Children's Knowledge Research Articles

Exploring Preoperative Experiences and Informational Needs Among Chinese School-Age Children Undergoing Elective Surgery: A Qualitative Study

AimTo understand preoperative experiences and information needs of Chinese school-aged children undergoing elective surgery to design standardized preoperative education programs to alleviate preoperative anxiety. MethodsSemi-structured interviews combined with drawing, writing, and telling techniques were conducted in 12 children. The paintings were interpreted alongside children's verbal expressions. All data were analyzed using thematic analysis. ResultsThree themes emerged: Origins of surgical knowledge: proximity-based knowledge, media exposure, past personal medical experiences, ward-mate interactions, healthcare staff education; Pre-surgery Experiences: anticipation of pain, post-op sensations and impact on life; fantasizing about the operation; being aware of risks; demonstrating psychological resilience; being curious about anesthesia experience; enjoying a break; Preoperative Informational Needs: 55 identified. ConclusionsLack of standardized preoperative education creates a gap between children's knowledge and actual surgical experiences. Developing preoperative education tailored to individualized informational needs and developmental level helps fill their gaps, alleviate preoperative anxiety and improve health outcomes.

The Effect of Using Audio Visual Learning Al-Qur'an Through Smart Hafidz Media on Cognition in Early Childhood

Early childhood usually spends their time playing. There are many choices of games that can be fun and make them happy. The role of parents is very important in choosing safe games for children, of course games that are useful and educational for them. One example of an educational game for children is Smart Hafiz which has the advantage of being suited to children's needs. Apart from being safe from radiation, Smart Hafiz has a lot of content that can provide lessons for children, especially Islamic religious learning which is packaged with songs, stories, and stories, which are equipped with audio-visuals so that children will enjoy and be more interactive with the learning content. Smart Hafiz is designed for children's safety and comfort so that children can play while learning in a fun, entertaining way without losing the educational element of this tool. A child's ability to read the Koran fluently is every parent's hope. In the midst of the widespread use of digital media and the rise of illiteracy, the family environment acts as the first foundation stone which becomes the main focus of education for children to eradicate illiteracy in the Koran as well as being a filter from the bad influence of technology. This research is qualitative research using content analysis and literature study methods. This research focuses on: how urgent it is to teach the Koran to children in the family environment; what are the features of learning the Koran in Smart Hafiz media; and how to use Smart Hafiz media to support the ability to read the Koran. The research results found three important aspects that parents must pay attention to when using Smart Hafiz media to be able to support children's ability to read the Al-Qur'an, including: 1) optimizing function, which emphasizes use according to correct procedures; 2) potential development, which anticipates hampering children's productivity; and 3) instilling values, which requires a direct educational touch from parents.

The effects of a Teddybear Hospital project on prescool childrens' knowledge and medical students' professionalism: a prospective cohort study.

The Teddybear Hospital (TH) Project is an effort to increase children's knowledge and decrease their anxiety. It is also intended to improve medical students' pediatric communication skills. This study evaluated the educational effects on participating preschool children and medical students. Preschool children were offered to bring their stuffed toys to the TH at our tertiary academic medical center. Medical students who had completed the pediatric surgery rotation staffed the TH, performed examinations, and interacted with the children. The children's knowledge of anatomy, medical equipment, and healthy lifestyle, along with their level of anxiety towards hospitalization, was assessed using pre- and post-interventional validated survey tools. Preschool peers who did not participate in the TH served as controls. Participating medical students were tested on professionalism and pediatric surgical knowledge during, and 3 weeks after the intervention, and compared to their non-participating peers. A total of 131 children (63 intervention, 68 control) and 48 medical students (16 intervention, 32 control) participated in the study. Children's state anxiety decreased by 0.98 points (95% Confidence Interval [CI] -0.3 to -1.8, P<0.001), while knowledge increased significantly on "healthy lifestyle" by 1.4 points (95% CI 1.01 to 1.79, P<0.05), on "medical equipment" by 4.5 points (95% CI 3.8 to 5.2, P <0.0001), and on "anatomy" by 5.05 points (95% CI 4.73 to 5.73, P<0.01). No changes were detected in any of the outcome measures in the control group. Medical students' objective professionalism increased by 4.2 points (95% CI 1.58 to 6.80, P<0.01) compared to non-participant medical students. The tests did not show an increase in the medical students' pediatric surgical knowledge. Preschool participation in a TH increased knowledge and decreased anxiety regarding hospitalization and medical personnel. It also helped medical students to playfully acquire medical professionalism.

A digital intervention to support childhood cognition after the COVID-19 pandemic: a pilot trial

Difficulties in executive functioning (EF) can result in impulsivity, forgetfulness, and inattention. Children living in remote/regional communities are particularly at risk of impairment in these cognitive skills due to reduced educational engagement and poorer access to interventions. This vulnerability has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and strategies are needed to mitigate long-term negative impacts on EF. Here we propose a pilot trial investigating the benefits, feasibility, and acceptability of a school-based EF intervention for primary school students (6–8 years) living in regional, developmentally vulnerable, and socio-economically disadvantaged communities. Students were randomised to a digital intervention or teaching as usual, for 7 weeks. Children completed measures of EF and parents/educators completed ratings of everyday EF and social/emotional wellbeing at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up. Change in EFs (primary outcome), everyday EF, and social/emotional wellbeing (secondary outcomes) from pre- to post-intervention and pre-intervention to 3-month follow-up were examined. Feasibility and acceptability of the intervention was assessed through educator feedback and intervention adherence.Protocol Registration: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 20 April 2023. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/WT3S2. The approved Stage 1 protocol is available here: https://osf.io/kzfwn.

Urinary iodine concentrations in preschoolers and cognitive development at 4 and 6 years of age, the Rhea mother-child cohort on Crete, Greece

BackgroundEvidence regarding child iodine intake and neurodevelopment is scarce. MethodsWe aimed to assess the impact of child iodine intake at 4 years of age on cognitive and motor development at 4 and 6 years among 304 children from the Rhea cohort on Crete, Greece. Child iodine intake was assessed via urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and adjusted for specific gravity. Child cognitive and motor development was assessed using the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) at 4 years of age and Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM), Finger Tapping Test (FTT), and Trail Making Test (TMT) at 6 years. Associations were explored using multivariable-adjusted linear regression analyses with UIC categorized according to WHO criteria [insufficient intake <100 µg/L, adequate 100–299 µg/L (reference group), excessive ≥300 µg/L]. ResultsThe children’s median UIC was 249 µg/L (25–75th percentile: 181–344 μg/L). Children with UIC <100 μg/L had lower scores in the motor scale at 4 years (MSCA-motor scale: B=-10.3; 95 %CI −19.9, −0.6; n=10) and in intelligence at 6 years (RCPM-total score: B=-3.6, 95 %CI −6.8, −0.5; n=9) than children in the reference group. No associations were found with the general cognitive scale at 4 years or with TMT and FTT scales at 6 years. Children with UIC ≥300 μg/L had lower cognitive scores both at 4 (MSCA; B= −3.5; 95 %CI −6.9, −0.1; n =101) and 6 years of age (RCPM-total score; B= −1.2; 95 %CI −2.3, −0.0; n =98) than children in the reference group. No associations were observed with the motor scale at 4 years or with TMT and FTT scales at 6 years. ConclusionOur findings indicate that both low and excessive iodine intake at preschool age may adversely affect child cognitive abilities. Additionally, low iodine intake may also impact motor abilities.

Functional dissociation of the language network and other cognition in early childhood.

Is language distinct from other cognition during development? Does neural machinery for language emerge from general-purpose neural mechanisms, becoming tuned for language after years of experience and maturation? Answering these questions will shed light on the origins of domain-specificity in the brain. We address these questions using precision fMRI, scanning young children (35 months to 9 years of age) on an auditory language localizer, spatial working memory localizer (engaging the domain-general multiple demand [MD] network), and a resting-state scan. We create subject-specific functional regions of interest for each network and examine their selectivity, specificity, and functional connectivity. We find young children show domain-specific, left-lateralized language activation, and that the language network is not responsive to domain-general cognitive load. Additionally, the cortically adjacent MD network is selective to cognitive load, but not to language. These networks show higher within versus between-network functional connectivity. This connectivity is stable across ages (examined cross-sectionally and longitudinally), whereas language responses increase with age and across time within subject, reflecting a domain-specific developmental change. Overall, we provide evidence for a double dissociation of the language and MD network throughout development, in both their function and connectivity. These findings suggest that domain-specificity, even for uniquely human cognition like language, develops early and distinctly from mechanisms that presumably support other human cognition.

Exploring CHAPS as a Potential Measurement for Auditory Processing and Cognitive Ability in Children with Hearing Loss.

The primary goal was to investigate the suitability of CHAPS for assessing cognitive abilities and auditory processing in people with hearing loss (HL), specifically in the domains of auditory processing, verbal working memory, and auditory attention. The study comprised 44 individuals between the ages of seven and 14, 22 with HL (N = 11 males) and 22 with normal hearing (N = 10 males). Individuals' auditory attention, working memory, and auditory processing skills were assessed in the study, and self-report questionnaires were used. The evaluation utilized the Sustained Auditory Attention Capacity Test (SAACT), Working Memory Scale (WMS), Filtered Words Test, Auditory Figured Ground Test (AFGT), and the Children's Auditory Performance Scale (CHAPS). Analyses were conducted, including group comparisons, correlation examinations, and receiver operating characteristic evaluations. There were significant differences in CHAPS total, attention, noise, quiet, and multiple inputs between groups. No significant differences were seen in CHAPS_ideal and CHAPS_auditory memory across groups. The study of SAACT and its subscores, WMS and its subscores, FWT, and AFGT revealed a significant difference between groups, caused by the poor performance of persons in the HL group compared to those in the NH group. The SAACT and its subscores correlated significantly with CHAPS_attention. The AUC calculation showed that The SAACT and CHAPS_attention distinguished persons with or without HL (p &lt; 0.05). WMS_STM and WMS_total correlated with CHAPS auditory memory subscale; however, WMS_VWM did not. AUC values for WMS and its subscores showed significant discrimination in identifying children with or without HL (p &lt; 0.05), whereas CHAPS_auditory memory did not (AUC = 0.665; p = 0.060). FWT and AFGT had a significant relationship with CHAPS_noise and CHAPS_multiple inputs subscales. The CHAPS_quiet and CHAPS_ideal subtests only correlated with AFGT. CHAPS_quite and CHAPS_ideal did not exhibit significant discriminative values (p &lt; 0.05) for identifying children with or without HL, while CHAPS_noise, CHAPS_multiple inputs, FWT, and AFGT did. The CHAPS_attention subscale could be a trustworthy instrument for assessing auditory attention in children with HL. However, the CHAPS_auditory memory subscale may not be suitable for testing working memory. While performance-based auditory processing tests showed improved discrimination, the CHAPS_noise and CHAPS_multiple inputs subtests can still assess hearing-impaired auditory processing. The CHAPS_quiet and CHAPS_ideal subtests may not evaluate auditory processing.

Associations of childhood, adolescence, and midlife cognitive function with DNA methylation age acceleration in midlife.

Prior studies showed increased age acceleration (AgeAccel) is associated with worse cognitive function among old adults. We examine the associations of childhood, adolescence and midlife cognition with AgeAccel based on DNA methylation (DNAm) in midlife. Data are from 359 participants who had cognition measured in childhood and adolescence in the Child Health and Development study, and had cognition, blood based DNAm measured during midlife in the Disparities study. Childhood cognition was measured by Raven's Progressive Matrices and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). Adolescent cognition was measured only by PPVT. Midlife cognition included Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR), Verbal Fluency (VF), Digit Symbol (DS). AgeAccel measures including Horvath, Hannum, PhenoAge, GrimAge and DunedinPACE were calculated from DNAm. Linear regressions adjusted for potential confounders were utilized to examine the association between each cognitive measure in relation to each AgeAccel. There are no significant associations between childhood cognition and midlife AgeAccel. A 1-unit increase in adolescent PPVT, which measures crystalized intelligence, is associated with 0.048-year decrease of aging measured by GrimAge and this association is attenuated after adjustment for adult socioeconomic status. Midlife crystalized intelligence measure WTAR is negatively associated with PhenoAge and DunedinPACE, and midlife fluid intelligence measure (DS) is negatively associated with GrimAge, PhenoAge and DunedinPACE. AgeAccel is not associated with VF in midlife. In conclusion, our study showed the potential role of cognitive functions at younger ages in the process of biological aging. We also showed a potential relationship of both crystalized and fluid intelligence with aging acceleration.

Enhancing Childrens Cognitive Abilities Through “Jelajah Alam” Apllication : Promoting Well-being

The use of technology in the early childhood learning process is rarely found despite the numerous benefits it offers. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the "Jelajah Alam" application in enhancing children's cognitive abilities. Research utilized quantitavive quasi-experimental : one sample pre-test post-test design. Research sample consisted of 19 kindergarten children selected through purposive sampling technique. Data measurement used was Nijmeegse Schoolbekwaamheids Testand Coloured Progressive Matrices Test. Data analysis use Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Findings revealed a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test score after implementing the "Jelajah Alam" application. Results indicated that the use of the application was effective in improving children's cognitive abilities. Results suggest that by playing “Jelajah Alam” application, enhance their cognitive ability based on their developmental phase. Result imply that by using technology, Parents and teacher have additional fun alternative to enhance their children cognitive ability.

The Relationship between Adversity Quotient and Early Childhood Cognition

The Relationship between Adversity Quotient and Early Childhood Cognition

Efficacy of Structured Teaching Programs in Improving Oral Hygiene Knowledge among School Children at Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.

Children's knowledge of oral hygiene is very important to have a good oral health. Health education intervention is the best way to impart oral hygiene knowledge to children, which is cost-effective also. To evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching program in improving the existing oral hygiene knowledge of children in the age group of 10-12 years. A randomized control trial was planned with one intervention group and control group. A pre-intervention test was conducted in both the groups to assess baseline oral hygiene knowledge among children. After the pre-test, the intervention group children were educated through a structured teaching program for a period of 2 weeks. Again, post-test was conducted in both the groups after a gap of a week. The pre-intervention oral hygiene knowledge scores were 8.43 ± 3.93 in the intervention group and 8.44 ± 3.90 in the control group. Post intervention, the oral hygiene knowledge score was 15.34 ± 2.37 in the intervention group and 8.96 ± 1.37 in the control group. A 45.04% increase in knowledge was observed in the intervention group. The results were statistically highly significant (P < 0.05). A structured teaching program is an effective way to impart knowledge among school children; furthermore, long-term follow-up studies are needed to evaluate oral hygiene knowledge gained through the program.

Structured early childhood education exposure and childhood cognition – Evidence from an Indian birth cohort

Experiences in early childhood form the bedrock of future human potential. In impoverished settings, structured early childhood education (ECE) in preschool years can augment overall childhood and later human abilities. The current study evaluates preschool learning exposure and childhood cognition, using longitudinal follow-up of a community-based birth cohort in Vellore, south India. The birth cohort study site in Vellore recruited 251 newborns between 2010 and 2012 from dense urban settlements and further followed up into childhood. Preschool enrolment details were obtained from parents. Childhood cognition was assessed by Weschler’s preschool primary scale of intelligence (WPPSI) and Malin’s intelligence scale for Indian Children (MISIC) at 5 and 9 years of age respectively. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed with adjustments for socio-economic status (SES), maternal education, stunting status and home environment. Out of 251 new-borns recruited into the MAL-ED birth cohort, 212 (84.46%) and 205 (81.7%) children were available for the 5 year and 9 year follow-up respectively. At 5 years, structured ECE of 18 to 24 months duration was significantly associated with higher cognition scores, with the highest increase in processing speed [β: 19.55 (11.26–27.77)], followed by full-scale intelligence [β: 6.75 (2.96–10.550)], even after adjustments for SES, maternal cognition, home factors and early childhood stunting status. Similarly adjusted analysis at 9 years showed that children who attended 1.5–2 years of structured ECE persisted to have higher cognition, especially in the performance domain [β: 8.82 (2.60–15.03)], followed by the full-scale intelligence [β: 7.24 (2.52–11.90)]. Follow-up of an Indian birth cohort showed that structured ECE exposure was associated with better school entry cognition as well as mid-childhood cognition. Strengthening ECE through a multi-pronged approach could facilitate to maximize cognitive potential of human capital.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Roulette Angka Terhadap Kemampuan Kognitif Anak dalam Mengenal Lambang Bilangan pada Kelompok B Usia 5-6 Tahun TK Pelangi Medan T.A 2023/2024

&lt;em&gt;The results of this study indicated that there was a difference in the level of cognitive ability of children in recognizing number symbols in Group B, aged 5-6 years, at TK Pelangi Medan, where learning activities were conducted using number roulette media. The children were given 2 treatment periods using the number roulette media and 2 treatment periods without using the roulette media. In the first period (X&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;), children who received treatment scored an average of 9.43, which falls into the fairly good category. In the second period (X&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), without treatment using the roulette media, the children scored an average of 6.12, which falls into the less good category. In the third period (X&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;), children who received treatment scored an average of 17.62, which falls into the very good category, and in the fourth period (X&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;), without treatment using the roulette media, the children scored an average of 14.37, which falls into the good category.The data scores indicate that the use of number roulette media has a significant effect on the cognitive ability of children in Group B, aged 5-6 years, at TK Pelangi in recognizing number symbols. This is evidenced by the SPSS output, which shows that the Asymp. Sig (2-tailed) value is 0.000. Since the value 0.000 is less than 0.005, Ha is accepted, meaning there is a significant difference in the average learning outcomes before and after treatment. Therefore, it can be said that "there is a significant effect through the use of number roulette media on the cognitive ability of children in recognizing number symbols in Group B, aged 5-6 years, at TK Pelangi Medan during the 2023/2024 academic year&lt;/em&gt;

Penyuluhan dan Pelatihan Mengenai Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut Kepada Siswa/i SDN Tanjung Duren Selatan 01 Pagi

Oral health needs to be considered from an early age. The behavior of maintaining dental and oral health is supported by knowledge. Dental and oral health education is one of the efforts made to increase elementary school age children's knowledge and behavior about dental and oral health. The aim of this program is to determine the knowledge of students in grades 4 and 6 at SDN Tanjung Duren Selatan 01 Pagi after dental and oral health education. This study used a descriptive observational method with a cross sectional design. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. The sample for describing knowledge was 139 students in grades 4 and 6 of SDN Tanjung Duren Selatan 01 Pagi. The knowledge of grade 4 and 6 students at SDN Tanjung Duren Selatan 01 Morning before dental and oral health education was in the poor category. After the education was carried out, the understanding and knowledge of grade 4 and 6 students at SDN Tanjung Duren Selatan 01 Pagi increased. Student knowledge regarding the frequency of brushing their teeth, the use of toothpaste containing fluoride and the consumption of cariogenic foods has increased after the dental and oral health education.

Influence of Bilingualism on Cognitive Abilities in Children in China

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of bilingualism on cognitive abilities in children in China. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Research on bilingualism and cognitive abilities in children in China has indicated several significant findings. Studies suggest that bilingualism can enhance executive functioning skills, such as cognitive flexibility and attention control, leading to improved problem-solving abilities. Additionally, bilingual children often demonstrate advanced metalinguistic awareness and language development, with proficiency in both their native language and a second language. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Bilingual advantage hypothesis, socio-cultural theory &amp; neuroplasticity theory may be used to anchor future studies on influence of bilingualism on cognitive abilities in children in China. Implement evidence-based instructional strategies educators should incorporate evidence-based instructional strategies that capitalize on the cognitive benefits of bilingualism. Advocate for bilingual education policies. Policymakers should advocate for the implementation of bilingual education policies that support language minority students' cognitive development.

Dental odyssey: a comprehensive literature review on global strategies, behavioral programs, and creative approaches for ages 6-12 years

Introduction: Oral and dental hygiene serves as an indicator of a condition free from diseases, debris, and health issues in the oral cavity, affecting individuals of all age groups. Health education through various global learning systems, behavioural programmes, and creative approaches has proven effective in enhancing children's understanding of the importance of maintaining oral and dental cleanliness. Objective: Objective: This research aims to review relevant journals contributing to the development of insights, behaviours, and understanding regarding children's oral and dental health across crucial age ranges. Methods: Using a literature review method, we filtered articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, Garuda (Digital Reference Library), and Science Direct published within the last six years. Searches in both Indonesian and English languages yielded ten articles that, after a selection process, provided diverse results regarding the implementation of learning models to enhance children's understanding of their oral and dental hygiene. Result: From the ten articles, it can be concluded that the application of education on oral and dental hygiene through various learning systems can effectively improve children's knowledge. Conclusion: the oral hygiene of elementary school children from various countries. Variations in research designs were found, and there is low awareness among children regarding dental health in Indonesia. Educational programmes, such as "Brush Day &amp; Night," and collaborations between FDI and Unilever have proven effective in improving children's toothbrushing habits. The use of music and the snake ladder game was also considered appropriate for developing awareness and behaviours related to dental hygiene.

Effect of Education-Based Gamification Strategy through Snake Ladder Game on Children's Knowledge and Practices Regarding Insulin Self-injection

Effect of Education-Based Gamification Strategy through Snake Ladder Game on Children's Knowledge and Practices Regarding Insulin Self-injection

PENGARUH MEDIA SHORTIR SHAPES TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN KOGNITIF ANAK USIA 4-5 TAHUN DI TK SEKAR INSANI

A study based on common problems in early childhood education. The purpose of this study was to clarify the cognitive development of children, their ability to use media shorting shapes and the gradual effect of media shorting shapes on their cognitive development in Sekar Insani Kindergarten in 2022/2023. That is. This type of research is experimental research with a quantitative approach. The results showed that the media shorting shapes had an effect on the cognitive abilities of children in Sekar Insani Kindergarten. These data are the results of learning in the experimental class, and the results of children's language development are obtained with the average score of children on the pretest 1.83 and the average score of children on the posttest 3.3 With a maximum score of 4 and a minimum score of 1 after the test, children's language development in the experimental class was superior to the control class. The cognitive development of the control class children obtained an average pretest score of 1.25 and an average posttest score of 2.25, with a maximum score of 4 and a minimum score of 1. These data are also from hypothesis testing. The test score is 2.56 &gt; 2.021 with a significant number = 0.05. Therefore, the hypothesis Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. Therefore, it can be said that media shortening shapes greatly affect the cognitive development of children in Sekar Insani Kindergarten

Education and training on dental and oral health as well as clean and healthy lifestyle for children

Oral health status remains a pressing concern in Indonesia, demanding urgent attention. This stems from low public awareness and understanding of the significance of dental care, high treatment costs, and a tendency among dental practitioners to prioritize treatment over prevention. This community service initiative aimed to enhance knowledge, awareness, and promote healthy lifestyle habits among children in Dusun Pakelan, Desa Sumberarum, Moyudan, Sleman, DIY. The implementation method involved five stages: education and practice of Healthy Lifestyle and Behavior (PHBS), counseling and practice of oral health (KESGILUT), distribution of free toothbrushes and toothpaste, and group exercise. The outcomes revealed a 15.17% improvement in children's knowledge, awareness, and skills regarding oral cavity hygiene. Healthy lifestyle behaviors also witnessed an improvement, with an 8.95% increase in knowledge.

Exploring the Potential of Traditional Congklak in the Development of Early Childhood Cognitive Abilities

Exploring the Potential of Traditional Congklak in the Development of Early Childhood Cognitive Abilities