Cave Research Articles

Exploring the Bacteriome Diversity and Use as a Proxy for Climate Change and Human Impacts on Groundwater in Temperate and Tropical Countries

This research investigates bacterial communities in various cave pool water and substrates from Brazil and Romania for their use as indicators of environmental impacts on groundwater. Regional and seasonal differences were observed even if, at the phylum level, common bacteria for both countries were found. Distinct patterns emerged at the genus level due to the different climates (tropical vs. temperate) and ecosystems. Chemoautotrophic conditions define an utterly different groundwater bacteriome than oligotrophic conditions independent of the temperature. Bacteria as a proxy for climate change were explored using seasonal changes in Romanian caves; specific genera become dominant in summer months, such as Acinetobacter, Paeniglutamicibacter, Polaromonas, and Saccharimonadales, indicating processes that occur during the low-water season. Climate change, particularly dryness, is expected to exacerbate these variations, threatening the stability of groundwater ecosystems. The research also identified anthropic pollution indicators (Vogesella, Cutibacterium) and potential decontaminants (Bacillus) in Brazilian cave waters. Anthropic pollution indicators, like Pseudoarthrobacter. were also found in Romanian caves. Other key bacteria genera, such as Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter, are chemolithotrophs or involved in the nitrogen cycle, which is critical in supplying nutrients for the cave food web. Marked differences between water and substrate microbiomes within the same pools suggested that substrates may play a crucial, underexplored role in groundwater ecosystem processes. Our study found unassigned taxa, 3 phyla, 2 families, and 832 genera (> 40%) in the studied pools. The results underscore the need to further explore groundwater microbiomes as potentially crucial yet fragile ecosystems in the face of climate change and human impacts.

Pengaruh Social Media Marketing terhadap Purchase Intention dengan Brand Image sebagai Variabel Intervening

The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of social media marketing on purchase intention with brand image as an intervening variable. The data collection method used in this study was a survey conducted by distributing questionnaires created through Google Form. The research sample consisted of 203 respondents from Jabodetabek area, aged 17 years or older, and familiar with Tuku Coffee Shop. The data analysis used to process and analyze the research results was Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS to analyze. The results of this study indicate that social media marketing has an effect on brand image, brand image has an effect on purchase intention, social media marketing has an effect on purchase intention, and social media marketing has an effect on purchase intention through brand image.

Isotopic variability of δ13C and δ15N signals in cave systems: insights from the blind tetra Astyanax mexicanus

Stable isotope analysis allows the study of element cycles in ecosystems and trophic ecology. δ13C reflects the diversity of primary productivity, while δ15N is a good indicator of trophic levels of organisms. Caves have limited resources due to the absence of light, reducing the trophic chains in these ecosystems. These extreme conditions impose strong selection pressures on cave-dwelling organisms, known as troglobites, which exhibit specific adaptations such as vision and pigment loss, and metabolic and physiological differences with their surface counterparts. The species Astyanax mexicanus corresponds to a model organism in the study of regressive evolution, which presents two different ecotypes, a widely distributed surface morph, and a cave-dwelling morph present in at least 34 caves in three karst regions of San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas, Mexico. In the present study, we characterized the δ13C and δ15N of seven cave populations of A. mexicanus, corresponding to two karst regions: Sierra de El Abra and Sierra de Guatemala, representing distinct genetic cavefish lineages. We also developed a Nutrient Input Index (NI), to assess whether cave geomorphology influences resource availability. We found isotopic differences between caves and regions analyzed. Caves in the Sierra de El Abra showed higher δ15N values and wider trophic niche ranges compared with those in the Sierra de Guatemala, reflecting a more complex trophic network tentatively associated also with its geological history. In addition, a relationship was observed between the proximity of pools to the surface and the δ13C values, which could suggest differences in NI directly associated with cave geomorphology, impacting selective forces across the different cave systems.

Applying VRIO Analysis for Strategy Formulation to Increase Competitiveness Through Intangible Asset Mastery (Case Study on Kopi Kita in Padang Ciy)

The increasingly fierce competition in the coffee shop industry demands entrepreneurs to have effective strategies to enhance their competitiveness. This research aims to analyze strategies for enhancing competitiveness through the mastery of intangible assets at Kopi Kita in Padang City using the Resource-Based View (RBV) approach and VRIO analysis (Valuable, Rare, Inimitable, Organized). This research uses a qualitative method with a case study, involving observation and in-depth interviews with the owner and branch managers of Kopi Kita. The research results show that mastery of intangible assets, such as competencies, knowledge management, and business networks, plays a strategic role in creating sustainable competitive advantages. Kopi Kita has leveraged competencies in understanding customer preferences, strategic decision-making, product innovation, and problem-solving abilities. In addition, effective knowledge management practices and a wide business network are also key factors in the success of the business. Based on the VRIO analysis, Kopi Kita possesses valuable, rare, hard-to-imitate, and well-organized resources and capabilities, thereby providing a long-term competitive advantage. This study provides theoretical and practical contributions for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in designing intangible asset-based strategies to enhance competitiveness in the coffee industry.

The Impact of Lighting Design in terms of a Salutogenic Approach on Health and Well-Being: A Case Study in a Coffee House

Individuals spend more time in interiors, which affects their comfort, health, and well-being. It is known that coffee houses, which are increasing rapidly in line with various needs, are preferred for socializing and working in a new world. Creating a well-designed environment also positively impacts an individual’s social, psychological, and behavioral patterns. In this case, a salutogenic design creates interior environments promoting health and well-being. It is an evidence-based design strategy for improving human comfort, health, and well-being, including all environmental quality factors, such as natural and artificial lighting, color, acoustic, and thermal comfort. The lighting design can improve our performance, mood, focus, and overall well-being in an interior environment. A salutogenic design model, which is most prevalent in healthcare and workplace design and is supported by over three decades of research in the medical and design fields, provides an innovative design strategy to aid in comfort, health, and well-being. Based on this perspective, this study evaluates the health and well-being of the users in the selected coffee house with a salutogenic design approach by considering artificial lighting design. The differences between genders, age groups, and the adjectives measuring positive and negative subjective moods, and the correlation between the SOC-13 Scale and the Perceived Environmental Quality Index were analyzed. The “Results” section provides a thorough explanation of the test findings. While this study serve as an example of how individuals’ moods, feelings, health, and well-being can be linked to physical conditions in the space, it will also provide a better understanding of how a salutogenic design approach can be incorporated into coffee shops to improve user experience in various of aspects.

The association between living environment and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest risk in adults: the perspective of daily-life contexts

BackgroundStudying the spatial pattern of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and its environmental impactors is crucial for both providing timely medical assistance and implementing preventative measures. Existing researches have mainly focused on natural and sociodemographic environments, usually at a macro- or meso-scale, while giving less attention to understanding the association between environment and OHCA risk from the perspective of daily-life contexts.MethodsIn this study, we utilized 1843 eligible OHCA cases from core districts of Beijing in 2020 and employed modified Besag-York-Mollié (BYM2) Bayesian models to investigate the association between living environment (consisting of food environment, physical activity environment, healthcare environment and leisure environment) and adult OHCA risk, as well as its age disparities, at a 1 × 1 km2 cell resolution.ResultsThe results show that: (1) Fewer living environment factors are associated with the OHCA risk in the young/middle-aged group compared to the elderly group. (2) Unhealthy food destination like barbecue restaurants in living area is associated with increased OHCA risk in both age groups. (3) Facility inducing sedentary activity like chess rooms and healthcare facilities are associated with increased OHCA risk, but only among the elderly groups. (4) The decreased OHCA risk in the young/middle-aged group is related to public gathering places for socialization and relaxation in living area like coffee shops, while for the elder groups, decreased OHCA risk is associated with more green spaces in the living area.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that living environment may impact adult OHCA risk through shaping daily habits or providing access to health resources, with the underlying mechanism varying across different age groups. Future planning should fully consider and leverage the impact of living environment in order to effectively reduce OHCA risk.

Analisis Pengaruh Bauran Pemasaran Terhadap Konsumen Dalam Memilih Coffee Shop

The era of globalization and intense business competition encourages companies to offer avariety of products, facilities and services to attract consumers. The emergence of the Covid-19 virus outbreak caused many new competitors to emerge, while several coffee shopbusiness owners experienced a decline in turnover and closed their shops. In facing thiscompetition, coffee shops need to innovate and be creative in their concepts and use amarketing mix to attract consumers. Marketing mix is a collection of marketing tools thatcompanies use to promote their products or services to customers. In this case, the focus ofthis research is on four aspects of the marketing mix, namely product, price, place, andpromotion. The products offered by the coffee shop must be able to meet the wants and needs of consumers. Prices must be adjusted to remain profitable for the company. The place orlocation of the coffee shop is also important in facilitating product distribution. Promotion isa tool for communicating product benefits and influencing consumer buying behavior. Theresearch method used is qualitative data using library techniques and qualitative descriptiveanalysis. Based on the research results, it was found that a successful coffee shop is one thatis able to apply the marketing mix well. In addition, this research also reveals the history anddevelopment of coffee shops from Turkey to Europe and England. In developing a coffee shopbusiness, the right strategy is needed to attract buyers and expand the target market. Themarketing mix is a strategy that is commonly used by coffee shop companies in achievingmarketing objectives. The 4P concept in the marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion)helps companies to plan and manage their marketing efforts effectively. In conclusion, coffeeshops need to understand and implement the marketing mix well in order to increasemarketing effectiveness, win the competition, and better meet consumer needs. By using theright marketing mix strategy, coffee shops can survive and succeed in a competitive businesscompetition.

Improve resiliency through operational risk management: Case study in coffee shop ABC

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to enhance the competitiveness of SMEs by creating operational risk management using ISO 31000:2018. This includes the process of identifying, evaluating, and mitigating risks in operational processes and will be applied to ABC Coffee Shop. This research is important considering that SMEs are one of the driving forces of the country's economy, but have a high failure rate due to intense competition and a tendency to be weak in various areas. Method: The research utilized a qualitative descriptive case study method, involving primary data gathered through interviews with internal MSME stakeholders, as well as secondary data. This study aims to provide valuable insights for MSMEs, offering competitive solutions to help them thrive and remain competitive. Results: The research results indicate that MSME Coffee Shop ABC faces 12 operational risks, with two posing an extreme level of risk that requires immediate attention. Limitations: We recognize that risk management applies only to the MSME ABC Coffee Shop and focuses on operational risks. However, further research should address the overall risk to provide a broader picture of these findings. Contribution: ABC-MSMEs should consider these findings when making decisions regarding future risk management. Additionally, MSMEs must consider these factors when planning business strategies and making decisions to achieve higher financial performance. Novelty: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to implement risk management in MSME coffee shops using ISO 31000:2018.

Unraveling customer experiences in chain coffee shops through online reviews

PurposeCurrent research aims to explore the dominant themes shared in online reviews by customers visiting chain coffee shops as well as which of these themes were linked with satisfaction and dissatisfaction.Design/methodology/approachThe data for the current research was gathered from TripAdvisor using a Python-based web crawler. In total, 20,499 online reviews were scrapped and analyzed using Leximancer software.FindingsThe analyses revealed six themes describing chain coffee shop experiences. These are “product quality,” “ambiance and atmosphere,” “customer service,” “menu variety,” “location and convenience” and “price and value.” Dissatisfaction factors are sourced from issues such as “price and value,” “ambiance and atmosphere as well as “menu variety.”Originality/valueThis study fills a research lacuna by using a large dataset of online reviews to comprehensively analyze customer experiences in chain coffee shops, identifying critical themes and sentiment trends. This novel approach offers valuable insights for improving service strategies within the competitive coffee chain industry.

Pengaruh Store Atmosphere dan Experiential Marketing Terhadap Minat Beli dengan Kepuasan Konsumen Sebagai Pemediasi: Studi pada Warung Kopi Tropical Space

This study aims to determine the Influence of Store Atmosphere and Experiential Marketing on Purchase Interest with Consumer Satisfaction as a Mediator at the Tropical Space Coffee Shop. The approach in this study is quantitative with a correlational method. Data collection in this study was carried out using a questionnaire. The number of samples was 75 people obtained through a saturated sampling process. Data analysis in this study was quantitative inferential path analysis. The results of the study show that (1) Store atmosphere has a positive and significant effect on consumer satisfaction at the Tropical Space coffee shop with a path coefficient of 28.60%. (2) Experiential marketing has a positive and significant effect on consumer satisfaction at the Tropical Space coffee shop with a path coefficient of 41.90%. (3) Store atmosphere has a positive and significant effect on consumer purchasing interest at the Tropical Space coffee shop with a path coefficient of 19.50%. (4) Experiential marketing has a positive but insignificant effect on consumer purchasing interest at the Tropical Space coffee shop with a path coefficient of 7.60%. (5) Consumer satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on consumer purchasing interest at the Tropical Space coffee shop with a path coefficient of 50.40%. (6) Store atmosphere through consumer satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on consumer purchasing interest at the Tropical Space coffee shop with a path coefficient of 33.90%. The results of a significant influence mean that consumer satisfaction is able to be a good intervening variable in increasing the influence of store atmosphere on consumer purchasing interest at the Tropical Space coffee shop. (7) Experiential marketing through consumer satisfaction has a positive and significant influence on consumer purchasing interest at the Tropical Space coffee shop with a path coefficient of 28.70%. The results of a significant influence mean that consumer satisfaction is able to be a good intervening variable in increasing the influence of experiential marketing on consumer purchasing interest at the Tropical Space coffee shop.

Exploring the factors shaping the invertebrate community and habitat selection in a new Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity in South America

Exploring the factors shaping the invertebrate community and habitat selection in a new Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity in South America

Level of Satisfaction, Service Quality, and Comfortable (Healthy) Atmosphere in Bajawa Flores, Tangerang: Grounded Theory Approach

The cafe and coffee shop industry in Indonesia is experiencing rapid growth, especially among young people looking for a place to socialize. One shop that stands out is Bajawa Flores in Karawaci, Tangerang, which offers more than just coffee, but also a fun social experience with the slogan "fun parties with coffee". This research aims to analyze the level of service satisfaction and comfortable (healthy) atmosphere which influence customer loyalty in Bajawa Flores. Grounded Theory was chosen as a research approach because of its flexibility in adaptive data collection, both through in-depth interviews and direct observation of customer experiences. This research found that the atmosphere created, from interior design to live music, plays an important role in increasing customer satisfaction and loyalty. Food quality, service and overall atmosphere are the main factors influencing visitor satisfaction. In the midst of intense competition, Bajawa Flores needs to focus not only on customer satisfaction, but also on factors that build customer loyalty. This research is expected to provide useful recommendations for Bajawa Flores management to improve services and understand customer preferences and expectations, so that they can strengthen their business position and increase revenue.

A Note on Calcified Pollutant Artefacts of Mawmluh Cave, Shillong Plateau, Meghalaya, North East India

ABSTRACT The renowned Mawmluh or, Mawkhyrdop Cave near Sohra, is a strato-type area for the youngest geological stage, the ‘Meghalayan Age’. Passages, chambers, and cave water pools form network of channels that are lined and ornamented by speleothems typical of a limestone cave. Materialistic plastic items, cloth, tin and aluminum kitchen and home appliance pollutants brought by the river Wah Ummulah from the nearby villages including Sohra; litter the cave. These artefacts are brought by monsoonal seasonal floods. Continuous chemical activities have calcified some of these items along certain favorable spots of the cave. A stuck-up cloth item along with its lacing pattern had pristinely been preserved during calcification. These calcified items now form trivial but unique features, recently incorporated, and integrated as part of the cave landscape.

커피전문점 종사원이 지각하는 친환경 경영이 조직신뢰 및 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향 연구 - 수도권 지역 커피전문점을 중심으로

Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of green management of coffee shops, and this study aims to provide fundamental data for establishing effective green management strategies. Methods: This study conducted a survey targeting employees of franchise coffee shops. This study collected a total of 280 questionnaires and used 264 of them for the final analysis. Results: Among the green management practices of coffee shops, resource recycling and environmentally friendly products and services had a significant impact on organizational trust of employees, instead of green education program. These findings suggest that green practices foster positive emotions and enhance organizational trust, while standardized education fails to drive meaningful behavioral change or trust. Implications: Managers of coffee shops should consider implementing specific and practical green activities and programs that encourage active participation of employees. Additionally, improving and developing the design of green education programs also strengthens trust of employees and sense of belonging within the organization.

Carbonate mineral precipitation induced by microorganisms enriched from the cave water and biofilm in a lime-decorated lava tube

Cave microorganisms associated with calcareous speleothems have been reported to facilitate calcium carbonate precipitation through crystal nucleation and mineral growth. In this study, we used carbonate-forming microorganisms enriched from cave water droplets and stalactite biofilm samples to induce precipitation of Mg2+ or Sr2+-coprecipitated carbonate minerals and explored their mineralogical properties. The samples for these analyses were collected from Yongcheon Cave, a lime-decorated lava tube located on Jeju Island in South Korea. They included five soil and sediment samples from outside the cave, seven drip water samples from inside the cave, and nine biofilm samples swiped using sterilized cotton swabs from inside the cave. The microorganisms enriched from the drip water samples comprised bacterial genera, including Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter, and Morganella. which are known to contribute to carbonate formation. In contrast, the microorganisms enriched from the biofilms were dominated by Pseudomonas. When only Ca2+ was present in the growth medium (Ca:Sr = 3:0), these microorganisms precipitated calcite and vaterite. Conversely, when Ca2+ and Sr2+ were present at varying ratios (Ca:Sr = 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2), calcian-strontianite was precipitated. Furthermore, when only Sr2+ was present (Ca:Sr = 0:3), strontianite was formed. Adding Ca2+ and Mg2+ at varying ratios (Ca:Mg = 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2) led to the precipitation of magnesian-calcite and monohydrocalcite. When only Mg2+ was added to the medium (Ca:Mg = 0:3), nesquehonite and struvite precipitated. These findings suggest that microorganisms enriched from the lava tube cave induce calcium carbonate precipitation through ureolysis and that Sr/Cr and Mg/Ca ratios influence the type of precipitated carbonate or phosphate minerals.

The Effect of Servitization on Purchase Intention Using Digital Technology and Service Business Focus as Mediating Variable

The development of digital technology has changed the business landscape significantly, especially in terms of improving operational efficiency and customer experience. One strategy that companies are increasingly implementing is servitization, namely a shift from a product-based business model to a service that provides added value for customers. This study aims to analyze the influence of servitization on purchase intention and the role of digital technology and service business focus as mediators in this relationship. This research uses quantitative methods with data collection techniques through questionnaires distributed to 75 respondents consisting of coffee shops and restaurant businesses in Solo Raya. Data analysis was carried out using the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with the help of SmartPLS 3.0 software. The research results show that servitization positively and significantly affects purchase intention, digital technology, and service business focus. However, digital technology does not directly influence purchase intention, indicating that digital technology alone is insufficient to increase customer purchase intention without an appropriate service strategy. Meanwhile, service business focus has been proven to significantly influence purchase intention and mediate the relationship between servitization and purchase intention. These findings confirm that companies that implement servitization and have a strong focus on business services are better able to increase customer purchasing intentions than relying solely on digital technology. Therefore, companies are advised to adopt digital technologies and ensure that their service strategies can increase customer value.

РАЗРАБОТКА СТРАТЕГИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ООО «КОНТИНЕНТ» (КОФЕЙНЯ «ШОКОЛАДНИЦА» Г. ЕКАТЕРИНБУРГ АЭРОПОРТ КОЛЬЦОВО)

The article deals with the peculiarities of the development strategy of the coffee house «Shokoladnitsa» on the local market – the airport «Koltsovo» Yekaterinburg. The authors used marketing tools for analysis, with the help of which the weak, strong sides of the coffee house were identified. External threats and opportunities identified the vector of the development strategy – the conclusion of a contract with airlines to provide food for passengers in cases of flight delays. The project is profitable and will increase the company's profit and improve its competitiveness.

Analysis of Marketing Strategies in Increasing Export Sales of Arabica Coffee at MDC Coffee House

This study analyzes the marketing strategy implemented by MDC Coffee House to increase Arabica coffee export sales. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the study identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the company through SWOT analysis, IFAS matrix, and EFAS. The results of the analysis show that MDC Coffee House has an IFAS value of 2.85 and an EFAS of 3.35, which indicates a strong internal position and a good response to external opportunities. Additionally, the GE Matrix indicates that the company is in the investment and development category, necessitating the implementation of an aggressive growth strategy. Recommended strategies include strengthening networks and transparency with suppliers, as well as diversifying products to meet diverse consumer demands. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of leveraging technological advancements and regional economic developments to enhance competitiveness. By focusing on quality control and effective marketing communication, MDC Coffee House can further solidify its position in the global coffee market. This research is expected to provide valuable insights for academics, companies, and researchers regarding the importance of marketing strategies in increasing sales in the international market and fostering sustainable growth. The findings can also be a reference for similar enterprises aiming to enhance their export performance.

Barbodesklapanunggalensis, a new species of blind subterranean fish (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae) from Klapanunggal karst area, West Java, Indonesia, with notes on its conservation.

Barbodesklapanunggalensis sp. nov. is described on the basis of two specimens collected from the subterranean cave system of Klapanunggal karst area, Bogor Regency, West Java Province, Java Island, Indonesia. The new species is unique among its congeners in completely lacking eyes, its ocular vestige being marked by an orbital concavity fully covered with skin, and with no orbital rim. It also differs distinctly from most species of Barbodes by having relatively long paired fins (pectoral fin 26.0-31.4% SL; pelvic fin 21.5-24.4% SL), the adpressed tips of each overlapping the basal area of the adjacent posterior (pelvic and anal, respectively) fins; and the presence of a short pelvic axillary scale with a rounded posterior margin. Barbodesklapanunggalensis sp. nov. is further distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters: head length 32.9-35.3% SL; pre-pectoral fin length 32.6-33.6% SL; pre-pelvic fin length 54.0-59.6% SL; anal-fin base length 9.7-11.8% SL; caudal peduncle depth 13.2-18.2% SL; completely nonpigmented body; and all fins with translucent interradial membranes and light cream to brownish rays. As reflected by its highly troglomorphic features, the new species is strictly adapted to cave habitats. Its small population size, coupled with a high level of potential threats to its known habitat, suggest that future conservation efforts will become necessary.

Characterization of overwintering sites (hibernacula) of the West Nile vector Culex pipiens in Central Italy

BackgroundIn cool-temperate regions, mosquitoes face winter conditions that hinder their development. To cope with cold temperatures, species like Culex pipiens, a major vector of West Nile virus (WNV), diapause as adult females in overwintering shelters known as hibernacula. This study aimed to identify and characterize the overwintering sites of Cx. pipiens in central Italy, analyzing the environmental factors influencing the abundance of the two biological forms, Cx. pipiens pipiens and Cx. pipiens molestus.MethodsField surveys were conducted in Lazio and Tuscany over two consecutive winters (2022/2023 and 2023/2024). Overwintering mosquitoes were collected from different hibernacula types, including natural caves, artificial cavities and buildings. Environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, light intensity and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were recorded in the entrance and inner rooms of each hibernaculum. Mosquito species and Cx. pipiens forms were identified through morphological and molecular analyses. A beta regression model was applied to assess the relationship between environmental factors and Cx. pipiens abundance. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to explore the impact of small- and landscape-scale variables on biological forms distribution.ResultsCulex pipiens presence was confirmed in 24 hibernacula and represented the most abundant species, with Anopheles maculipennis s.l., Culiseta annulata and Culex hortensis accounting for 0.4% of the collected individuals. Comparing the entrance and inner rooms, a higher abundance of Cx. pipiens s.s. was observed in the darker environments, characterized by a humidity of 50–75%, a temperature of 10–20 °C and a VPD of 0.3–0.8 kPa. Inside the inner rooms, Cx. pipiens females preferred lower temperatures, light intensity and humidity, combined with higher VPD. The RDA highlighted that Cx. pipiens pipiens was associated with low temperatures and VPD and high humidity levels, preferring semi-natural areas. Culex pipiens molestus was positively associated with artificial areas. Hybrids were observed in several types of hibernacula.ConclusionsThis study provides insights into the overwintering ecology of Cx. pipiens in southern Europe, highlighting the environmental factors driving its abundance. These results may inform future vector control strategies aimed at reducing mosquito populations and limiting WNV diffusion in temperate regions.Graphical