Growing global population and climate change concerns have caused major challenges for sustainable food production to meet the growing food demand. High mechanization, drought intensity, fertilizer application, energy use, and irregular climate change adaptation are the major challenges faced by agriculture. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the climate is very harsh, and the country depends highly on agriculture to meet domestic food demands. This generates major challenges for the agricultural system to produce sufficient quantities of food with minimal carbon footprints. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of growing mechanization (Mech), water productivity (WP), climate change technology adaptation (CCA), fertilizer consumption (FC), agriculture growth (AG), and energy consumption in agriculture (ENA) on CO 2 emissions in agriculture in both the short and long run. For this purpose, an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was applied to the data for 1992–2021. According to the unit root test, all variables were integrated in order I(1), and the ARDL bound test for the cointegration tests ensured the long-run relationships among the variables. Moreover, the ARDL model passed all diagnostic tests, and CUSUM and CUSUMQ confirmed the stability of the model. The findings revealed that Mech has a strong negative impact in the long run while significant positive impact in the short run on CO 2 emission. Both WP and CCA significantly reduced CO 2 emissions in both the short and long run. FC causes an increase in CO 2 emissions in both the short and long run. AG reduces CO 2 emissions, whereas ENA increases CO 2 emissions only in the long run. The findings suggest that the government should focus on efficient and eco-friendly mechanization, energy sources, adoption of efficient irrigation systems, and promote R&D for advanced climate change-oriented technologies to enhance agricultural environmental sustainability by reducing CO 2 emissions in agriculture.

India is an agrarian economy, and products like spices and cashews are contributing a substantial amount to foreign earnings. India has the potential to offer goods at competitive prices not only in developed markets but also in developing markets around the world. The trade reforms and new economic scenario provide both opportunities and challenges in the world market. In this context, it is essential to examine which factors contribute to the export success of spices and cashews in the world market. The main objective of this chapter was to investigate the determinants of spices and cashew exports (CEs). The determinants of exports are identified as the exchange rate, domestic consumption, world demand and production. The study was carried out using the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) method. The augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) unit root test was used to test stationary, and the Johansen and Juselius cointegration test was used to examine long-run relationships among variables. All time series variables were integrated at order one. The Johansen cointegration test confirmed that there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship between variables. The FMOLS results reveal that variables like domestic consumption, exchange rate and production are the major determining factors for spice export. As far as aggregated CE is concerned, domestic consumption and exchange rate are the major determining factors during the study period.

A Foreign exchange reserves are a vital instrument in maintaining Indonesia's macroeconomic stability, particularly in mitigating external turmoil and stabilizing the rupiah exchange rate. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves position for the period from January 2022 to August 2025 using the Error Correction Model (ECM) method. Independent variables used include the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the rupiah exchange rate against the US dollar (IDR/$), and the policy rate (BI Rate). Data was obtained from the publication of Indonesian Economic and Financial Statistics (SEKI) of Bank Indonesia. The results of the Dickey-Fuller Augmented Stationarity test showed that all variables were stationary at the first difference, while the Engle-Granger co-integration test confirmed the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables. The results of the estimation indicate that, in the long term, no variables have a significant impact on foreign exchange reserves. However, in the short term, the exchange rate has a positive and significant influence, while the policy rate has a negative and significant effect on Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves. A value speed of adjustment indicates that short-term imbalances are corrected towards long-term equilibrium each month, indicating a swift adjustment mechanism.

Circular economy is a dynamic and integrative framework within modern environmental economics, designed to reduce resource dependency, mitigate climate issues, and foster regenerative systems. The transition to a circular economy is a key pillar of the European sustainable development concept. However, under current volatility in the global context, the efficiency and effectiveness of this shift remain under concern. Underpinned by limited quantitative research on the efficacy of circular economy policies, it is important for authorities to consider and mitigate external factors influencing the transition. This paper empirically assesses the degree of impact the new circular economy action plan has on circular economy among the European countries during the period of 2010-2023. As one of the main pillars of circular economy is waste management, the recycling rate of municipal waste is used as an indicator of circular economy. The objective of this research is to identify whether the circular economy action plan significantly increased the circular economy (measured by recycling rate). Furthermore, other variables, which are expected to impact the adoption of the circular economy model, are included in the model. The study uses an econometric approach based on a multiple linear regression model with fixed effects. Also, tests for cross-sectional dependence, stationarity, and cointegration are performed. The results indicate that the adoption of the action plan substantially improved the circular economy and structured the process of transition. In addition, R&D expenditure and all types of government ideology are found to have significant positive effects, whereas no strong relationship is identified between wealth and urbanization level. Overall, policies are found to have a positive impact, however, as a circular economy is a broad concept, there are many factors influencing the process.

This study investigates the impact of oil price shocks on Nigeria’s manufacturing sector using quarterly data from 2000Q1 to 2024Q1. A three-step econometric approach is adopted, comprising unit root tests, ARDL bounds testing for cointegration, and estimation of a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The ADF results indicate that the variables are integrated of mixed orders, I(0) and I(1), while the bounds test confirms the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. Empirical findings show that oil price volatility exerts a positive but unstable effect on manufacturing output in both the short and long run, underscoring Nigeria’s continued structural dependence on oil-driven macroeconomic conditions. Government expenditure emerges as the most immediate and destabilizing transmission channel of oil shocks in the short run, whereas exchange rate dynamics play the most consistently supportive role in fostering long-term manufacturing growth. Variance decomposition results further indicate that oil price volatility becomes increasingly important in explaining forecast error variations in manufacturing output over time, with inflation and exchange rate playing secondary roles. Overall, the impulse response and variance decomposition analyses reveal a manufacturing sector that is internally resilient but externally vulnerable to oil-related fiscal and macroeconomic disturbances. The study concludes that oil price volatility does not inherently impede manufacturing performance; rather, its effects depend on macroeconomic stability and effective policy transmission. Policy recommendations include exchange rate stabilization, improved efficiency of public expenditure, inflation control, and structural diversification to enhance manufacturing resilience and support sustainable industrialization.

Testing for fractional cointegration in subsamples by allowing for structural breaks

For many years, academics have actively debated the connection between efficiency and fiscal decentralization. The impact of fiscal decentralization and other elements on sustainable economic development has been disregarded in a number of studies. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine how fiscal decentralization affects China’s long-term economic growth from 2005 to 2016, taking into account a number of important control variables. We employ quarterly time series data and suitable econometrics methods (such as Bootstrapped Quantile Regression) for long-run relationships in order to examine the case of the Chinese economy. We also track changes in the variables over time, which is helpful for the empirical evidence. The long-term relationships between the selected variables are validated by the panel cointegration tests. Sustainable economic development is mostly influenced by fiscal decentralization. Using innovation as a control variable helps China’s economy grow. Moreover, the findings verify that financial risk, the interaction of fiscal decentralization and innovation, and the interactive term of fiscal decentralization and financial risk, all lead to a decline in China’s economic progress. These findings appear to have credible policy implications. JEL Classification: E44, Q01, G32, C10.

This research examines Saudi Arabia's stock market performance from 1991 to 2021 while exploring the long-term and immediate effects of economic factors. The study employs Johansen cointegration tests alongside the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to analyse the influence of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), trade balance and government expenditure on stock market performance. The research shows that macroeconomic variables affect market capitalisation results since GDP growth and trade openness lead to positive stock market performance; however, FDI and inflation create inconsistent effects. Results indicate the stock market maintains a long-term equilibrium between variables, leading to long-term correction of market deviations. The present study extends the discussion in the literature by offering a comprehensive and empirical analysis of the Saudi Equity Market as related to the economic diversification process, with a focus on the Saudi Arabia Vision 2030. This research calls for a solid and pro-active fiscal framework to stem inflation, attract good quality foreign capital and enhance the financial institutions. They are very useful in the formulation of strategic development plans that would foster long-term sustainable growth and increase investor confidence. The findings of this study are useful for policymakers, investors, and other analytical experts interested in the relationship between economic determinants and capital market returns, specifically within the context of Saudi Arabia, a young economy in the group of commodity-exporting countries. This study contributes original empirical evidence on the long- and short-run effects of macroeconomic indicators on stock market performance in Saudi Arabia. By applying the VECM approach across a 31-year period, it offers valuable insights for policymakers and investors in managing financial markets during economic diversification under Vision 2030.

This study analyses the impact of Tanzania’s government spending priorities (1990–2023) on economic growth, focusing on four key sectors (public services, defence, health and education) constituting 89% of fiscal spending. Using an ARDL approach with diagnostic and cointegration tests, we examine short-run dynamics and long-run equilibrium relationships while controlling for trade openness and exchange rates. The findings reveal significant sectoral heterogeneity: health expenditures drive long-run growth, while education spending shows short-run benefits but long-run inefficiencies, likely due to skills mismatches. Defence and public services exhibit minimal growth impacts. Granger causality tests confirm unidirectional links, education fosters growth, while health and defence spending respond to GDP expansion. The study recommends reallocating budgets toward health and education, coupled with efficiency reforms in public services and defence, to achieve sustainable development. These findings offer a framework for fiscal policy optimization in resource-constrained economies

Contribution of agricultural share to GDP has been declining from 42% in year 1990 to 26.5% in 2023 in Tanzania, posing a necessity to assess impact of agricultural sub-sectors’ value added on national income from 1990 to 2023 meanwhile testing the causal effect of the 2013 National Agriculture Policy. The study applied ADF unit root test to test of stationarity, Johansen test for co-integration, and Granger causality test for analysis. Results showed that in the long-run, value added by crop production, livestock production, fishing production influenced negatively GDP, while inflation influenced positively GDP. Furthermore, in short-run, value added by value added by crop sub-sector continued to influence negatively GDP while presence of the 2013 national agricultural policy influenced positively GDP. Also, results from Granger causality test showed that there was a bi-directional relationship between inflation and GDP; and uni-directional relationship between agricultural policy and GDP. The study recommended the need to intensify contribution of every agriculture sub-sector through re-designing profitable value chain activities which will promote GDP growth.

This study investigates the influence of financial innovation on environmental sustainability, advancements in green technology, and the generation of renewable energy. Utilizing annual data from 18 OECD countries spanning 2009 to 2021, the analysis employs Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE), Westerlund-Edgerton LM Bootstrap Cointegration tests, and Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality tests. The findings reveal that financial innovation significantly enhances environmental quality. Moreover, it is observed that financial innovation stimulates green technological advancements, fostering the development of eco-friendly technologies. Additionally, financial innovation plays a pivotal role in boosting renewable energy production. These results offer valuable insights for policymakers aiming to advance environmental sustainability and promote green investments. The study highlights the potential of financial innovation to drive both environmental and economic progress by accelerating growth in green technology and renewable energy sectors

Environmental sustainability is a topic of global debate. Environmental degradation, a frequently discussed topic within the context of sustainable development goals, has been frequently discussed in the context of economic growth and energy consumption. However, the impact of the logistics sector on environmental pollution has received relatively limited discussion. This study examines the impact of logistics activities, trade openness, foreign direct investment, and economic growth on environmental degradation. This research, conducted on Germany, a leading country in the logistics field, is expected to fill a gap in the relevant literature. In this study, the stationarity level of the variables logistics, trade openness, foreign direct investment, economic growth, and environmental degradation for the period 1980-2024 was determined using traditional and Fourier-based unit root and stationarity tests. Based on the results, the long-term relationship between the variables was investigated using the A-ARDL cointegration method proposed by Sam et al. (2019). FMOLS and CCR estimation were used as long-term estimators. The DOLS method was used as a robustness test. The A-ARDL cointegration test findings in the study revealed a long-run relationship between the variables logistics, trade openness, foreign direct investment, economic growth, and environmental degradation. In addition to the FMOLS and CCR tests used in coefficient estimation, the DOLS robustness test results are consistent. The results indicate that logistics activities increase environmental pollution. Conversely, increasing trade openness reduces environmental degradation. Furthermore, increased economic growth improves environmental quality. Given that Germany has a strong presence among developed countries, particularly in logistics activities and export-led growth, the findings of this study provide important insights for policy makers.

This study examines the dynamic transmission of international rubber prices along the SHFE–FOB Bangkok–local farm-gate chain in Thailand using weekly data and an integrated econometric–machine-learning framework. Engle–Granger cointegration tests reveal a stable long-run equilibrium in which domestic prices are tightly anchored to FOB export quotations and the exchange rate, while SHFE futures function primarily as an upstream information benchmark and exert no direct long-run influence once the export-pricing channel is accounted for. A two-step error-correction model shows that approximately 13% of deviations from long-run parity are corrected each week, indicating gradual yet systematic convergence toward export-parity pricing. Short-run dynamics are dominated by contemporaneous changes in FOB prices, with only modest spillovers from SHFE and no statistically meaningful contribution from exchange-rate fluctuations at the weekly frequency. The asymmetric ECM indicates a pronounced upward-biased response: positive FOB shocks transmit strongly to domestic prices (θ+ ≈ 1.074), whereas negative shocks have only a limited impact (θ− ≈ 0.067). This pattern is consistent with asymmetric adjustment along the supply chain, where export-price increases are passed through more rapidly than decreases. An ECM-constrained gradient boosting model is employed to assess potential nonlinearities but does not outperform the linear ECM, suggesting that once long-run equilibrium conditions are imposed, short-run price adjustment remains predominantly linear. Taken together, these findings underscore the central role of export pricing in Thailand’s rubber market and point to the importance of policy instruments that enhance price transparency, strengthen export-linked risk management, and improve resilience to international price shocks.

This study investigates the long-run relationship between institutional quality and energy intensity in Türkiye using annual data from 1996 to 2023. Specifying governance indicators of the World Bank as explanatory variables, we apply the FMOLS, CCR, and DOLS approaches to achieve long-run estimates. The Johansen cointegration test results give us evidence of a long-term equilibrium association between energy intensity and governance variables. According to long-run estimation results, variables related to government effectiveness, control of corruption, and political stability significantly reduce energy intensity. Conversely, voice and accountability, as well as regulatory quality variables, are found to increase energy intensity. The significance of the Fourier terms underscores the significance of pondering the effects of cyclical fluctuations and structural breaks on energy intensity. While the findings support the positive effects of institutional quality on energy efficiency, they also suggest that the direction of these effects may vary depending on the governance indicator and the country context. The study provides policy suggestions grounded on its outcomes, emphasizing the importance of supporting energy efficiency policies not only with technical or economic tools, but also with institutional reform and effective governance.

This research analyzes intertwining dynamics of green inflation and monetary policy in the Turkish economy. This will analyze the interactions between energy prices, interest rates, the real effective exchange rate, and carbon futures price using quarterly data covering the period from 2006 until mid-2024. The Johansen cointegration test and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) will be used to conduct both long-run and short-run dynamics among the variables. The findings shows that the interest rate, exchange rate and carbon prices exhibit long-run cointegrating relationship amongst one another while a unidirectional short-run causality was observed running from interest rate to carbon prices. The results show that monetary policy has a gradual effect on energy costs and carbon costs over time with the exchange rate acting as the primary transmission mechanism. The study highlights the need for including climate-related price dynamics in policy frameworks adopted by central banks to approximate macroeconomic stabilization in energy-dominated economies.

This study examines the relationship between Türkiye's machinery and transport equipment exports and the real exchange rate using monthly data from January 2013 to August 2023. The long-term relationship was confirmed by the Westerlund (2007) panel cointegration test, and the panel ARDL results were obtained using the CS-ARDL estimator, which accounts for cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity in slopes. The analysis, including six sub-samples, reveals an asymmetric relationship between exports and the real exchange rate, meaning that depreciation and appreciation of the real exchange rate affect exports with varying significance across time periods. In the early periods of the study, negative shocks to the real exchange rate supported exports. However, after 2020, following the pandemic and global developments, the significance of negative real exchange rate shocks disappeared, while positive shocks began to constrain exports. The study also obtained estimation results at the country level. Overall, the results highlight structural shifts in this relationship over time, suggesting that export policies should be adaptive and targeted based on specific trade partners and periods to account for these asymmetries.

This study examines the impact of renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and death rates on healthcare expenditures in G-7 countries over the 1992-2023 period using panel data analysis. Preliminary analyses indicate cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity across countries. The Fourier LM unit root test reveals that the variables are non-stationary, while the LM Bootstrap cointegration test supports a long-run relationship. Panel-wide AMG estimation results indicate that renewable energy consumption reduces healthcare expenditures, while economic growth and death rates increase healthcare expenditures. Country-based results indicate that renewable energy consumption reduces healthcare expenditures in Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom. While economic growth increases healthcare expenditures in France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, death rates increase healthcare expenditures in France, Germany, and the United States, and decrease them in Japan. Furthermore, according to the Dumitrescu & Hurlin causality test, there is a unidirectional causality relationship running from renewable energy consumption and economic growth to healthcare expenditures. The findings show that energy and health policies should be integrated and that renewable energy investments can have positive effects on health systems.

Worldwide, the numeral of people distresses from hunger or severe food insecurity. This condition is giving attention and considering the massive amount of food discarded globally through Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Hence, the study projected to exam dates loss (ton) and its impacts on food security and environment in Saudi, using dates losses, dates production (ton) and CO2 emissions as variables of the study. Annual ‎data was collected for period extended from 2010 to 2023 from FAO statistics and examined by applying ARDL analysis tests and Vector Error Correction Model. The outcomes of the co-integration test revealed that there is a long-run association among dates loss and dates production. Reference to short run relationship, no significant short-run effects from lagged of dates production on dates loss. In addition, the study indicated that dates losses at farm gate lead to reduced food availability along supply chains which resulting in a decrease in the volume of food existing for human consumption leading to affect adversely on food security. Furthermore, the results appeared that there absent of long run relationship between dates losses quantities and CO2 emissions, concluding that dates losses have no effect on environment (CO2 emission). This result may be due to reuse or recycle of dates quantities losses as feed to animal inside the farm. To achieve national food security and sustainable agriculture goals some recommendations were ‎drawn from results: minimize or lessen date losses at the producer level through stablishing reliable nationwide practices for date palm harvesting and post-harvest handling.

Rapid financialboom and a developingpopulace, stemming from business expansion, have induced an uptick in greenhouse fueloline emissions. Increasing stages of emissions are related to numerous environmental problems, inclusive ofweatherextrade and worldwide warming, which pose full-size threats to public fitness and safety. Creating guidelines to lower greenhouse fueloline emissions relies upon on spotting and inspecting the elements that affectthose emissions. To reap this, this studies investigates how in keeping with capita GDP, renewable electricity use, populace size, industrialization, and overseas investments affect greenhouse fueloline emissions in Turkey from 1990 to 2021 the use of time collection data. The examineappliedmore than onestrategies for econometric examination, inclusive of the DOLS method, the Johansen cointegration test, and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model. Furthermore, to reinforce the reliability and help a comparative overview of the results, estimates the use of the FMOLS and the Canonical Cointegration Regression had beenadditionally determined. According to the findings, greenhouse fueloline emissions are pushedvia way of means ofelementsinclusive ofman or womanprofitsstages, demographic boom, and business processes, while a shift closer to renewable electricityperforms a functionof their reduction. The conclusions reached had beentestedvia robustness examsthe use of FMOLS and CCR strategies. This examineaffordsstrategies for decreasing the carbon footprint via way of means ofselling investments in renewable electricity, backing inexperienced transformation projects, and making use ofelectricityperformancetasksalong side carbon seize technologies.

This paper examines the long-term and short-term relationships between economic growth, trade, industrialization, renewable energy consumption, and environmental degradation (CO2 emissions) in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan from 1990 to 2022 using a panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. The study employs correlation analysis, panel cointegration tests, and pooled ARDL to capture the dynamic interactions among variables. The results indicate a positive long-term relationship between GDP growth and CO2 emissions, supporting the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Trade and industrial growth also have a significant positive impact on emissions in the long run. Conversely, renewable energy consumption consistently shows a negative relationship with CO2 emissions in both the short and long term, highlighting its importance in reducing environmental degradation. The agriculture sector displays a mixed impact, contributing to emissions primarily through land-use changes. The error correction term from the panel ARDL model is statistically significant, confirming long-run equilibrium relationships. The study finds robust evidence of cointegration among the variables, suggesting that the countries are on a convergent path in terms of balancing economic growth and environmental sustainability. Policy recommendations include the enforcement of stricter environmental regulations, promotion of renewable energy, and sustainable trade practices to mitigate environmental harm while fostering economic growth.