Cultural silence around death and dying due to fear, anxiety, norms, taboos, and beliefs has led to social initiatives that are more 'death-positive'. This silence has had a disproportionate impact on young adults. 'Death literacy' has emerged to support greater community awareness and understanding of end-of-life care options through education and dialogue. Arts-based approaches may be particularly relevant for young adults, yet research remains limited. This knowledge translation project explored arts-based approaches for translating palliative care narrative data into creative forms, examining the feasibility of converting research narratives into accessible art forms that could facilitate engagement with death-related topics. This project employed an arts-based knowledge translation approach, co-designing a course for undergraduate artists with researchers, artists and faculty to translate palliative care narratives. The course utilized anonymized text from ethnographic research (K.S. PhD data) examining families and healthcare providers navigating paediatric transplant and palliative care, drawing from 145 journal entries by 18 healthcare providers who documented experiences of empathy, illness, suffering and death. Four undergraduate artists created diverse art forms including collages, sketches, digital drawings, storyboards and journey maps. Over 25 artistic works illustrating death and dying experiences were created. The collaborative translation process revealed that undergraduate artists could effectively interpret and visualize complex palliative care narratives through diverse artistic approaches. Course evaluations and informal feedback indicated that artists found the experience meaningful and challenging, and expressed interest in further exploration of death-related topics. The translation process produced accessible visual interpretations of complex illness narratives and, based on course feedback, appeared to facilitate openness to death-related discussions. These findings suggest arts-based translation approaches warrant further exploration as potential tools for enhancing death literacy, with future research needed to systematically evaluate their impact on young adults' comfort and competence with end-of-life topics.

This article examines collaborative student translation as a cultural and educational practice. The object of the study is an educational and cultural diplomacy project focused on the English translation of Mykhailo Liakh’s essay “Between Drahomanov and Marx: The Political Life of Lesya Ukrainka,” carried out by twelve students from Mykhailo Drahomanov State University of Ukraine. The subject of the research is the pedagogical, linguistic, and cultural dynamics of group translation as a method of learning and intercultural engagement. The purpose of the article is to determine the role of collaborative translation in developing the professional competencies and critical historical awareness of student translators, as well as to explore how such translation projects contribute to the international recognition of Ukrainian political and intellectual traditions. This study is relevant in the context of ongoing efforts to globalize Ukrainian intellectual heritage, particularly in the aftermath of Russia’s full-scale invasion. Against this backdrop, the participants approached translation both as a linguistic task and as a form of cultural diplomacy and civic engagement. The research method combines case study analysis, participant observation, and editorial critique of student drafts within the broader context of translation pedagogy and public scholarship. The research material includes the original Ukrainian text by Mykhailo Liakh, its English translation, and the iterative revisions made by students and the professor that led to the final published version. The project demonstrates that collaborative student translation can function both as a pedagogical model and as a form of cultural diplomacy, offering students the opportunity to act as mediators of national history for international audiences. Future research could explore the cultural potential of translation through the analysis of other student-translated popular texts under the author’s supervision, the role of translation in the decolonization of knowledge, the ethical integration of AI tools in translation education, and translation as civic engagement in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian War.

The article explores student collaboration in online German–Ukrainian translation classes within the challenging socio-political context of the Russo-Ukrainian War. The author describes a practice-based research project carried out at the Mykhailo Dragomanov State University of Ukraine, involving second-year Bachelor students at the A2 proficiency level in German. The research investigated changes in group work resulting from the implementation of an interactive mini-project. The central task was the collaborative translation of a popular article from the German journal Demokratischer Salon, which was later published on the Ukrainian cultural platform Experiment. To analyze student interaction, motivation, and language skills development, the study combined such qualitative methods as observations, a questionnaire, and analysis of student responses. The results indicate that the mini-project meaningfully increased student engagement and promoted critical thinking, intercultural communication skills, and reflection on learning processes. At the same time, the project also revealed challenges such as uneven participation, technical limitations of the online format, and the limited use of German in class communication due to students’ low proficiency levels. The author underscores the importance of applying the Deutsch Lehren Lernen (DLL) principles flexibly, especially in wartime conditions, where external factors (air raid alerts, power outages, and forced migration) complicate the educational process. The interactive mini-project enabled the integration of authentic tasks with tangible outcomes (publication) and demonstrated the potential of online tools to support collaboration despite the absence of face-to-face learning. The article also discusses an alternative project involving a theater visit, as an example of flexible planning and other forms of interactive learning. The author concludes that implementing interactive translation projects with public outcomes enhances student motivation and responsibility while positioning translation as a form of intercultural communication.

Introduction: Stroke is a significant public health burden in the Philippines, ranking among the leading causes of death and disability, yet a specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) assessment tool tailored for Filipino stroke survivors is lacking. This study aimed to address this gap by translating the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life (SS-QOL) questionnaire into Filipino and subsequently validating this new version to provide a culturally relevant and reliable outcome measure for stroke patients in the country. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was utilized, involving the translation of the SS-QOL from English to Filipino through Collaborative Translation Protocols, which centered on group consensus. Three Filipino language experts rigorously evaluated the initial translation for linguistic and cultural appropriateness. To assess content and face validity, an expert committee of three neurology consultants provided ratings, which were analyzed using the item-level content validity index (i-CVI). Subsequently, a pilot testing phase was conducted with 10 stroke survivors recruited via purposeful sampling in Metro Manila to evaluate the SS-QOL-Filipino's clarity, layout, understandability and answerability, while also measuring the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to assess consistency and agreement among items. Results: The SS-QOL was successfully forward translated and refined through focused group discussions (FGD) with language experts. The translated questionnaire demonstrated high content validity, with all items achieving an i-CVI of 1.0 as rated by neurology experts. Face validity was also established, incorporating minor revisions based on expert feedback. Pilot testing yielded an average measures ICC of 0.761, indicating strong agreement, and responses on a 5-point Likert scale showed the questionnaire was easy-to-very-easy to understand and answer (mode ranging from 3-5). Discussion: This study successfully developed a stroke-specific HRQOL tool for the Philippines, addressing a critical need for objective measures in patient-centered care. The use of Collaborative Translation Protocols ensured the questionnaire's conceptual, linguistic and cultural equivalence, incorporating nuances specific to the Filipino context in areas like eating habits, emotional expressions and technological terms. The high face and content validity, coupled with strong consistency and high understandability observed during pilot testing underscore the SS-QOL-Filipino's suitability for the target population, positioning it as a valuable instrument for both clinical practice and research. Conclusion: The SS-QOL scale was successfully translated into Filipino using Collaborative Translation Protocols and rigorously validated. The SS-QOL-Filipino version demonstrates high content and face validity, strong consistency and excellent understandability and answerability, affirming its status as a reliable and appropriate outcome measure for assessing the QOL among stroke patients in Metro Manila. Keywords: Stroke, collaborative translation protocols, quality of life, stroke specific quality of life scale, Filipino.

This study examines how participation rules shape environmental policy outcomes in China’s authoritarian–hybrid system. Using a theory-driven comparative design and process tracing across four rural wastewater and waste programs, we find that broader participation, bounded implementation-level delegation, and iterative, implementation-focused communication are associated with higher compliance and service quality than centralized, one-way designs. Conceptually, we extend Fung’s framework and refine McConnell’s multidimensional evaluation to show how rule choices translate into process, programmatic, and political outcomes. Practically, we propose a conditional hierarchy: administrative scale sets a feasibility frontier; policy complexity specifies design needs. We offer calibration heuristics that recommend: at higher tiers, structure consultation, standardize user-facing translation, and institutionalize trackable feedback with procedural safeguards; at lower tiers, pair inclusive boundaries with bounded, reversible mandates and milestone-linked iteration; for high-complexity tasks, combine expert advice with collaborative aggregation and translation; for low-complexity tasks, streamline information and selectively delegate micro-decisions.

Abstract This article explores the power dynamics in long-term collaborative translation. While power plays an essential role in collaborative translation, the sources and dynamics of power have received limited attention. The present study uses the concept of interdependence and an analytical framework from collaborative governance to examine the case of the Yangs, one of the most prominent co-translation teams in China. The case study analyzes textual and paratextual strategies employed in their co-translations and respective solo translations to identify their individual fingerprints in their co-translations. The study reveals how they obtained, negotiated, and accumulated four sources of power at different stages of their career, how their power relations evolved over time, and what factors may have contributed to the power dynamics between them. This research aims to enrich translation studies with insights into the mechanism of power play in collaborative translation and translators’ agency, autonomy, and empowerment.

With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology, machine translation systems have demonstrated significant advantages in handling multilingual information conversion. However, the fundamental differences between machine translation and human translators at the cognitive level have not yet been systematically explained. Based on a cognitive science framework, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of their essential differences in cognitive mechanisms. The study finds that machine translation is built upon computational models and data-driven approaches, characterized by formal processing and probabilistic optimization. In contrast, human translation relies on the complex cognitive system of the biological brain, possessing advanced cognitive capabilities such as contextual understanding, dynamic knowledge management, and creative decision-making. By constructing a systematic comparative analysis framework, this research elucidates the fundamental differences from three dimensions: language comprehension, knowledge application, and decision-making processes. Furthermore, based on cognitive complementarity, a new model of human-machine collaborative translation is proposed. This research not only deepens the theoretical understanding of the cognitive processes in translation but also provides a crucial foundation for developing efficient human-machine collaborative translation systems.

Abstract The present study investigates whether conservatism exists in human- and machine-translated texts from Chinese into English, and whether this tendency is consistently observable across different registers and multiple lexico-grammatical features by applying profile-based correspondence analysis and mixed-effects logistic regression modelling. The results reveal that human translation is characterised by a higher level of conservatism than both machine translation and original writing, irrespective of registers and lexico-grammatical features. In contrast, machine translation tends to be more conservative compared to non-translations only in journalistic and fictional texts, and the degree of conservatism varies across machine translation platforms. These findings suggest that human translators are more risk avoidant than original writers are, providing strong support for the risk aversion hypothesis. Moreover, the lack of understanding of translation norms or standards in machine translation, as well as the linguistic distinctions from human translation, implies the immense potential of future human-machine collaborative translation models.

IntroductionWith the development of artificial intelligence and computer science, human-computer collaborative translation (HMCT) mode has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of English translation. The purpose of this study was to explore the cognitive load characteristics of translators in the process of human-computer collaborative translation through eye tracking experiments of Chinese-English translation. Based on a 2 × 2 hybrid design, the participants’ eye movements were analyzed under the conditions of simple, medium and complex texts through two tasks, human translation and human-computer collaborative translation.MethodsThe study involved 30 master’s students or translators in translation who used Tobii Pro Glasses2 to record eye tracking data in real time, focusing on fixation time, regressionness, saccade and fixation point to reveal the impact of different Chinese-English translation tasks and text types on cognitive load.ResultsThe experimental results show that the fixation time, the numbers of regressions, fixations and saccades of human translation are significantly higher than those of human-computer collaborative translation, especially in complex text tasks. At the same time, the numbers of regressions and fixation time increased significantly with the increase of task complexity in both groups, and the human translation group showed a higher cognitive load in complex tasks.DiscussionThis study finds that the cognitive load of translators in the process of human-machine collaborative translation shows phased changes, especially when the output quality of machine translation is poor, translators need more cognitive resources to correct. The impact of complex tasks on cognitive load is even more significant, and human translation requires more cognitive effort on the part of translators. Eye tracking data analysis provides empirical support for understanding the cognitive mechanisms in the translation process. For the first time, this study systematically explored the cognitive load characteristics of human-computer collaborative translation through eye tracking technology, filling the research gap in this field in the existing literature. The results of this study not only provide a theoretical basis for optimizing translation tools and designing more efficient translation processes, but also provide a new perspective for cognitive load management in translation teaching and practice.

Review of Herbert, Jones & Sampson (2025): Collaborative Poetry Translation: Processes, Priorities, and Relationships in the Poettrio Method

ABSTRACT This study examines the translation partnership between Scottish missionary-sinologist James Legge (1815–1897) and Chinese scholar Wang Tao 王韬(1828–1897) that produced the monumental The Chinese Classics (1861–1872). Moving beyond traditional narratives that minimize Wang's contributions, this study analyzes the complex interactions and modalities of production in their decade-long collaboration. Drawing on Wang's personal library records in the Records from Henghua Study (Henghua Guan Zalu 蘅華館雜錄) and textual analysis of their translations, this research employs collaborative translation theory and postcolonial perspectives to reveal how their partnership navigated colonial power dynamics in nineteenth-century Hong Kong. Wang provided crucial scholarly apparatus, philological insights, and cultural context that fundamentally shaped Legge's understanding of Chinese classical texts. Their co-translation methodology – combining Western philological approaches with Chinese exegetical traditions – created a distinctive ‘thick translation’ that made Chinese classics accessible to Western readers while preserving interpretive complexity. This case study illuminates co-translation as cultural mediation in colonial contexts and demonstrates how cross-cultural knowledge production created spaces for intellectual agency within asymmetrical power relations.

This article presents a system of exercises and tasks aimed at developing students’ written translation competence through the use of corpus-based tools. Written translation is a complex linguistic, cognitive, and cultural process in which the student must not only transfer the content of the text into another language, but also accurately interpret its communicative purpose, stylistic tone, and the author’s intention. From this perspective, the system of exercises and tasks serves as a central component of foreign language teaching methodology, playing a significant role in transforming theoretical knowledge into practical activity and in fostering students’ independent and critical thinking as translators. The article examines the advantages of a corpus-based approach. In particular, the use of parallel and monolingual corpora enables a precise identification of the frequency, stylistic features, and contextual meanings of linguistic units in real language usage. This contributes to maintaining semantic equivalence, genre appropriateness, and discursive coherence in the translation process. The article also provides a didactic classification of translation exercises and highlights their role in enhancing cognitive, communicative, and reflective learner engagement. Practical tasks include segmentation activities, comparative analysis of alternative translation variants, searching for contextual synonyms, reinterpretation of idiomatic expressions, the use of terminological corpora, working with Translation Memory tools, and collaborative translation project-based learning. The study concludes by substantiating the pedagogical value of corpus-based exercises and tasks in developing written translation skills and offers methodological recommendations for their effective integration into the teaching process.

BackgroundDeaf individuals face barriers in accessing healthcare for dementia and Alzheimer's disease and are often overlooked in research. Deaf-friendly scales in German Sign Language (DGS) are urgently needed to ensure inclusive and equitable dementia care for Deaf individuals.ObjectiveThe aim of the study is the linguistic and cultural adaptation/validation of the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale (DKAS-D), the Dementia Attitude Scale (DAS-D), and the Confidence in Dementia Care Scale (CODE-D) into DGS.MethodThe three scales were adapted into DGS using a collaborative translation process involving Deaf and hearing bilingual signers. A convenience sample of 205 Deaf participants answered the DKAS-DGS and DAS-DGS; a subsample answered the CODE-DGS (n = 160) online via Google Forms or as a pencil-and-paper version in person. Psychometric validation included internal consistency, structural and construct validity. For the DKAS-DGS an item analysis was conducted.ResultsInternal consistency was acceptable to good for all scales. The removal of five items from the DKAS-DGS and four from the DAS-DGS led to improvements in structural validity for both. The CODE-DGS one-factor structure showed good model fit. Construct validity was confirmed, with participants with practical or professional experience with people living with dementia scoring higher on all scales. Item analysis of the DKAS-DGS revealed challenges in translation, as well as the need for accessible, tailored dementia education for the Deaf community.ConclusionsThe three scales are valuable tools for measuring dementia knowledge, attitudes, and confidence in care among DGS-signers and may be used in future research settings.

Theatre language is a distinctive mode of communication characterized by its performative nature, oral orientation, and integration within a multimodal artistic context. Unlike traditional literary texts, dramatic language functions not only as written material but as a blueprint for live performance, combining dialogue, physical gestures, timing, and spatial dynamics to create a holistic theatrical experience. Translating theatre texts, therefore, presents unique challenges that extend beyond linguistic equivalence to encompass cultural specificity, performative feasibility, and audience reception. This paper investigates the essential characteristics of theatre language and explores the inherent difficulties encountered in its translation across languages and cultures. Employing a qualitative methodology that includes a comprehensive literature review and comparative textual analysis of selected dramatic works—ranging from Shakespearean classics to contemporary European drama—the study identifies key features such as colloquialism, dialectal variation, wordplay, and multimodality that complicate the translation process. The results reveal that theatre translation requires creative strategies to negotiate cultural references, humor, and performative constraints, often demanding adaptive solutions rather than literal translations. The discussion highlights the translator’s role as a cultural mediator and creative collaborator within the theatrical production process. This paper contributes to the growing field of theatre translation studies by emphasizing the interplay between language, culture, and performance, and suggests directions for future research including empirical studies on audience reception and collaborative translation practices.

Background and ObjectiveThe Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)–English is a valid and reliable instrument for disability measurement in low back pain (LBP) patients. There is no existing ODI–Ilokano that evaluates LBP patients. This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt the ODI–English into Ilokano.MethodsThe ODI–English was cross-culturally adapted into Ilokano through a process that included forward translation, synthesis of the translations, back translation, expert committee review, and testing of the pre-final version.ResultsForward translation focused on capturing the essence of terms related to pain intensity, personal care, and daily activities, achieving consensus on phrases that accurately mirrored the original English meanings. Subsequent synthesis refined these translations, emphasizing idiomatic and conceptual equivalence over literal interpretations, particularly in nuanced areas like sleep disturbance and social life activities. Backward translation processes aligned Ilokano and English terms, especially for pain intensity and personal care, ensuring consistency across languages. The expert committee review addressed spelling, word choice, and sentence structure, making strategic adjustments for cultural relevance. Pilot testing with participants from Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, Philippines highlighted comprehension challenges with specific terms, leading to adaptations like replacing 'milya' and 'yarda' with metric units and retaining culturally sensitive terms with supplementary English explanations.ConclusionThis study refined the ODI–English into a culturally adapted Ilokano version, focusing on semantic, idiomatic, and cultural equivalence. Incorporating pilot testing feedback, such as modifying measurement units and addressing sensitive terms, highlighted the thorough adaptation process. The collaborative translation efforts and diverse patient input ensured a culturally resonant ODI version for Ilokano speakers. This adaptation enhances physical therapy practices by improving patient assessments and advocates for adapting patient-reported outcomes to diverse cultures, advancing patient-centered care.

The poetry of Jidi Majia celebrates the traditions of the Yi minority in China, especially the Nuosu tribe, or Black Yi. His works have attracted global recognition, thanks to their translation into over 40 languages, including English, Spanish, Irish, Greek and Scots. In 2019, a Portuguese version of Jidi’s poetry was produced by José Luís Peixoto, as part of a project jointly promoted by the National Press and Publication Administration of China and corresponding Portuguese cultural agencies. Given the relative scarcity of literary translators who are proficient in Mandarin and well-versed in the culture of Chinese ethnic minorities, the translation of Jidi Majia’s poetry into other languages usually relies on “indirect translation”, often using English as an “intermediate language.” For his Portuguese renditions, Peixoto used English, French, and Spanish as intermediate languages and solicited the collaboration of a Portuguese-speaking Chinese scholar, Cláudia You, to check his translations. The published version of Jidi Majia’s poetry in Portuguese is, therefore, the result of multiple layers of interpretation, rewriting, cross-checking and redrafting. As with all examples of indirect and collaborative translation, the process raises questions about responsibility and the relative authority of the contributing actors and intermediate texts. This article explores these questions, drawing not only on the Chinese source text, the English intermediate text and the Portuguese target text, but also on paratexts, including the introduction to the Portuguese edition, the email correspondence between José Luís Peixoto and Cláudia You, Cláudia You’s notes on Peixoto’s draft translations, and an interview with her about her experience as a collaborator. From this case study, the author of the present paper seeks to identify the boundaries and roles that must be negotiated in cases of collaborative and indirect translation, particularly when the outcome is to represent an ethnic minority for a cosmopolitan readership.

Purpose –The primary aim of this study is to adapt the Creative Performance Pressure scale developed by Liu et al. (2022) into Turkish and to comprehensively evaluate its factor structure and reliability. Additionally, the Routine Performance Pressure (Mitchell et al., 2018) and Creative Requirements (Unsworth et al., 2005) scales were also adapted into Turkish and assessed through convergent and divergent validity analyses, thereby contributing to the comprehensive validation of these measures. The second aim, aligned with the first, is to examine the effects of creative performance pressure, routine performance pressure, and creative requirements on employee well-being, work stress, and organizational creativity through these scales. Within the scope of this second aim, the study also seeks to establish the predictive validity of the scales.Design/methodology/approach –Collaborative translation technique was used to ensure conceptual and linguistic equivalence of the scale items. Structural validity was tested through confirmatory factor analysis, while internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability coefficients. Predictive validity was examined via path analysis. Differences between public and private sector white-collar employees were analyzed using multi-group analysis. The study is theoretically grounded in Cognitive Appraisal and Conservation of Resources theories.Results–The adapted scales demonstrated satisfactory levels of structural validity and reliability for use in the Turkish context. The results revealed significant sectoral differences in the perception of performance pressures and creative requirements, which were found to influence levels of work stress, organizational creativity, and psychological well-being.Discussion –By adapting these scales into Turkish for the first time, the study contributes to the local literature. The findings emphasize that the impact of creative demands and pressures varies across sectors. Therefore, sector-specific strategies are needed to manage work-related stress effectively and foster creativity. Moreover, a balanced and mindful approach to managing these pressures is essential for safeguarding and improving employees’ psychological well-being.

With the continuous progress of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, the field of knowledge management is facing new opportunities and challenges. The purpose of this study is to improve the efficiency and user experience of collaborative translation system by optimizing the design of human-computer interaction interface and then promote knowledge sharing and transformation in a multilingual environment. This paper uses principal component analysis to extract features, uses genetic algorithm to select features, and then introduces enhanced scalar calculation algorithm (ESCA) to improve system performance. The experimental results show that compared with traditional methods, the ESCA method proposed in this study shows significant advantages in key indicators such as accuracy and calculation time; the accuracy is as high as 98%. In addition, this paper provided new tools and support for knowledge management. The research not only opens up a new way for HCI interface optimization, but also contributes to the development of AI-driven knowledge management system.

Translation ethics is an important aspect of Translation Studies that has gained increasing attention in recent years. From an ethical perspective, this study investigates the onscreen commenting system: danmu subtitling, an emergent non-professional and collaborative translation practice popular in Asian communities. Adopting, modifying and expanding Andrew Chesterman's models of translation ethics, i.e., representation ethics, service ethics, communication ethics, norm-based ethics and ethics of professional commitment and proposing an ethics of digital technology, this study delves into how ethical principles explain the user-generated danmu subtitles. Descriptive discourse analysis is performed in this study observing an episode of Tamara's World (uploaded with no subtitles or translations), an English variety show, examining 296 translation-related instances among 1,490 danmu comments. Findings indicate that multiple ethical models elucidate danmu subtitling practices, which encounter distinct ethical conflicts. Consequently, adaptive regulation is proposed to resolve these conflicts.

Abstract The primary objective of translation is to accurately render the meaning of the source text into the target language. However, many translation students frequently employ inaccurate translation methods when translating between English and Arabic. This study investigates the effectiveness of the cooperative work procedure in improving translation accuracy and linguistic proficiency among Moroccan students enrolled in the course of Advanced Translation Studies at the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech. Utilizing a quasi-experimental research design, the study compares an experimental group, which engaged in structured collaborative translation tasks, with a control group following traditional individual translation approaches. The purposive sample comprised fifth-semester translation students. Findings indicate that collaborative translation significantly enhanced students’ translation accuracy, critical thinking, and linguistic skills. Future research should examine the integration of digital tools within broader academic contexts to further explore collaborative translation methods.