the 0.25% GA formulation offered a good balance between stability and bioactivity. While higher cross-linking enhanced structural stability, it progressively reduced antimicrobial efficacy, highlighting a crucial design trade-off. These findings underline the need to fine-tune cross-linking conditions to achieve both durability and strong antimicrobial action in collagen-based drug delivery systems for dental applications.

ABSTRACTCollagen membranes are widely used in tissue and bone engineering, including guided bone regeneration (GBR). For effective and uninterrupted bone healing, a GBR membrane must maintain its functionality for an initial critical period of 4 weeks. A novel carp collagen sponge has already shown promise as a wound coating and vascular graft coating, making it a candidate for GBR applications as well. To enhance the mechanical properties and longevity of GBR membranes, we modified the basic carp collagen membrane with combinations of l‐lactide, ε‐caprolactone, d,l‐lactide, and glycolide in various molar ratios. While traditional methods rely on histological evaluation to assess the degradation pattern and therefore suitability of GBR membranes ex vivo, this study employed micro‐MRI as an innovative, noninvasive approach to monitor the in vivo degradation of carp collagen membrane and its polymer‐modified variants. Our findings demonstrated that micro‐MRI is a reliable and effective method for visualizing collagen membrane degradation in vivo, up to scaffold disintegration. Among the variants tested, collagen GBR membrane coated with d,l‐lactide and glycolide in a 50:50 M ratio emerged as the most suitable for GBR purposes. However, since this study was conducted in the subcutaneous tissue of a rat model, further research is required to determine the behavior of carp collagen GBR membrane variants on bony surfaces.

Cell homing and stem cell transplantation offers promising approaches for pulp regeneration. This study investigated the efficacy of an injectable concentrated growth factor gel for dental pulp regeneration in beagles. Six groups of beagle teeth were studied: Blank control group, CGF group, Collagen sponge group, CGF + Collagen sponge group, Dental pulp stem cells group, CGF + Dental pulp stem cells group. Specimens were examined by CBCT and histological analysis. No obvious change was identified in the periapical condition. Fewest inflammatory cells were found in the CGF + CS group. Odontoblast-like cells and dentin-like tissue were identified in the root canals of experimental groups, and the thickness of dentin-like tissue was positively correlated with the number of odontoblast-like cells. CD31-positive cells appeared in root canals containing pulp-like tissue. Injectable concentrated growth factor (CGF) can induce insitu pulp-dentin complex regeneration either on its own or in combination with collagen sponge and dental pulp stem cells.