The long-term success of protected and conserved areas depends on their capacity to remain relevant to human society while maintaining diverse, functional ecosystems. However, despite long-standing interest in applying complex systems approaches to foster protected area (PA) social-ecological resilience and adaptive capacity, a gap between theory and practice remains. We reviewed the evolution of overarching principles for resilience management to provide a cohesive synthesis and identify priorities for conservation governance and management. A systematic literature search identified 15 individual articles that together proposed 20 interrelated thematic clusters (themes) of principles. Analysis of connections between themes and publications identified 2 main schools, one with a more institutional focus (the Ostrom school) and the other with a more ecological focus (the Holling school). We assessed the strengths and weaknesses of the combined set of resilience principles with a focus on identifying gaps in current knowledge. Strengths included principles supported by extensive research on ecological diversity, heterogeneity, and collaborative governance. Key gaps relating to PA resilience included 3 interrelated needs for future research and action: developing governance solutions that extend beyond traditional PA boundaries, clarification of the dynamics of the relationship between resilience and transformation agendas, and deeper and more formal inclusion of justice and equity in resilience management. The rigorous establishment, application, and testing of science-based principles for building and supporting resilience and adaptive capacity, and their translation into conservation actions, remain a critically important goal for conservation science.

AI tech gets thoroughly rooted in company functions, and when it starts blending into human resource stuff, big changes happen to organizations, but it's mostly on the micro effects of singular AI tools. It doesn't look at how many org conditions together would affect change. This study bridges this gap by probing how configurations, made up of embedded technology depth, the cross-disciplinary area of human resources, organizational support structure, and data governance development, bring about those good organizational results. Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis on 6 different companies from different sectors, the research found that there are 3 equifinal pathways to substantial transformation: strategically led deep transformation, business-collaborative agile evolution, or data-driven progressive improvement. Organizational support became a necessary foundation condition. Strong cross-function collaboration and strong data governance can make up for a slightly shallower technology embedding. And provides configurational theories to the knowledge of AI-HRM literature and helps the managers make changes in organizations with AI.

This research explores the ways in which green procurement and carbon management practices contribute to sustainable supply chain performance in emerging markets, while also investigating how stakeholder pressure moderates these relationships. Anchored in Institutional Theory and the Natural Resource-Based View, the study treats sustainable supply chain performance as a multifaceted outcome influenced by deliberate sourcing choices, structured carbon reduction efforts, and external pressures for legitimacy. Using a quantitative cross-sectional approach, the authors gathered responses from 385 supply chain practitioners, sustainability officers, and sector specialists through an online 5-point Likert-scale survey. Data analysis, performed in SPSS, included checks for reliability, exploratory factor analysis, multiple regression models, and moderation testing via Hayes’ PROCESS macro. The results demonstrate that green procurement (β = 0.666) and carbon management practices (β = 0.688) each exert a robust, highly significant positive influence on sustainable supply chain performance. In addition, stakeholder pressure markedly enhances the effect of carbon management on performance outcomes (β = 0.565), illustrating how institutional demands can substantially reinforce internal environmental initiatives. Collectively, the evidence suggests that strong sustainability performance in emerging-market supply chains emerges not from standalone green efforts, but from the thoughtful alignment of procurement strategies, carbon-focused governance, and proactive stakeholder collaboration. By synthesizing institutional and resource-based lenses, this work enriches theoretical insights and delivers practical guidance for managers and policymakers navigating sustainability challenges in institutionally complex environments.

Abstract National IHL committees (NIHLCs) have been repeatedly recognized as one of the most effective tools for strengthening implementation of international humanitarian law (IHL). This article traces the evolution of Australia’s NIHLC since its establishment in 1977, describes recent reforms to its mandate, composition and goals, and provides examples of its work at a local, regional and global level. In doing so, the article seeks to provide an example of how a long-standing NIHLC can strengthen and reaffirm IHL implementation and foster greater collaboration between a government and a National Red Cross and Red Crescent Society.

The distribution of food safety risks and their associated health impacts constitute a significant societal cause of health inequalities. As a major agricultural and food production base in China, Jilin Province has seen limited research on the fairness of collaborative food safety governance from a health equity perspective, despite its critical necessity. This study integrates the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) to establish an evaluation framework. Following a “structure-process-outcome” analytical approach and the DPSIR model, a multidimensional indicator system was constructed. Comprehensive data from multiple sources—including policy documents, regulatory enforcement records, sampling inspection data, and questionnaire surveys—were synthesized with expert consultation results from 33 specialists to conduct a quantitative assessment of the fairness in Jilin Province’s collaborative food safety governance. Results indicate that the comprehensive score for local collaborative food safety governance is 3.63/5, reflecting an overall upper-middle level. However, significant urban–rural and socio-economic disparities in governance fairness were identified. Key findings include: (1) Distinct urban–rural and regional gradients in governance resource allocation (e.g., regulatory density, testing coverage) and significant differences in public information awareness, participation convenience, and satisfaction. (2) Multi-dimensional performance is uneven—government regulatory capacity scored highest (4.0), corporate responsibility implementation lowest (3.0), while third-party testing and public participation both scored 3.5, indicating insufficient depth of social force involvement. (3) Structural equity and process equity are key determinants of outcome equity, with groups possessing higher socioeconomic capital demonstrating stronger capacity to benefit from the governance system. (4) The overall coordination of the governance system remains inadequate, exhibiting characteristics of “strong government, weak society and enterprises,” with insufficient information sharing and collaboration mechanisms. The study indicates that Jilin Province’s food safety governance exhibits partial inequities in benefit distribution. Based on these findings, this paper proposes corresponding policy implications to serve as a reference for improving food management and alleviating related challenges.

Ecotourism development in Barru Regency currently faces complex challenges stemming from the disparity between abundant natural resource potential and the readiness of regional government institutions. This study aims to identify and analyze the roles of government and non-government actors, while simultaneously dissecting the relationship between local political dynamics and the effectiveness of ecotourism policy in Barru Regency. The research method applied is a qualitative approach with an exploratory case study design, in which primary data were collected through in-depth interviews with key informants from the legislative and executive branches and local communities, using an interactive data analysis model. The results indicate that local political dynamics are the primary determinant of policy effectiveness, as budget politics prioritize large-scale physical infrastructure development over environmental conservation. This condition creates institutional challenges in the form of a regional regulatory vacuum, leading to bureaucratic fragmentation and confusion over authority among technical agencies within the executive branch. Empirical data show a drastic decline in visitation and revenue at government-owned tourism attractions, while the private sector is experiencing massive growth. The weakness of these formal state institutions prompts the emergence of grassroots initiatives from non-government actors at the village level who self-manage governance roles, although these initiatives are threatened by stagnation due to the absence of systemic support. This study concludes that collaborative governance practices in Barru Regency have not yet ideally materialized due to the absence of an inclusive decision-making forum. As a recommendation, the regional government must urgently draft a regional regulation mandating the establishment of a collaborative ecotourism council to synergize the roles of government, village, and private-sector managers into a single sustainable development vision.

This policy brief examines the leakage of Locally-Owned Revenue (PAD) in Keerom Regency, Papua Indonesia, driven by weak inter-agency coordination, fragmented fiscal oversight, and limited data integration in border areas. Vulnerabilities are identified in the data collection, determination, collection, and reporting stages of PAD, which open up opportunities for leakage. To address these issues, this policy brief discusses and compares two policy options: strengthening informal inter-agency coordination and institutionalizing collaborative governance. Comparisons are made based on feasibility, cost, time of impact, risks, and monitoring indicators. Based on this analysis, a phased approach is recommended that combines short-term responses with medium-term institutionalization policies to strengthen fiscal accountability and sustainable PAD governance.

This study investigates the organisational transformations required to re-engineer Botswana’s civil service through human–AI collaboration to develop a Fourth Industrial Revolution–ready public sector. The study adopted a qualitative research design based on document analysis informed by grounded theory principles. Secondary data were drawn from government reports, national and regional policy documents, and peer-reviewed academic literature published between 2020 and 2025. An inductive analytical process involving open, axial, and selective coding was used to identify recurring patterns and relationships, leading to the development of an integrative theoretical explanation of AI-enabled organisational transformation in Botswana’s civil service. The findings demonstrate that effective AI integration in Botswana’s civil service requires fundamental organisational restructuring. In relation to leadership and management, the study finds that adaptive leadership competencies, strategic sense-making, and participatory managerial practices are critical for aligning AI initiatives with public service objectives. With respect to the workforce, the findings reveal that workforce anxiety is a major constraint on AI adoption, but can be mitigated through targeted skills development, transparent communication, and continuous learning frameworks. Across all objectives, the study identifies leadership as the central mediating mechanism through which organisational change, workforce trust, and human–AI collaboration is achieved. Ethical governance and cross-sectoral collaboration further emerge as enabling conditions for sustainable and trusted AI deployment. The study relies exclusively on secondary data, which limits direct insight into the lived experiences of civil servants during AI implementation. Nonetheless, the study offers a robust theoretical contribution by advancing a leadership-mediated model of human–AI augmentation that can inform public sector reform, policy design, and leadership development in Botswana and comparable developing-country contexts.

Group effort or single-handed? A study on the mechanisms by which multistakeholder collaborative governance influences carbon emissions in urban agglomerations

Investigating Stakeholders’ Evolutionary Game Strategy under Collaborative Governance Behavior in the Renovation of Old Residential Areas: Case from China

This bibliometric study maps 52 years of scholarship on “wicked problems,” tracing the field’s evolution from Rittel and Webber’s foundational framing to contemporary debates on super-wicked problems, clumsy solutions, and adaptive governance. We identify four dominant thematic clusters: collaborative governance, sustainability, policy implementation, and crisis management. Co-citation and co-word analyses reveal two emerging fault lines—one emphasizing networked, deliberative governance and another critiquing collaborative feasibility—and point to novel research frontiers, including joined-up government, pragmatic experimentation, and temporal governance for time-urgent challenges. We propose a typology of wicked problems and outline four governance paradigms to guide practitioners.

This paper explores the financial management of innovation ecosystems in European Union member states by introducing a comparative framework based on three financial intensity metrics: research and development expenditure per capita, per employed person, and per research and development personnel. While existing literature emphasizes collaborative governance, funding instruments, and innovation outputs, it often lacks a coherent financial interpretation of innovation indicators. The study addresses this gap by investigating whether translating innovation metrics into financial terms enhances the strategic evaluation and management of national innovation ecosystems. The research builds on previous studies that highlight the growing role of venture capital, public financial institutions, and digital financing tools in fostering innovation. Using longitudinal data from 2015 to 2023, the analysis applies a categorization model aligned with established performance thresholds to classify countries based on their financial investment in innovation. The results reveal significant discrepancies between financial input-based classification and existing scoreboard-based rankings, particularly in the identification of leading and lagging performers. The findings suggest that financial intensity provides a more grounded understanding of national innovation capacities. This approach offers a transparent, replicable tool for benchmarking investment strategies and supports future research focused on aligning funding models with innovation policy and performance outcomes.

Abstract This paper presents SkillSwap, a modular peer-to- peer digital learning ecosystem designed to enable structured skill exchange through a credit-governed participation model. Unlike traditional Learning Management Systems (LMS) that rely on centralized, one-directional instructional delivery, SkillSwap introduces a decentralized reciprocal framework where users dynamically alternate between instructor and learner roles. The system is implemented using a full- stack architecture comprising a REST- driven backend (Node.js, Express.js), a document- oriented database (MongoDB Atlas), secure token-based authentication (JWT), encrypted credential storage (bcrypt), and a WebRTC-enabled live lecture integration layer utilizing the Jitsi Meet API. The architecture ensures secure route-level access control, atomic credit transaction validation, and optimized indexed database queries. Performance benchmarking demonstrates stable REST API latency under concurrent usage conditions and reliable live session handling within browser- native environments. SkillSwap establishes a calable, secure, and institution-ready framework for decentralized academic collaboration and structured knowledge governance. Keywords: Peer-to-Peer Learning, REST Architecture, WebRTC Integration, JWT Authentication, MongoDB, Credit-Based Governance, Digital Learning Ecosystem.

In order to cope with the challenge of “insufficient student participation and weak guiding effect” in the social media era, this study constructed the participation mechanism of “three-level progressive rights protection,” “school-college-class organization cooperation,” and “three-dimensional incentive + double constraints” and designed the implementation path of “online accurate acquisition, offline deep empowerment, and double-line collaborative linkage.” The empirical results show that the model improves the efficiency of public opinion governance, and the overall processing time is reduced by 57.3%. The coverage rate of students' participation jumped from 18.5% to 67.3%, which successfully promoted the transformation from “unilateral management of schools” to “collaborative governance of teachers and students.”

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the research gap on how marketing leverages digital technologies to enable circular economy transitions in tourism. Guided by Stakeholder Theory, it examines how artificial intelligence, blockchain, and digital platforms reshape sustainable value creation, accountability, and collaborative governance within Spain's tourism sector. A qualitative case study combining content analysis and 25 semistructured interviews with executives and international tourists reveals that blockchain verification mitigates greenwashing, AI personalizes sustainability‐aligned travel, and platforms like España Accesible (Accessible Spain) enhance inclusivity. The study extends Stakeholder Theory into digitally mediated contexts and conceptualizes circular marketing as a mechanism linking technology, ethics, and stakeholder co‐creation. Managerially, it offers actionable insights for implementing eco‐calculators, digital product passports, and AI‐driven behavioral nudges. Although limited to Spain, the findings provide transferable lessons for other destinations seeking to align tourism competitiveness with systemic sustainability.

This study analyzes the collaborative practice of Satu Tungku Tiga Batu in stunting prevention in Fakfak Regency, Indonesia, as a local wisdom-based governance model. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and document analysis involving 17 key informants from government, traditional, and religious leaders. Data analysis employed the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña, supported by triangulation of methods, sources, and theories grounded in collaborative governance and Country Collaboration Theory. The findings indicate that Satu Tungku Tiga Batu strengthens social trust, role equality, and collaborative commitment through the Wewowo forum as a co-determination space. The collaboration achieved a ‘small victory’ by initiating revisions to Regent Regulation No. 62 of 2022 to formally involve traditional and religious leaders. This study concludes that integrating local cultural values fosters inclusive, participatory, and sustainable collaborative governance in stunting management.

Rates of alien species introductions in European waters continue to increase rapidly. As a fundamental concern for the European Commission, the identification of novel and potential Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in the region is essential to realise implementation of current EU regulations. The silver-cheeked toadfish, Lagocephalus sceleratus, has recently been identified as a significant threat to local biodiversity, fisheries, and human health in the region. In order to assess the potential for further range expansion, and to support potential mitigation strategies for this species, we employed species distribution models (SDMs) to assess the past, current and future habitat suitability of the silver-cheeked toadfish in Europe. Species distribution models (SDMs) indicate that habitat suitability for Lagocephalus sceleratus will increase in the Eastern Mediterranean, the Adriatic and Ligurian Seas, and the Strait of Sicily, extending toward the North African coast under a realistic climate scenario. Additionally, rising temperatures between 2000 and 2020 possibly enhanced the species’ migration through the Suez Canal into the Mediterranean Sea, which had remained uncolonized since its opening in 1863 until the first record of this species presence in 2003. Given the establishment and rapid expansion of the silver-cheeked toadfish in the Mediterranean, complete eradication is no longer feasible, necessitating a shift toward adaptive management and mitigation strategies. Key priorities include public education to reduce poisoning incidents, support for the fisheries sector through technological and financial measures, and the promotion of collaborative governance among scientists, fishers, and policymakers.

This paper examines how policy capacity shapes collaborative governance in mobility transitions through a qualitative case study of Delhi’s 2020 Electric Vehicle (EV) Policy. It addresses the policy problem of why collaborations around ambitious, high-visibility transition policies are difficult to sustain over time, despite strong early leadership and political support. This is important because governments increasingly rely on multi-actor arrangements to deliver low-carbon mobility, yet often overlook the underlying capacities required to maintain them. The study finds that collaboration in Delhi’s EV policy was initially enabled by strong analytical and political capacities concentrated in a small group of senior bureaucrats and an atypical state think tank, working closely with non-state knowledge organizations. These actors designed structured forums, attracted capable partners, and established early interest. Over time, however, limited operational capacity in line departments, fragmented and weakly organized industry representation, and missing systemic analytical capacities in road transport sector, eroded the collaborative momentum. The paper concludes that sustaining collaboration in emerging policy domains requires more than early champions and external expertise. It argues for deliberate investments in mid-level public managers within core agencies, stronger organization and analytical roles for industry and civil society, and the development of systemic data and research infrastructures. These recommendations speak directly to policymakers seeking to govern mobility transitions through durable, capacity-aware collaborative arrangements.

The use of horeg sound systems at social and cultural events such as weddings, festivals, and community gatherings has become deeply embedded in everyday practices within Indonesian society. Despite their cultural significance, the absence of clear and consistently enforced regulatory frameworks has resulted in recurrent public disturbances, particularly noise pollution that affects social order and community well being. Drawing on theories of public regulation and collaborative governance, this study examines the institutional and societal challenges encountered by local governments in regulating horeg sound system usage, while also identifying opportunities for participatory regulatory approaches. Using a qualitative research design, data were collected through semi structured interviews and surveys across several regions to capture both governmental and community perspectives. The findings reveal that regulatory effectiveness is constrained not only by limited enforcement capacity but also by fragmented public awareness and weak regulatory legitimacy. However, the study also highlights the potential of community-based participation to enhance compliance, legitimacy, and regulatory responsiveness. This research contributes to the governance literature by demonstrating how culturally embedded practices require adaptive and participatory regulatory strategies that move beyond command-and-control approaches, offering practical insights for balancing cultural expression with the protection of public order.

Consensus-based decision-making is increasingly referenced in efforts to democratize governance in higher education, yet little is known about how consensus processes are enacted, under what conditions they work, and what lessons can be drawn for higher education contexts. Using a realist method—identifying context–mechanism–outcome (CMO) configurations—we examined how, when, and for whom consensus-based processes foster mutual understanding and inclusive governance. Findings from sixty-three records point to four contexts where consensus processes unfold: conflict resolution, inter-organizational collaboration, intra-organizational decision-making, and Indigenous governance. Across these, consensus emerges not as an outcome but as a relational process requiring attention to facilitation, process design, representation, and power dynamics. In higher education, consensus has been used in strategic planning, policy development, and localized decision-making. Indigenous-led approaches emphasized the revitalization of traditional knowledge and principles. We conceptualize consensus processes as dynamic social systems comprising interrelated parts—people, principles, processes, institutional structures, and information flows—that generate emergent outcomes, adapt, and occasionally disrupt the larger systems in which they are embedded. Deliberating lessons learned, our synthesis contributes to ongoing discussions on democratizing higher education and informs policy conversations on embedding deliberative governance practices.