Coexistence Of States Research Articles

Aesthetic conflict in Chinese traditional music in the aspect of the contemporary globalization processes

Statement of the problem. In the conditions of globalization, art becomes the result of the interaction of many factors, artistic cooperation and competition within the framework of the formation and functioning of artistic communities. The world of traditional Chinese music provides an excellent opportunity to study how members of the artistic community respond to the differences brought about by the processes of globalization. Therefore, consideration of the aesthetic conflict in traditional Chinese music, which arises in the context of globalizing world processes, appears as a topical issue and determines the content of this article. The theoretical basis of this article refers to works devoted to the study of the concept of globalization in art and culture. The analysis of publications on the topic show that the issue of globalization as a dynamic factor of the Chinese musical culture has not been extensively studied, while it is acknowledged that the influence of European music on Chinese one has always contributed to the formation of a certain aesthetic conflict. Objectives, methods, and novelty of the research. The purpose of the study is to highlight the specifics of the development of Chinese traditional musical culture in the context of the conflict of acceptance/rejection of the globalization influences of Western culture. For the first time, the concept of aesthetic conflict as a means of dynamic progressing Chinese musical art in the context of the globalization of the cultural space is considered. As research instruments, historical and comparative, hermeneutic, interpretive, and dialectical methods are used. Research results. The article highlights three forms of changes that cultural globalization can introduce to the world of art: – creation of conditions for the transnational circulation of works and forms of art for the construction of completely new artistic concepts; – the accumulation of modern trends, namely new techniques and approaches to artistic production, in the concrete artistic world; – cases of global aesthetic influences, where ideologies and values can guide the creation of an artistic object and form criterions for defining what can be considered authentic and appropriate for a certain culture. Regular influences from the West contributed to the fact that Chinese traditional music culture began to develop from the positions of either adapting to these influences or resisting new trends in the interpretation of musical culture. From this follows the conclusion that cultural globalization is not only a process brought from outside, but also a reality that is actively created by the subjects who are involved in it. Among the transformations of Chinese musical art in the process of globalization, the ways of formation of “Chinese traditional music” are considered as a response to the integration of Western influences. Conclusion. In the course of the research, it was found that the aesthetic conflict in Chinese musical culture was formed by the way of integrating cultural resources, which is due to globalization processes and leads to the state of coexistence of different types of cultures. Such coexistence indicates the acceptance of multiculturalism by musicians in the era of globalization, when the latter creates a context for the emergence of aesthetic conflict as a means of overcoming the perception of only one culture. It is emphasized that the focus on the preservation of identity of the Chinese musical culture actualizes the option of glocalization as a means of preserving one’s own in multicultural conditions.

Modeling language ideologies for the dynamics of languages in contact.

In multilingual societies, it is common to encounter different language varieties. Various approaches have been proposed to discuss different mechanisms of language shift. However, current models exploring language shift in languages in contact often overlook the influence of language ideologies. Language ideologies play a crucial role in understanding language usage within a cultural community, encompassing shared beliefs, assumptions, and feelings toward specific language forms. These ideologies shed light on the social perceptions of different language varieties expressed as language attitudes. In this study, we introduce an approach that incorporates language ideologies into a model for contact varieties by considering speaker preferences as a parameter. Our findings highlight the significance of preference in language shift, which can even outweigh the influence of language prestige associated, for example, with a standard variety. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of the degree of interaction between individuals holding opposing preferences on the language shift process. Quite expectedly, our results indicate that when communities with different preferences mix, the coexistence of language varieties becomes less likely. However, variations in the degree of interaction between individuals with contrary preferences notably lead to non-trivial transitions from states of coexistence of varieties to the extinction of a given variety, followed by a return to coexistence, ultimately culminating in the dominance of the previously extinct variety. By studying finite-size effects, we observe that the duration of coexistence states increases exponentially with the network size. Ultimately, our work constitutes a quantitative approach to the study of language ideologies in sociolinguistics.

Knowledge, Beliefs, and Experience Regarding Slow Lorises in Southern Thailand: Coexistence in a Developed Landscape.

Natural landscapes are being converted for agriculture and other human uses across Asia and this development presents potential threats for specialist species of primates, like the Endangered slow lorises of Thailand (Nycticebus bengalensis and N. coucang). It is crucial to understand the interface between humans and slow lorises in order to conserve these primates. Local ecological knowledge provides valuable information about these cryptic nocturnal species. We conducted 36 semi-structured interviews in Khao Lak, in southern Thailand, asking (1) where slow lorises were seen, (2) what they were doing, (3) how often people see slow lorises, and (4) what people knew about them. We converted the interviews to free lists and determined the importance of key words. Our results show that the informants saw lorises frequently in six general locations: forests/trees (58%), electric wires (47%), towns/villages (36%), plantations (33%), homesteads (28%), and roads (17%). The most prominent places were forests/trees, wires, and plantations. Eleven key concepts defined local beliefs, with the most prominent being that lorises are awake at night (69%), eat fruit (42%), are not aggressive (25%), are bad omens (25%), and there used to be more of them (25%). Due to a minimal presence of persecution or exploitation of slow lorises by humans in the study area and general tolerance in the face of competition for the same resources and spaces, we suggest that, despite extensive persecution for the illegal photo prop trade in nearby Phuket, the people of Khao Lak seem to live in a state of passive coexistence with slow lorises. However, we did find some evidence that the pet and photo prop trade are still present in the area. It is crucial that coexistence be struck within the context of deforestation and urbanization so that conservation initiatives can take place within the community to further improve the lives of humans and the status of lorises.

Spatial–temporal coupling coordination and interaction between digitalization and traditional industrial upgrading: a case study of the Yellow River Basin

The realization of coupling coordination between digitalization and traditional industrial upgrading in the Yellow River Basin holds significant practical value for promoting high-quality industrial development in the region. In order to assess this coupling coordination, we utilized inter-provincial panel data from nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin, covering the period from 2011 to 2020. Through the application of a coupling coordination degree model, we calculated the degree of coupling coordination and relative development between digitalization and traditional industrial upgrading. Additionally, we conducted a spatial–temporal analysis to identify the characteristics and trends of digitalization and traditional industrial upgrading. Furthermore, we constructed a panel VAR model to examine the interactive relationship between these two factors. The findings are as follows: (1) overall, over the study period, the degree of coupling coordination between digitalization and traditional industrial upgrading in the Yellow River Basin transitioned from a disordered state to a run-in stage. The corresponding development type changed from a low steady state to a co-existence of low and medium steady states. Notably, the levels of digitalization, traditional industrial upgrading, and coupling coordination all exhibited a gradual increase, while the relative development degree declined. (2) The coupling coordination degree between digitalization and traditional industrial upgrading in the Yellow River Basin demonstrated significant regional variation. Provinces displaying a “high–high” agglomeration distribution and “low–low” agglomeration distribution were concentrated in the middle and lower reaches, as well as the upper reaches, of the Yellow River. Furthermore, there was a positive spatial autocorrelation between these regions. (3) Both digitalization and traditional industrial upgrading exhibit self-reinforcing mechanisms, and a long-term dynamic correlation exists between them.

Absence of Mobility Edge in Short-Range Uncorrelated Disordered Model: Coexistence of Localized and Extended States.

Unlike the well-known Mott's argument that extended and localized states should not coexist at the same energy in a generic random potential, we formulate the main principles and provide an example of a nearest-neighbor tight-binding disordered model which carries both localized and extended states without forming the mobility edge. Unexpectedly, this example appears to be given by a well-studied β ensemble with independently distributed random diagonal potential and inhomogeneous kinetic hopping terms. In order to analytically tackle the problem, we locally map the above model to the 1D Anderson model with matrix-size- and position-dependent hopping and confirm the coexistence of localized and extended states, which is shown to be robust to the perturbations of both potential and kinetic terms due to the separation of the above states in space. In addition, the mapping shows that the extended states are nonergodic and allows one to analytically estimate their fractal dimensions.

Coexistence of Chiral and Antichiral Edge States in Photonic Crystals

AbstractThis study reports a modified Haldane model that supports transitions between valley and Chern topological phases in photonic crystals. Berry curvatures of this system can be flexibly diffused, converged, or flipped by endowing different model parameters, thus exhibiting exotic topological interface/edge behaviors, such as topological bound states with ideally zero dispersion. Importantly, the coexistence of chiral and antichiral edge states preserved simultaneously by valley and Chern topological phases is achieved by splicing together two kinds of topological structures as an entirety. It further employs a honeycomb lattice comprising gyromagnetic and ceramic cylinders at microwave frequencies, where inversion and time‐reversal symmetries can be flexibly manipulated. Topological interface transport is demonstrated, including two opposite signs of group velocities jointly protected by topologically distinct regimes. These results bridge the gap between valley and Chern topological physics and shed light on developing reconfigurable integrated device applications for classical (quantum) information processing and photonic computing.

Mixed-ownership structure, non-state-blockholder coalition, and tax avoidance

This study examines the relationship between a coalition of non-state blockholders and corporate tax avoidance in a context in which state and non-state ownership coexist and the ownership structure is concentrated. Our results show that the dominance of non-state blockholders is positively associated with corporate tax avoidance and that the relationship is weakened by the state being the ultimate controller. Further analyses show that the relationship between non-state blockholder dominance and tax avoidance is weakened by the increased number of and greater heterogeneity among non-state blockholders. Moreover, the moderating effect of the state as the ultimate controller is more pronounced when there are fewer layers in the pyramidal state-shareholding structure and when the local government is the ultimate controller. In addition, we find that a tightening of regional tax enforcement efforts and the implementation of a 2007 tax reform weaken this relationship. Altogether, our results suggest that the collective power of non-state blockholder coalitions and the control strength of the state ultimate controller interact to influence corporate tax strategies.

Using the Alternative Stable States Framework to understand the persistence of secondary shrubland within a Mexican oak forest with livestock and agricultural legacies

Many forests exist in human-modified mosaic landscapes subject to logging, agriculture, and livestock grazing. These disturbances can reduce ecosystem resilience and ultimately result in crossing thresholds, leading to the transition of the ecosystem into new stable states with different plant communities. The interaction between these disturbances and forest succession is still poorly understood, despite the growing need to manage these human-modified landscapes for biodiversity and productivity. We studied abrupt changes in vegetation composition in a Central Mexican oak forest and explored how these changes could indicate the coexistence of various alternative stable states caused by agricultural and livestock legacies. We established 36 strip transects covering 9000 m2 in patches with various land use legacies where we sampled vegetation, soil characteristics, and human disturbance. We assessed future and past tendencies in vegetation spatial patterns by evaluating seedling composition and analyzed time series of NDVI signals recorded by LANDSAT images (1972–2019). We utilized NMDS, PERMANOVA, and ANOVA analyses to assess if stable states can be distinguished based on historical and current variations in vegetation composition and structure in patches with different management legacies. We then assess potential factors that may contribute to differences in plant community composition by fitting edaphic, topographic, and anthropogenic disturbance variables to the ordination analyses.We identified three distinct plant communities: oak forest (dominated by late-successional Oak species), secondary shrubland (dominated by Vachellia-Dodonaea association), and a transitional forest-shrub community (a mixture of the first two communities). Time-series analyses and seedling composition provide evidence of long-term community segregation. Variation partition analysis demonstrated that anthropogenic disturbance (particularly livestock browsing), had a greater impact on species composition differentiation than environmental variables.A state-and-transition model is proposed, where cattle browsing and agricultural legacies trigger the transition from oak forests to a stable secondary shrubland community. Three potential self-reinforcing and interacting feedbacks are suggested: (i) micro-environmental filtering, (ii) plant-trait mediated assembly process, and (iii) cascading effects on tree recruitment caused by cattle browsing. The proposed state-and-transition model explains forest successional dynamics in systems with multiple anthropogenic disturbances and provides a conceptual framework for understanding and guiding successional trajectories.

Propagation dynamics of nonlocal dispersal competition systems in time-periodic shifting habitats

This paper is concerned with the propagation dynamics of the time periodic Lotka-Volterra competition systems with nonlocal dispersal in a shifting habitat. We first obtain three types of time-periodic forced waves connecting the extinction state to the co-existence state, itself and the semi-trivial state, which describe the conversion from the state of two aboriginal co-existent competing species, two invading alien competitors, and a saturated aboriginal competitor with another invading alien competitor to the extinction state, respectively. This provides a comprehensive explanation of the point-wise extinction dynamics of these two competing species under such a time-periodic worsening habitat. Then, we establish the spreading properties of the associated Cauchy problem depending on the range of the shifting speed. More specifically, we give a complete description on the threshold values for the extinction as well as persistence (by moving with asymptotic speed). Our results reveal the possibility that a competitively weaker species with a much faster spreading speed can drive a competitively stronger species with a slower spreading speed to extinction. The discussion in this paper applies to both cases of weak competition and strong-weak competition. In particular, we need to point out that some combined effects of nonlocal dispersal, two-variable coupling and time-periodic shifting heterogeneity in this system pose extra difficulties in mathematical treatment, which are dealt with by introducing new approaches.

Amplitude-dependent edge states and discrete breathers in nonlinear modulated phononic lattices

We investigate the spectral properties of one-dimensional spatially modulated nonlinear phononic lattices, and their evolution as a function of amplitude. In the linear regime, the stiffness modulations define a family of periodic and quasiperiodic lattices whose bandgaps host topological edge states localized at the boundaries of finite domains. With cubic nonlinearities, we show that edge states whose eigenvalue branch remains within the gap as amplitude increases remain localized, and therefore appear to be robust with respect to amplitude. In contrast, edge states whose corresponding branch approaches the bulk bands experience de-localization transitions. These transitions are predicted through continuation studies on the linear eigenmodes as a function of amplitude, and are confirmed by direct time domain simulations on finite lattices. Through our predictions, we also observe a series of amplitude-induced localization transitions as the bulk modes detach from the nonlinear bulk bands and become discrete breathers that are localized in one or more regions of the domain. Remarkably, the predicted transitions are independent of the size of the finite lattice, and exist for both periodic and quasiperiodic lattices. These results highlight the co-existence of topological edge states and discrete breathers in nonlinear modulated lattices. Their interplay may be exploited for amplitude-induced eigenstate transitions, for the assessment of the robustness of localized states, and as a strategy to induce discrete breathers through amplitude tuning.

Impact of Allee and fear effects in a fractional order prey-predator system with group defense and prey refuge.

This paper presents a novel fractional-order model of a prey-predator system that incorporates group defense and prey refuge mechanisms, along with Allee and fear effects. First, we examine the existence, uniqueness, non-negativity, and boundedness of the solution of the system. Second, a comprehensive analysis is conducted on the existence, stability, and coexistence of equilibrium states in the system, which are crucial for comprehending prey-predator system behavior. Our investigation reveals that the coexistence equilibrium undergoes a Hopf bifurcation under five key parameters. Specifically, an increased threshold for the transition between group and individual behavior, influenced by different strengths of the Allee effect, enhances the stability of both populations. This discovery sheds light on the role of group effects in shaping prey-predator interactions and ecosystem stability. Third, system discretization is employed to explore the impact of step size on stimulating stability and to investigate the Neimark-Sacker bifurcation, providing a more comprehensive understanding of system behavior. The role of step size as a constraint on stability is examined, revealing the system's progression from stability to chaos. Consequently, our results offer a more flexible mechanism for adjusting the stability and dynamics of the two species. Finally, numerical simulations are utilized to validate the reasonableness of the research findings.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Bifurcation Analysis of a Generalized Two-Prey One-Predator System with Diffusion and Double Prey-Taxes

The presence of a predator can force the mediation of a coexistence state in three-species ordinary differential equation model, where two competing species are preyed on by a common predator. To understand how the addition of diffusion and prey-taxis affects predator-mediated coexistence in such an ecological system, we consider a general two-competing-prey and one-predator model with double prey-taxes under Neumann boundary conditions. We first show that there is a unique global classical solution to this model with ratio-dependent and nonratio-dependent predator functional responses. Then, we demonstrate the emergence of the so-called stationary patterns. Finally, in detail, we give some sufficient conditions for the existence, nonexistence, and stability of nonconstant positive steady states and time-periodic positive solutions. Surprisingly, we find that the combination of a repulsive prey-taxis and an attractive prey-taxis can also induce the emergence of pattern formations. The theoretical results imply that double prey-taxes play an extremely important part in biological control.

Temperature-gradient investigation of phase transitions in ferroelectrics using cooling and heating stage

A cooling and heating stage has been developed to investigate the properties of materials under temperature gradients. We utilized the ferroelectric material BaTiO3 to show the coexistence of cubic and tetragonal crystal structures within a single crystal at the high-temperature and low-temperature sides, respectively, under the temperature gradient around 403 K. Through the Raman mapping and synchrotron X-ray diffraction mapping, we successfully visualized the coexisting crystal structures along with the boundary. Additionally, using Raman mapping, we also visualized the coexistence state of the higher-temperature-tetragonal and lower-temperature-orthorhombic phases. Our developed stage demonstrated its capability as a means to continuously vary the temperature direction in the composition-temperature phase diagram, providing valuable insights into the phase transitions.

Electrochemical Formation of Dy–Fe Alloys in Molten LiF–CaF2–DyF3

We conducted a fundamental study on the recycling of Dy and Nd from Dy-doped Nd–Fe–B magnet scraps by investigating the electrochemical Dy alloying behavior of Fe in molten LiF–CaF2–DyF3 (0.3 or 0.5 mol%) at 1123 K. Using open-circuit potentiometry with a Mo electrode, the equilibrium potential of Dy3+/Dy was determined to be 0.16 V (vs Li+/Li). The formation of multiple phases in the Dy–Fe alloys was suggested by cyclic voltammetry and open-circuit potentiometry. The deposition of Dy metal and formation of the solid DyFe2 alloy were confirmed by potentiostatic electrolysis at 0.10 V. The solid alloys of DyFe2, DyFe3, Dy6Fe23, and Dy2Fe17 were formed by two-step potentiostatic electrolysis in which the potential was changed to 0.22, 0.27, 0.29, and 0.34 V, after the initial electrolysis at 0.10 V, respectively. The equilibrium potentials of the coexistence states of DyFe2 + DyFe3, DyFe3 + Dy6Fe23, Dy6Fe23 + Dy2Fe17, and Dy2Fe17 + Fe were determined to be 0.25, 0.28, 0.31, and 0.36 V, respectively, and these values closely approximated those calculated from previously reported thermodynamic data.

Codimension-Two Bifurcations of a Simplified Discrete-Time SIR Model with Nonlinear Incidence and Recovery Rates

In this paper, a simplified discrete-time SIR model with nonlinear incidence and recovery rates is discussed. Here, using the integral step size and the intervention level as control parameters, we mainly discuss three types of codimension-two bifurcations (fold-flip bifurcation, 1:3 resonance, and 1:4 resonance) of the simplified discrete-time SIR model in detail by bifurcation theory and numerical continuation techniques. Parameter conditions for the occurrence of codimension-two bifurcations are obtained by constructing the corresponding approximate normal form with translation and transformation of several parameters and variables. To further confirm the accuracy of our theoretical analysis, numerical simulations such as phase portraits, bifurcation diagrams, and maximum Lyapunov exponents diagrams are provided. In particular, the coexistence of bistability states is observed by giving local attraction basins diagrams of different fixed points under different integral step sizes. It is possible to more clearly illustrate the model’s complex dynamic behavior by combining theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.

FEATURES OF THE STATE NATIONAL POLICY AND INTERETHNIC INTERACTION IN THE REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (based on the materials of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan and Chuvashia). PART 1

Studying various aspects of the national policy of the Russian Federation in modern conditions attracts the attention of many researchers. This is due, firstly, to the rapid development of ethnic processes in the countries of Western Europe, and secondly, to the uniqueness of our country as a multinational and multi-confessional state.
 
 The purpose of the research is to study the peculiarities of the state national policy in modern conditions on the example of three multinational republics of the Russian Federation.
 
 Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the article was the fundamental principles for organizing research: scientific objectivity, historicism, consistency, comprehensiveness and complexity, recognizing legitimacy of pluralism in the research process, focusing on the study of events and phenomena of the past in all their complexity, inconsistency, mutual conditionality, in accordance with the specifics of the historical era, in connection with modernity. In addition to methodological approaches, the study of the topic of the article assumes mandatory knowledge of the literature and sources that make up the basic part of the study process.
 
 Results. The article characterizes the current state of interethnic relations in Russia on the example of three national republics: Bashkortostan, Tatarstan and Chuvashia, which are polyethnic and multi-confessional subjects of the Russian Federation. The choice of these regions of the Ural-Volga region is due to the fact that the titular ethnic groups here are related Turkic peoples: the Bashkirs, the Tatars and the Chuvash. When implementing the policy in the field of interethnic interaction in the country, the state authorities rely on such fundamental documents as the “Concept of the State National Policy of the Russian Federation” (1996), the Law of the Russian Federation “On National and Cultural Autonomy” (1996), the “Strategy of the State National Policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025” (2012) and others.
 
 The article discusses the activities of regional authorities on forming mutual understanding and consent between ethnic groups living within individual republics. Each subject adopted special programs to implement the Strategy of the state national policy of the Russian Federation, taking into account its socio-economic and ethno-cultural development. Some attention is also paid to the activities carried out by national cultural autonomies in the national republics under consideration.
 
 Conclusions. In order to solve the research tasks set in the article, the authors analyzed the data of sociological surveys conducted to study ethno-cultural processes in the subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as examined the assessment of various aspects in interethnic relations by the population pf three republics; a special emphasis is placed on the views and assessment of young people regarding the relationship between representatives of different peoples, about the level of well-being in the confessional and interethnic spheres. The analysis of the state national policy of Russia at the present stage testifies to the great attention on the part of the governing bodies of the Russian Federation to interethnic problems in the multinational state: timely adoption of conceptual and regulatory legal acts; formation and control of authorities and public institutions responsible for issues of interethnic interaction, as well as organization of their activities; involvement of politicians and researchers in the study of state policy in order to improve it. However, despite concrete steps in the field of interethnic interaction both in the center and on the ground, often of a preventive nature, it is not always possible to overcome inconsistency of the national issue in full, especially for multi-ethnic subjects of the Russian Federation. To one degree or another, conflict situations manifest themselves in them, they are primarily associated with such a factor of modernity as the desire of peoples to preserve and fully develop national languages and culture. Migration flows and population changes are beginning to play an important role in the regions, which is proved by the population censuses of recent years, but the main thing is the state of interethnic coexistence in the country, for example, on the materials of the Republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan and Chuvashia.

Global bifurcation of coexistence states for a prey-taxis system with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions

Global bifurcation of coexistence states for a prey-taxis system with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions

Social Sciences in the USSR/Russia: History and Current State

Social sciences largely reflect how one’s own society and the world are perceived. The article discusses the development of social sciences in the USSR, and then in Russia, focusing on four disciplines: political science, sociology, international relations, and psychology. The article shows that in the USSR, the theory of activity was developed in the field of psychology on the basis of Marxism and has gained recognition around the world. In the field of international relations in the USSR, the thesis was put forward about the peaceful coexistence of states with different social systems; today, with proper development, this thesis could be productive for understanding the coexistence in the modern world of various civilizations. The article also shows that after 1991, a significant breakthrough was made in terms of the institutionalization of the social sciences. From the subject point of view, social sciences now are not much different from those in other countries. In political science, international relations, and, partly, in sociology, there is an intensive discussion about whether Russia should integrate into global science or build its own social sciences.

The Dynamics of Pasture-Herbivores-Carnivores with Sigmoidal Density Dependent Harvesting.

We investigate biomass-herbivore-carnivore (top predator) interactions in terms of a tritrophic dynamical systems model. The harvesting rates of the herbivores and the top predators are described by means of a sigmoidal function of the herbivores density and the top predator density, respectively. The main focus in this study is on the dynamics as a function of the natural mortality and the maximal harvesting rate of the top predators. We identify parameter regimes for which we have non-existence of equilibrium points as well as necessary conditions for the existence of such states of the modelling framework. The system does not possess any finite equilibrium states in the regime of high herbivore mortality. In the regime of a high consumption rate of the herbivores and low mortality rates of the top predator, an asymptotically stable finite equilibrium state exists. For this positive equilibrium to exist the mortality of the top predator should not exceed a certain threshold level. We also detect regimes producing coexistence of equilibrium states and their respective stability properties. In the regime of negligible harvesting of the top predator level, we observe a finite window of the natural top predator mortality rates for which oscillations in the top predator-, the herbivore- and the biomass level take place. The lower and upper bound of this window correspond to two Hopf bifurcation points. We also identify a bifurcation diagram using the top predator harvesting rate as a control variable. Using this diagram we detect several saddle node- and Hopf bifurcation points as well as regimes for which we have coexistence of interior equilibrium states, bistability and relaxation type of oscillations.

Coevolutionary dynamics of population and institutional rewards in public goods games

In social dilemmas, individuals face a conflict between their own self-interest and the collective interest of the group. The provision of reward has been shown to be an effective means to drive cooperation in such situations. However, previous research has often made the idealized assumption that rewards are constant and do not change in response to changes in the game environment. In this paper, we introduce reward into the public goods game and develop a coevolutionary game model in which the strength of reward is adaptively adjusted according to the population state. Specifically, we assume that decreasing levels of cooperation lead to an increase in reward strength, while increasing levels of cooperation result in a decrease in reward strength. By investigating coevolutionary dynamics between population state and reward systems, we find that interior stable coexistence state can emerge in our model, where the levels of cooperation and reward strength remain at constant levels. In addition, we also reveal that the emergence of a full cooperation state only requires a minimal level of reward strength. Our study highlights the potential of adaptive feedback reward as a tool for achieving long-term stability and sustainability in social dilemmas.