ABSTRACT This paper proposes a new interpretation of dreams, challenging traditional psychoanalytic concepts. While Freud viewed dreams as disguised wish fulfillment and Bion saw them more positively in terms of emotional digestion, this work argues that dreams function as a process of metaphorical mapping, where real-life emotional schemas are transferred into fictional scenarios. Drawing on insights from cognitive linguistics, psychoanalysis, and neuroscience, the paper demonstrates that dreams, like waking metaphors, serve to reframe and transform situated emotions through narrative restructuring. By analyzing clinical examples, including metaphor-driven associations in psychoanalysis and the ways dreams incorporate external and internal stimuli, the paper suggests that dreaming is an immersive, enactment-based process akin to imaginative pretense. This interpretation positions dreaming as an essential cognitive and emotional function, allowing individuals to process and evolve their lived experiences through metaphorical storytelling in real time.

The current study is quantitative research by constructing tests to collect the data required. It cognitively tries to focus on the polysemous network the English preposition ‘at’ and its various meanings. This study aims to determine the difficulties that Iraqi EFL students commit mistakes in using English preposition ‘at’. It also highlights the causes of those problems. The study was conducted at the Department of the English Language, College of Education for Women, University of Baghdad, Iraq, in the academic year 2024/2025, first semester. The researcher will use SPSS (statistical program) to analyze data. This comprehensive examination of the English preposition ‘at’ encouraged the researcher to diagnose and analyze its semantic usage, relying on insights from cognitive linguistics (CL) developed by Tyler and Evans (2003). Data was presented using figures and tables. This study reveals the challenges encountered by Iraqi EFL students in utilizing the English preposition ‘at’. This study demonstrates that the cognitive linguistic theory (CL) is useful in accurately comprehending the semantic domains of English prepositions.

Introduction This study investigates how multimodal metaphors convey two core Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) concepts— “Yin Xu” (Yin deficiency) and “Yang Xu” (Yang deficiency)—in short science communication videos on Douyin. Drawing on Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Multimodal Metaphor Theory, and Visual Grammar Theory, this research examines the effectiveness of multimodal representation of TCM concepts in digital health communication. Methods This study adopts a quantitative multimodal discourse analysis approach to analyze 15 short videos on Yin Xu and Yang Xu published on Douyin between 2023 and 2024. Using ELAN software, 89 metaphorical units were annotated across four semiotic modes (written signs, pictorial signs, sound, and gesture) to evaluate their performance, distribution, and cross-modal coordination. Results Findings indicate that 43.8% of metaphorical mappings exhibit source-target domain inconsistencies, accompanied by insufficient cross-modal coordination and minimal dynamic narrative elements. Written text overwhelmingly dominates the modal distribution at 67.4%, while visual elements remain notably underrepresented at 21.3%. These findings suggest that multimodal inconsistency and visual underutilization may compromise the conceptual coherence of TCM metaphorical communication. Discussion In response to these identified shortcomings, this paper presents optimization strategies focused on color-based coding systems, dynamic narrative construction, and enhanced cross-modal integration. By developing a systematic framework for enhancing the precision and coherence of TCM metaphor representation in digital media, this research contributes to the convergence of semiotic analysis, science communication, and cognitive linguistics.

The article presents a translation-oriented analysis of memoir and autobiographical texts, which are characterized as polygenre. The relevance of the topic is driven by the growing readership interest in memoir and autobiographical texts, as well as by the fact that for an audience not proficient in the original language, translation becomes the only source of information about events described by the participant himself in another language. Thus, unlike biographies, which can be written by domestic researchers, memoirs and autobiographies are created by participants themselves. The article aims to identify how the polygenre nature of these texts (the inclusion of genre-different microtexts within the macrotext) and the author’s mentality influence translation decisions, and to propose a toolkit for analyzing such influence based on cognitive linguistics. The methodological basis is Ch. Fillmore and E.G. Beliaevskaya frame analysis, supplemented by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson theory of cognitive metaphor, and comparative analysis of original texts and their translations. The scientific novelty lies in applying frame analysis to the translation of polygenre memoir and autobiographical texts. The article argues that the boundaries of genre-different microtexts within the memoir and autobiographical macrotext are determined by a change of protagonist. It is shown that the interaction between frames and polygenre is two-fold: a frame can be determined by the author’s professional experience (even if the events described are not directly related to his own life) or by the microtext genre. In the first case, cognitive metaphors may be used, possibly lost in translation. In the second case, the microtext genre activates a specific frame that influences the translation. Frame analysis facilitates verification of translation decisions, including at the editing stage. The results of the study can be applied in translation practice and pedagogy, as well as in editing translations of memoir and autobiographical texts.

For second language learners, language learning is not simply a matter of vocabulary building, especially when it comes to the richness and variety of prepositions, which are subject to bias. This study investigates Chinese learners' misuse of Spanish prepositions, explains the transfer between native cognitive schemas and target language structures from a cognitive linguistic perspective, and provides a new approach to understanding the cognitive mechanisms of second language acquisition. A statistical linguistics-based text retrieval model (SLM-IR), including probabilistic model and language generation model, is introduced and optimized. On the other hand, rooted in the prototype and schema theories of cognitive linguistics, it is argued that the bias arises from the learner's attempt to understand and apply the Spanish prepositional system with the conceptual categories inherent in the native language. Experiments confirmed that a statistical language model using Bayesian smoothing techniques performed best in distinguishing prepositional positives and negatives, with a word perplexity of 472 and a MAP = 75.34%. Meanwhile, the TF-IDF weighting strategy achieves an optimal balance between both model size retrieval performance, with a model size of only 6.96 megatrigram when the word perplexity is 500, achieving a MAP of 75.15%. The usage of Spanish prepositions by Chinese learners, influenced by the Chinese word "de", overuses "de", with its usage frequency accounting for as high as 27.47%. The error rates of "en" and "para" are prominent, being 12.99% and 15.77% respectively. The alternative category of bias accounts for 61.89% of the total bias, suggesting that the learner difficulty lies in the misalignment of conceptual mappings.

Abstract One aspect of the author’s dissertation ( Sheneman 2018 ) was the use of cognitive linguistics as a theoretical framework to address a relevant research question regarding how key cancer terms are translated from written English to American Sign Language (ASL). This study examined ASL translations by two Deaf interpreters and compared them with an ASL narrative about cancer by a deaf oncologist in the United States. The key difference between these two Deaf interpreters was that one was familiar with cancer and oncology, while the other was not. Cognitive linguistics was the approach for analyzing the three ASL texts following Fillmore’s ( 1982 , 1985 ) frame-semantic model, examining what knowledge is evoked when expressing meaning in their utterances.

The representation of space is among the most distinctive aspects of fairy tales. In contrast to other literary forms, where space often provides concrete geographical grounding, space in fairy tales is typically conditional and symbolic. This study explores the manifestations of space and spatial displacement in Armenian and Scottish fairy tales of ATU 550 tale type, highlighting both their shared tendencies and distinctive features. In this article, using comparative and textual analysis, together with insights from cognitive linguistics, we highlight distinctive features of spatial representation in the tales under our study, emphasizing their role in the development of the plot, as well as in revealing the complete spatial description of fairy tales.

Emotional expression is a fundamental dimension of children's social development and is closely linked to psychological processes, language competence, and self-awareness. Drawing on developmental psychology and cognitive linguistics, this study traces how a two-year-old Mandarin-speaking child develops self-recognition and egocentric awareness. Through naturalistic observation and discourse analysis, this study delineates the developmental stages of emotional expression, examines the dynamic interplay between self-awareness and language awareness across stages, and further explores how affective dialogue fosters the differentiated development of egocentric awareness. The findings indicate that egocentric awareness unfolds along a developmental continuum from affective monologue to affective dialogue. In the monologue stage, self-recognition and language awareness emerge concurrently; in the dialogue stage, egocentric awareness co-develops with language-mediated embodied thinking and an increasing demand for interpersonal feedback. Bidirectional affective expression at this stage appears to promote the development of children's general cognitive abilities. Grounded in authentic linguistic and behavioral data, this study offers a preliminary exploration of emotional expression patterns during children's mental maturation and provides tentative insights for constructing an "emotion-language" co-development model.

Introduction. This article presents the results of a study analyzing the cognitive and pragmatic characteristics of the concept of “injustice” as represented in Pakistani media discourse. Methods of cognitive linguistics were employed to examine the language used by mass media outlets and journalists, while simultaneously addressing the pragmatics of the conceptualization process; discourse analysis and semiotic analysis were also utilized. The research material consisted of media texts published on the websites of Pakistani media outlets, including “Daily Dawn”, “The Nation”, and “The News”. Results. Political and other forms of discourse cannot be analyzed without incorporating extralinguistic variables – specifically, cognitive and pragmatic ones. Accordingly, the aspects of injustice reflected in the media texts were examined, and the cognitive and pragmatic characteristics of these texts were analyzed – in particular, the linguistic means employed to represent the concept of “INJUSTICE” within Pakistani media discourse, as well as the linguistic units used to articulate the cognitive models associated with this concept. Conclusion. The study demonstrated that journalists prioritize specific elements of cognitive models in alignment with their pragmatic objectives. Pakistani media outlets consistently feature specific participants, participant characteristics and actions, and settings. Linguistic strategies employed to represent the cognitive models of situations associated with this concept are presented.

This article examines the concept of “woman” as a multidimensional construct in modern linguistics within anthropocentric paradigms. It explores how gender, understood as a socio-cultural rather than purely biological category, is represented, constructed, and negotiated through language. Drawing on interdisciplinary approaches—including cognitive linguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and linguoculturology—the paper analyzes theoretical frameworks such as feminist linguistics, dominance and difference theories, and prototype theory. Special attention is given to linguistic asymmetries, gender stereotypes, and the evolution of gender-neutral language. The research demonstrates that the concept of “woman” is dynamic, culturally specific, and embedded in systems of social relations and power. Ultimately, the study highlights the crucial role of language in shaping gender identities and reflecting broader cultural and ideological processes.

ABSTRACT While research on students’ difficulties in explaining evolution has shifted focus from isolated concepts to the role of intuitive ideas, few studies have yet applied cognitive linguistics. Drawing on frame semantics and conceptual blending, this study examines how upper-secondary students use semantic frames to make sense of natural selection. It employs a qualitative analysis of semantic frames in 31 upper-secondary students’ written explanations of natural selection before and after interacting with an educational visualisation of antibiotic resistance. The results show that students used semantic frames such as adjusting, immunisation, or learning in their explanations. Furthermore, students frequently maintained their initial framing, even after instruction, sometimes leading to mixed and hybrid explanations that combined intuitive and scientific ideas. Conceptual blending was applied to explain how such mixed explanations may emerge when elements from different semantic frames and mental spaces are fused. The findings suggest that semantic frame analysis of student explanations may complement traditional concept-based assessments of natural selection understanding. The results also imply that evolution teaching may require explicit attention to reframing students’ interpretations, thus helping them to transition from everyday conceptions to scientific understandings. The article concludes with implications for visualisation designs for teaching evolution.

We consider the possible role of current large language models (LLMs) in the study of human linguistic cognition. We focus on the use of such models as proxies for theories of cognition that are relatively linguistically-neutral in their representations and learning but differ from current LLMs in key ways. We illustrate this potential use of LLMs as proxies for theories of cognition in the context of two kinds of questions: (a) whether the target theory accounts for the acquisition of a given pattern from a given corpus; and (b) whether the target theory makes a given typologically-attested pattern easier to acquire than another, typologically-unattested pattern. For each of the two questions we show, building on recent literature, how current LLMs can potentially be of help, but we note that at present this help is quite limited.

The dynamics of modern technologies leads to the creation of new multimedia means of communication, especially on the Internet. The relevance of this study lies in exploring Internet communication as a new form of communication, characterized by a high degree of digitalization and having a profound impact on language. The purpose of this article was to identify and analyse the frequency of use of new linguosemiotic means of Internet communication. The research is based on the works and concepts of semiotics, Internet linguistics, media linguistics, pragmatics, communication theory, cognitive linguistics and sociolinguistics. The methods used include observation, content analysis, experiment in the form of a sociolinguistic questionnaire, and interpretive analysis. The author systematizes hybrid verbal (written and oral) and non-verbal (graphic, audial, musical) means found at different semiotic levels of the Internet language. The results of the study demonstrate that the Internet language is not just a hybrid between the oral and the written forms, but a new form of language that develops according to its own laws and produces its own creative genres. Based on a content analysis of 1500 online messages and a survey of 205 users, it was found that digital communication is actively selecting and creating semiotic signs that combine emotionality, interactivity, attractiveness and personalization. The dominance of visual and auditory elements is accompanied by the adaptation of textual and game formats to new algorithms. The increased use of multicode symbols is driven by the need to compress information and accelerate its transmission. The identified trends allow us to single out Internet language as a new semiotic system. This paper contributes to Internet linguistics, cognitive linguistics and media linguistics by expanding our understanding of linguistic processes on the Internet. The analysis of the linguistic features of Internet communication, including specific vocabulary, grammatical structures, spelling and symbols (emoticons, smileys, emoji, etc.), contributes to a better understanding and use of the Internet language for scientific and practical purposes. At the same time, it is important to draw attention to the problem of poor use of language as well as to control the Internet language, which calls for new research approaches.

This article takes Yi Wen Lei Ju in the early Tang Dynasty and Tai Ping Yu Lan in the early Song Dynasty as the reading texts, and combines the category theory of cognitive linguistics and the "naming-predicate" framework of discourse analysis to investigate the language representation and evolution of the concept of Man Yi in the classification system of encyclopedias in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The study found that Yi Wen Lei Ju does not set up the "Si Yi Division" and disperses the related information of different ethnic groups into the physical category. The naming strategy with "object" as the central word reflects a cognitive approach of "de-categorization"; The Tai Ping Yu Lan added the "Si Yi Division", and 62.5 % of the overlapping sections were reclassified into this division. The name of the section was changed from the physical name system to the ethnic name, and the cognitive transformation from "physical classification" to "ethnic categorization" was realized. This change of language categorization reflects the ideological evolution from the Tianxiaism of "Hua-Yi One Family" to the concept of "Huaxia Standard" with orthodox consciousness as the core in the Tang and Song Dynasties.

ABSTRACT Suicide is a major public health concern worldwide that has been tackled from different disciplines, but it is a topic still practically unexplored by cognitive linguistics. The aim of this paper is to analyze the main conceptual metaphors used in the press to talk about suicide and its causes and prevention, and thereby increase the understanding of this topic and how the mass media treats it. The research uses a corpus linguistics methodology and focuses on the Spanish press, analyzing a corpus of 243 news items on suicide published in three of the leading daily newspapers in Spain during the period 2020–2023. The work offers both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the main source domains to metaphorically conceptualize suicide, analyzing their uses and functions. The results show that the current Spanish press not only discusses suicide openly, but also uses metaphorical language favoring the visibility and destigmatizing of suicide, inasmuch the most frequent conceptual metaphors of suicide are used to talk about the taboo surrounding this form of sudden traumatic death. However, the research also detected some metaphors that could have a negative impact and a potential stigmatizing effect, which should therefore be used with caution.

The author examines in detail the developed methodology of conceptual analysis of blog discourse as a tool for researching linguocultural models of representation of basic social concepts. The relevance of the work is determined by the increasing role of digital communication, in which the value orientations of modern society are transmitted and formed. Blog discourse is viewed as a space of natural, non-institutionalized communication that allows the identification of current ways of conceptualizing social reality. The theoretical foundation of the study is based on the principles of cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, and the theory of conceptual metaphor. The focus is on the process of verbalizing concepts in texts of internet communication, as well as the identification of cognitive mechanisms through which users of blog discourse interpret significant social phenomena and form collective representations of them within the framework of modern digital culture and network communication. The research methodology is based on the conceptual analysis of discourse and includes the formation of a corpus of blog texts, identifying nominative representatives of the concept, reconstructing conceptual metaphors, modeling associative fields, and comparative interpretation of the obtained data. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development and systematization of a step-by-step methodology for the conceptual analysis of blog discourse, aimed at identifying cognitive and linguocultural mechanisms for the representation of social concepts in digital communication. The proposed model combines tools from cognitive linguistics and discourse analysis and involves the sequential identification of nominative representatives of the concept, reconstruction of conceptual metaphors, modeling of associative fields, and interpretation of the obtained data. The developed analytical model can be used in further research on blog discourse and other forms of internet communication, providing a comprehensive approach to the study of the processes of conceptualization and linguistic representation of socially significant phenomena in various linguocultures, and creating a reliable theoretical and methodological basis for subsequent comparative analysis of concepts in the modern digital environment.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a chronic endocrinopathy associated with a wide range of psychological disorders. Recent literature suggests a correlation between PCOS and cognitive linguistics disorders. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between sex hormones, metabolic markers, and cognitive linguistic performance in patients with PCOS. 48 women with PCOS and 56 healthy control women were included in the study. Standardized questionnaires were used to assess depressive symptoms [the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)] and linguistic capability [the Wechsler Vocabulary Subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) test and "Łatysz" non-word reading test]. Baseline cognitive function was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Laboratory tests included measurements of serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), glucose, insulin, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results were also obtained. We observed significant differences in testosterone, DHEA-S, SHBG, insulin, insulin measured in 120-minute post-OGTT, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) values between women with and without PCOS. A negative correlation was found between the Wechsler Vocabulary Subtest of the WAIS-R test and testosterone, LDL, insulin, and HOMA-IR. Our study revealed a negative correlation between "Łatysz" non-word reading test and testosterone and a positive correlation between "Łatysz" non-word reading test and 120-minute post-OGTT blood glucose concentrations. Our results suggest that there is a relationship between hormonal, metabolic markers, and cognitive functions in patients suffering from PCOS.

The XXth century came with its hard way which tempered the famous sons of Kazakh people. B. Momyshuly was the great citizen of the century who lived in that period of time. The research aim of the article is forming the concept of “heroism” in the society’s development, also a review of forming the concept of heroism in life is made. The main direction is based on the research from the conceptological point of view the spiritual, cultural and linguistic cognition oh human mind, which was updated and formed by our peoples’ life habit since the ancient times, with the historical events and situations, epics, fairy tales which influenced on forming such opposing concepts as heroism and cowardice in human mind. The scientific and practical significance of the work that the language and culture which lead to B. Momyshuly’s speech brings to discovering the nature of concept peculiarities that give rise to notions and concepts which are considered as the fruit of human consciousness of people’s life. Such methods as analysis, differentiation, conclusion were the basis of methodology. The main results of the investigation is shown in the linguocultural analysis of the concept “heroism” in B. Momyshuly’s work. As the result of the conducted research considering the “heroism” in B. Momyshuly’s work which has a conceptual character, increases its value. On the conclusion of research results the hero’s linguistic peculiarities which was considered as “The century phenomenon” is determined. In B. Momyshuly’s works the “heroism” concept is considered for the first time. In conclusion the article may be used at seminars, research works.

Grammatical metaphor, a significant theoretical innovation within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), extends meaning realization from the lexical to the grammatical stratum, providing a powerful framework for analyzing abstraction and technicality in academic and scientific discourse. Adopting a methodology of combining systematic retrieval with thematic analysis, this article reviews 293 primary studies on grammatical metaphor within SFL since Halliday initial proposal. We first trace Halliday's three-stage theoretical development of grammatical metaphor. Subsequently, our thematic synthesis reveals predominant sub-themes within two major streams: theoretical development (encompassing semantic and characteristic discussion, interdisciplinary dialogues with Cognitive Linguistics and educational sociology, and typological debates) and practical application (covering language teaching, textual analysis, and translation studies). Based on the synthesis, we propose four key directions for future research: expanding the linguistic scope, broadening the population of second language learners, establishing identification criteria for grammatical metaphor in non-English languages, and delineating demetaphorization. The findings of this review offer valuable theoretical references for linguists seeking to refine grammatical metaphor theory, as well as practical guidance for language teachers and curriculum developers aiming to foster learners' academic literacy. Moreover, the proposed future directions are intended to inspire researchers to explore cross-linguistic and interdisciplinary dimensions, ultimately facilitating a more inclusive and methodologically robust field of grammatical metaphor studies.

The Review of Cognitive Linguistics (published under the auspices of the Spanish Cognitive Linguistics Association) offers an international forum for the publication of original high-quality research from a cognitive perspective in all areas of linguistic conceptualization and communication. Fruitful debate is encouraged with neighboring academic disciplines as well as with other approaches to language study, particularly functionally-oriented ones. Volumes 1–7 (2003–2009) were published under the title Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics. RCL publishes its articles Online First.