Cold Run Research Articles

Changes in ENSO Characteristics in Model Simulations with Considerably Altered Background Climate States

Abstract Changes in the background climate are known to affect El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) by altering feedbacks that control ENSO’s characteristics. Here, the sensitivity of ENSO variability to the background climate is investigated by utilizing two Community Earth System Model, version 1 (CESM1), simulations in which the solar constant is altered by ±25 W m−2. The resulting stable warm and cold climate mean state simulations differ in terms of ENSO amplitude, frequency, diversity, asymmetry, and seasonality. In the warm run, ENSO reveals a larger amplitude and occurs at higher frequencies relative to the cold and control runs as well as observations. The warm run also features more eastern Pacific El Niños, an increased asymmetry, and a stronger seasonal phase locking. These changes are linked to changes in the mean state via the amplifying and damping feedbacks. In the warm run, a shallower mean thermocline results in a stronger subsurface–surface coupling, whereas the cold run reveals reduced ENSO variability due to a reduced Bjerknes feedback in accordance with a deeper mean thermocline and enhanced surface wind stress. A strong zonal advective and upwelling feedback further contribute to the large ENSO amplitude in the run with a warmer mean state. In the cold run, ENSO events are partly forced by anomalous shortwave radiation. However, in light of the large temperature contrast between the simulations of up to 6 K in the tropical Pacific, the relatively small changes in ENSO variability highlight the robustness of ENSO dynamics under vastly different climate mean states.

The Questionnaire Survey of Japanese Practice and Environment for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy in 2021

Recently, the targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) was urgently required to adapt the practice and environment because of the implementation of novel therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals such as alpha- and beta- radionuclides therapy. The present study aimed to clarify the questionnaire survey with the current situation (safety controls for workers and patients) at Japanese TRT facilities. The massive questionnaire survey, 2 months from October to November 2021, was conducted among nationwide 251 facilities that have performed TRT in the past two years. The alpha- and beta- therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals were categorized and answered by one representative of the facility under anonymity. We analyzed the actual situation of each facility related to occupational exposure, radiation protection, contamination inspection, patient release criteria, and dosimetry for TRT. The survey response rate was 69.1% (174 facilities). About 75% of these facilities reported that they either follow the guidelines or take their own measures to reduce occupational exposure. The confirmed means of patient release criteria were 68.0% with the administered radioactivity and 87.2% with the ambient dose rate. The cold run was not performed for the first time at 15.0% and 10.0% of the facilities for β- and α-emitting radionuclides, respectively. The facilities without attachment syringe shields were 39.2% for alpha-radionuclides therapy and 20.3% for beta-radionuclides therapy. We clarified the Japanese problem for TRT practice and environment by the questionnaire survey. Our findings indicated that the Japanese guidelines and manuals for TRT were not partly followed in the nationwide facilities.

Methoding and Defect Minimization of Center Plate Casting by Auto-CASTX1 Software

The intense competition, in the world, for all components has compelled. All manufacturers try to manufacture parts with low cost, good quality, and on-time delivery. Nowadays, minimizing defects in casting is a significant issue in a foundry. Casting simulation has evolved into a useful tool for visualizing mold filling, solidification, and cooling and forecasting the location of internal flaws, including shrinkage porosity, sand inclusions, and cold closes. Controlling shrinkage porosity, inclusions, and cold run flaws have all improved dramatically. In this case, using a computer to replicate mold filling and solidification is beneficial to the foundry sector. It also increases the confidence in the quality of its castings and lowers the cost of rejection. It has also helped reduce the cost of methoding; simulation of casting processes is gaining acceptance in the foundry sector worldwide. It is being used to rectify existing castings, make new ones, and enable the emergence of new castings with no need for shop-floor trials. Because of its increased productivity, less energy and resources are required for melting and recycling. As energy is reduced, productivity improves, and as productivity rises, profit begins to rise as well. Metal casting technologies productivity and reliability are often under growing capable to improve high-quality components. In this paper, a contextual investigation on a center plate casting for replacing the current experimentation technique by using Auto-castX1 simulation software so that it can diminish the rejection rate from 8.5 to 3.5%. Simulation of the casting process has proved to be an effective tool in developing cost-effective and high-performance cast components.

Cold emission optimization of a diesel- and alternative fuel-driven CI engine

This paper deals with the emission optimization of a compression ignition (CI) engine during cold ambient operation. Hence, in the present study, the effect of different injector nozzle geometries and pilot injection strategies, but also the influence of intake swirl, rail pressure, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) as well as EGR cooling on the emission behavior during cold run are investigated. Therefore, test bed experiments under steady-state cold conditions are conducted on a state-of-the-art CI single cylinder research engine (SCRE) with approximately 0.5 l swept volume representing the typical passenger car (PC) cylinder size. The cold charge air temperature of down to −8 ^{circ }hbox { C} and a low engine coolant and lube oil temperature represent a cold run close to reality. For emulating the higher friction of a typical 4-cylinder PC engine during cold run, the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) is increased according to a specifically developed equation and the turbocharger main equation is solved permanently to adjust the gas exchange loss. To take account of a potential future tightening of emission legislation, in addition to limited exhaust gas emissions, non-limited emissions such as carbonyls are measured as well. Since alternative fuels are able to make a significant contribution to the defossilisation of transportation, an oxygen-containing fuel, consisting of 100 % renewable blend components (HVO, ethers and alcohols) and fulfilling the EN 590 legislation is investigated under the same cold conditions in addition to the research on conventional diesel fuel.

Taking on the cold weather run

Taking on the cold weather run

Development of Tritium Tracer Doped Liquid Fuel Target for Inertial Confinement Fusion at the Gekko XII-LFEX Facility

In inertial confinement fusion (ICF), a fuel target containing deuterium and tritium is used. In recent ICF experiments on the Gekko XII LFEX facility at the Institute of Laser Engineering at Osaka University (ILE-Osaka), a target comprised of a polystyrene capsule filled with D2O liquid and a solution of X-ray tracer materials, such as copper, titanium, or chlorine, was developed. In this study, an additional T2O doping technique by which tritium can be mixed uniformly has been developed. The T2O is synthesized by T2 gas using a CuO oxidation catalyst. The T2O is agglutinated by cold trap and transferred to a target cell in which a D2O-solution-filled target is placed. Because polystyrene is slightly permeable for T2O and D2O, D2O is exchanged by T2O and completely mixed. Thus, a uniform tritium-doped ICF target with various materials can be fabricated. The T2O synthesizing and doping system is developed and tested using H2 as a cold run. The H2O is successfully doped to a D2O prefilled target at approximately 50% doping. This scheme will be utilized in future fast ignition experiments at ILE-Osaka.

Information modelling system for diagnostics of different types of blast-furnace smelting deviations from normal conditions

A logic basis for assessment of normal progress of blast-furnace smelting and identification of different types of deviations from normal smelting conditions were developed, including peripheral gas stream, central (axial) gas stream, hot and cold run, tight furnace operation, upper and lower suspension of burden in the blast furnace. Both the complex of controlled characteristics and design parameters of the model-based decision support system (URFU-MMK model of blast-furnace process) are used for assessment. The main complex design parameters for diagnostics of blast-furnace smelting progress characterize heat, blast, gas dynamic and slag conditions, blast-furnace smelting rate in terms of quantity. Identification of Blast-Furnace Smelting Deviation Type software was developed in accordance with modern principles of application program development (functionality, expandability, database integration, user-friendly interface, security, data estimation). It is efficient to use the developed software in computer decision support systems for blast-furnace smelting control in real-time mode.

Numerical simulation of gas flow past scale model of hypersonic vehicle in wind tunnel

Flow of gas mixture around and inside a scale model of hypersonic vehicle is simulated with use of the FlowVision software. The model is placed in a wind tunnel. All the solid surfaces present in the experiments are taken into account in the calculations. Calculation results are compared with experimental data obtained in two runs: without burning hydrogen in the combustion chamber (cold run) and with burning hydrogen (hot run). The computational grids are built automatically with use of different adaptation options available in FlowVision. The agreement of numerical results with experimental data is good.

Simulating flow around scaled model of a hypersonic vehicle in wind tunnel

A prospective hypersonic HEXAFLY aircraft is considered in the given paper. In order to obtain the aerodynamic characteristics of a new construction design of the aircraft, experiments with a scaled model have been carried out in a wind tunnel under different conditions. The runs have been performed at different angles of attack with and without hydrogen combustion in the scaled propulsion engine. However, the measured physical quantities do not provide all the information about the flowfield. Numerical simulation can complete the experimental data as well as to reduce the number of wind tunnel experiments. Besides that, reliable CFD software can be used for calculations of the aerodynamic characteristics for any possible design of the full-scale aircraft under different operation conditions. The reliability of the numerical predictions must be confirmed in verification study of the software. The given work is aimed at numerical investigation of the flowfield around and inside the scaled model of the HEXAFLY-CIAM module under wind tunnel conditions. A cold run (without combustion) was selected for this study. The calculations are performed in the FlowVision CFD software. The flow characteristics are compared against the available experimental data. The carried out verification study confirms the capability of the FlowVision CFD software to calculate the flows discussed.

Short-term treadmill exercise in a cold environment does not induce adrenal Hsp72 and Hsp25 expression.

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) have a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and in protecting cells from a range of acute and chronic stressful conditions. Treadmill running exercise results in increased Hsp72 and Hsp25 levels in various tissues and heat production during exercise has been shown to be the main factor for the increased levels of Hsp72 in myocardium. Since the adrenal gland plays a vital role in general response to stress, regulation of Hsps in adrenal glands following stressful events seems to be critical for controlling the whole-body stress response appropriately. This study tested the hypothesis of whether elevation of temperature is solely responsible for exercise-induced adrenal Hsp72 and Hsp25 expression. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (3months old) were randomly assigned to either a sedentary control group or one of two treadmill-running groups: a cold exercise group run in a cold room at 4°C (CE), and a warm exercise group run at 25°C temperature (WE). Animals were run 60min a day at 30mmin-1 speed for 4 consecutive days following adaptation to treadmill exercise. Exercise resulted in a significant elevation of body temperature only in the WE group (p<0.05). Adrenal Hsp72 and Hsp25 levels were significantly higher in the WE group compare to the other groups (p<0.05). These data demonstrated that exercise-related elevations of body temperature could be the only factor for the inductions of adrenal Hsp72 and Hsp25 expression.

Response of Tropical Cyclone Tracks to Sea Surface Temperature in the Western North Pacific

Abstract A set of short-term experiments using a regional atmospheric model (RAM) were carried out to investigate the response of tropical cyclone (TC) tracks to sea surface temperature (SST) in the western North Pacific. For 10 selected TC cases occurring during 2002–07, a warm and a cold run are performed with 2 and −2 K added to the SSTs uniformly over the model domain, respectively. The cases can be classified into three groups in terms of recurvature: recurved tracks in the warm and cold runs, a recurved track in the warm run and a nonrecurved track in the cold run, and nonrecurved tracks in both runs. Commonly the warm run produced northward movement of the TC faster than the cold run. The rapid northward migration can be mainly explained by the result that cyclonic circulation to the west of the TC is found in the steering flow in the warm run and it is not in the cold run. The beta effect is also activated under the warm SST environment. For the typical TC cases, a linear baroclinic model experiment is performed to examine how the cyclonic circulation is intensified in the warm run. The stationary linear response to diabatic heating obtained from the RAM experiment reveals that the intensified TC by the warm SST excites the cyclonic circulation in the lower troposphere to the west of the forcing position. The vorticity and thermodynamic equation analysis shows the detailed mechanism. The time scale of the linear response and the teleconnection are also discussed.

Parameter Modeling Method for Aeroengine Virtual Testing System

Aeroengine parameters model is pivotal for development of aeroengine virtual testing system. So the modeling method is discussed in this paper in detail. Firstly, dependency relationships between parameters are established according to the variational character of each parameter in different working state, including transient processes such as false start, cold run, start, acceleration, deceleration, stop and stable processes such as idle, warming, performance test. Then parameter equations are formulated based on least square fit, utilizing actual test data of some kind of turbo-fan aeroengine as prototype. With the method, modeling work for aeroengine virtual testing system is facilitated. And each parameter varying pattern is consistent to that of real aeroengine. Furthermore, different test process can be simulated via changing relevant setting parameters. It makes the development of aeroengine virtual testing system much easier.

Numerical experiments on the inner magnetospheric electric field

Inner magnetospheric electric fields are often complicated by a reduction of the total electric field at low‐latitudes called shielding and an intensification of the electric field equatorward of the auroral oval called a subauroral polarization stream (SAPS). To better understand the stormtime behavior of these electric fields, computer experiments have been conducted using the Rice Convection Model (RCM). The RCM computes the Region‐2 Birkeland currents and the inner magnetospheric electric field and particle distribution. It uses as input a magnetic field and the plasma sheet pressure and energy distribution and assumes that particle loss is negligible. The base or control run used realistic model inputs, while the experiments varied fundamental model inputs to test the electric field's sensitivity to magnetospheric conditions. The first experiment is a high‐pressure or dense plasma sheet run, where the boundary density and pressure are a factor of three higher than in the base run. The high‐pressure run produced better shielding and a stronger SAPS. The second experiment is a cold plasma sheet run in which the plasma sheet temperature was reduced by a factor of thirty, while the pressure remained constant. In this run, the gradient and curvature drift is small compared with the × drift. With particle transport similar to ideal MHD, the cold plasma sheet run produced excellent shielding and strong Region‐2 currents. This is in contrast to the weak shielding and Region‐2 currents produced by global MHD codes. In addition, the SAPS feature is significantly strengthened. The final experiment held the magnetic field constant. This run produced marginally better shielding. However, the magnetospheric signature of SAPS is very weak, suggesting that magnetic field variations are important in SAPS formation.

Improved synthesis of pure [ 18F]fluoro-compounds for PET studies from bromo-compounds

For preparing [ 18F]labeled compounds free from bromo-compounds for PET (positron emission tomography) studies, we propose the following two processes in which no separation is needed between the fluoro-compound and bromo-compound : (1) the bromo-compound is first converted into O-tosylate, which is then [ 18F]fluorinated; and (2) after [ 18F]fluorination of the bromo-compound, its excess is converted into an easily separable compound, e.g., phthalimide-compound. Direct tosylation with silver tosylate was effected in 65–85% yield for most commercial bromo-compounds, and with potassium phthalimide, the bromo-compounds in cold run were converted easily into phthalimide-compounds in 84–90% yield.

Statistical analysis of tropical climate anomaly simulations

The statistical analysis of two atmospheric general circulation simulations using the ECHAM3 GCM in permanent January conditions are presented. The two simulations utilize different oceanic surface temperatures in the Atlantic as boundary conditions: the cold simulation has SST representing the anomalous cold conditions during the decade 1904-13 while the warm simulation has SST representative for the decade 1951-60 where anomalous warm conditions have been observed. The analysis concentrates on the simulated differences between both experiments within the tropical belt to test the working hypothesis whether changes in the deep tropical heating initiated by the anomalous SST are responsible for the anomalies in the flow and mass field. We present a method which extracts the significant and dynamically consistent signal of the total difference using a multivariate statistical test based on the amplitudes of an a-priori specified mode expansion. These expansion modes are defined from a variant of the Matsuno-Gill linearized reduced gravity model for the tropical atmosphere. The application of the method shows a clear and well defined tropical signal in the flow and mass field which can be understood as the reponse of the ECHAM3 model to a deep heating anomaly not in the vicinity of the anomalous SST but on the neighboring continents especially South America and with opposite sign in remote areas between Indonesia and the dateline. The signal can be summarized as an enhancement of the GCM's tropical East-West circulation with the ascending branch over South America in the warm simulation compared to the cold run.

Effects of surface temperature and clouds on the CO2 forcing

CO2 forcing is defined as the initial change in heating rate, with no feedbacks included, that is the direct response to an increase in the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. We have conducted a study of the effects of surface temperature and clouds on the CO2 forcing, based on use of the Colorado State University general circulation model. We report results from a pair of perpetual July simulations in which the sea surface temperatures differ by 4 K. The precipitable water is about 1.5 times larger in the warm run. The increased water vapor concentration amplifies the radiative effects of CO2, leading to greater CO2 forcing in the warm run. In the colder run the globally averaged reduction in upward longwave radiation due to a doubling of CO2 is 4.3 W m−2 at the level of maximum forcing, or the “CO2 tropopause.” Above and below this level the CO2 forcing decreases, resulting in a net tropospheric warming of 3.3×10−2 K day−1, and a net stratospheric cooling. In the warm run the CO2 forcing at the CO2 tropopause is 4.6 W m−2, and is associated with a tropospheric warming of 4.×10−2 K day−1. The clear‐sky CO2 forcing at the CO2 tropopause is 5.0 W m−2 in the cold run, and 5.2 W m−2 in the warm run. By blocking infrared radiation that would otherwise be blocked by CO2, the clouds reduce the CO2 forcing of the surface‐troposphere system by 0.66 W m−2 in the cold run, and by 0.59 W m−2 in the warm run. Our results for the CO2 forcing are model‐dependent, of course. Every GCM‐based study of CO2‐induced climate change produces a CO2 forcing, however, and the warming scenarios generated depend very directly on this forcing. A thorough investigation of the CO2 forcings produced by GCMs is thus a rather basic prerequisite for understanding the climate change predictions produced by the models.

Automatic determination of total carbohydrates in sea water

The recommended method is based on the l-tryptophane/sulphuric acid reaction and has been adapted for a continuous flow system with the Technicon AutoAnalyzer. A supplementary run (cold run) is required with more than 10μmol/l of nitrate. The presence of acetone or formaldehyde must be avoided. Total carbohydrates can be determined by this method within the range of 0.02–5mg/l. The relative coefficient of variation at the 1 mg/l level is 0.25 % (glucose).

With Ripley at the Grave of Albert Parenteau

He is twice blessed, the old one buried here beneath two names and a plastic bouquet from Choteau. He lived his grief out full. From this hill where Crees bury their dead to give them a view, he can study the meadow, the mountains back of mountains, the Teton canyon winding into stone. I want to say something wrong, say, this afternoon they are together again, he and the wife he killed by mistake in the dark and she forgives him. I don't want to admit it's cold alone in the ground and a cold run from Canada with a dog and two bottles of rye.

The reaction of α-, δ-, and acetylated-δ-chymotrypsin with radioactive formaldehyde

Many investigations into the reaction of proteins and their amino acid constituents with formaldehyde have led to the conclusion that formaldehyde reacts primarily with the free amino group during short-term exposure and mild conditions 1–4. Recently, Martin and Marini 5 presented spectral and kinetic results for the reaction of α-chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.4.5) with formaldehyde which indicate that formaldehyde also reacts with the imidazole side chains of the enzyme to produce N-hydroxymethyl derivatives. This is particularly interesting in light of the fact that the enzyme remains catalytically active 6. Titrimetric results of imidazole in the presence of formaldehyde have also been analyzed in terms of N-hydroxymethylation 7,8. Because of the catalytic role assigned to histidine residues in a number of enzymes, a more definitive identification of the formaldehyde reaction product(s) has been undertaken. NMR techniques 9 have been used to study the formaldehyde reaction product(s) of several imidazole derivatives; however, the studies could only be conducted on model compounds. To extend the results observed in the NMR studies to enzyme systems, the binding of radioactive formaldehyde to the imidazole and amino functions of α-, δ-, and acetylated-δ-chymotrypsin has been observed as a function of pH. Radioactive [ 14C]formaldehyde was obtained from New England Nuclear Corp. and diluted with 12.4 M formaldehyde to 10 ml to give a final specific activity of 886 disint./min per μmole of formaldehyde. 15 mg of protein were dissolved in 0.3 ml of water and the pH adjusted with HC1 or KOH. The [ 14C]formaldehyde (0.1 ml) was added and the reaction mixture allowed to sit for 1 min. The protein reacted under acidic conditions was precipitated with 10% trichloroacetic acid; the protein reacted under basic conditions was precipitated with ice-cold absolute ethanol. The precipitated material was spun down, the supernatant layer decanted, and the precipitate washed by resuspension in absolute ethanol. The material was washed until no radioactivity could be detected in the supernatant layer. Washing with alcohol does not hydrolyze the hydroxymethylated derivatives 2. After the washing, the precipitate was prepared for scintillation counting by the addition of Nuclear Chicago Solubilizer. The solubilized sample was taken up in 15 ml of scintillation fluid and counted on a Beckman dual channel counter with predetermined isosets for 14C and 3H + 14C and an external standard set on automatic quench correction. Each sample was run in duplicate and a cold formaldehyde sample run simultaneously for protein determinations. This procedure was run on three separate occasions.