Codling Moth Larvae Research Articles

Spatial analyses of ecological count data: A density map comparison approach

Analysing spatial patterns of population distributions may help to infer the decisive underlying ecological processes. Here we propose a method adapted to the spatial analysis of count data. Named MAPCOMP (MAP COMParison), it is based on the calculation of a formal distance, the Hellinger distance, between the density map of counts and the density map of sampling effort. Statistical tests of spatial homogeneity are based on count permutations across sampling sites and on valuable properties of the Hellinger distance. We assessed the efficiency of MAPCOMP by simulating different types and locations of clusters of individuals and compared its performance to the classical red–blue SADIE method, used as a reference. The two methods were also compared with respect to counts of codling moth larvae in orchards. Thanks to its better theoretical properties than SADIE, MAPCOMP was efficient in detecting spatial inhomogeneity when clusters were located on square or elongated spatial domains and more or less close to the edges, even for small sample sizes. It also appeared not very sensitive to edge effects. Another advantage of MAPCOMP is a bandwidth parameter that allows assessing the spatial extent of heterogeneity, if any.

Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of codling moth larvae, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), reflect those of their host plant species

The cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) of codling moth larvae collected in the field from their host plant species, apple and walnut, were analyzed and compared with the CHCs of fruits from these two phylogenetically distant hosts. The CHC profiles of the larvae consisted solely of n-alkanes (C23–C31) and differed quantitatively between host populations. Amounts of the CHCs from the walnut-collected larvae were shifted towards longer-chain alkanes compared to those from apple-collected larvae. A similar shift was observed for the CHC profiles of walnut and apple fruits. Analysis of the CHCs of larvae reared on artificial diet, in comparison with hydrocarbons from the diet, confirmed that larval CHCs scarcely reflect hydrocarbons from the food source. This finding indicates that the larval hydrocarbons must be biosynthesized to a large degree by the insect, rather than being gained directly from its diet. Hence, codling moth populations from apple and walnut each synthesize their own CHC profiles, which largely resemble those of their respective host plant, yielding a potential tool of chemical camouflage from certain natural antagonists of the larvae. The findings of the present study, together with recent molecular population analyses, provides evidence for a process that might ultimately lead to sympatric speciation of this herbivore species. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 376–384.

Influence of humidity and a surfactant-polymer-formulation on the control potential of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae against diapausing codling moth larvae (Cydia pomonella L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) is a serious pest of pome fruit. Diapausing cocooned larvae overwinter in cryptic habitats in the soil or in the bark of infested trees. The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) is used to control diapausing codling moth larvae. The objective of this study was to define environmental conditions favouring the performance of the nematodes. Cocooned larvae were more susceptible than non-cocooned larvae. Susceptibility of pupae was low. To determine the influence of decreasing water activity (aw-value) on the activity of the nematodes, mortality of codling moth larvae and Galleria mellonella L. were tested in sand-sodium-polyacrylate mixtures of variable water activity. S. feltiae was able to infect both insects at aw-values >0.9. Cocooned larvae of both insects died at lower aw-values than non-cocooned larvae. Mortality of cocooned larvae did not further increase after half an hour of exposure to nematodes, whereas the mortality of non-cocooned larvae increased with increasing exposure time. LC50 and LC90 considerably decrease with increasing RH. The negative influence of the relative humidity (macro environment) was less important than the effect of the water activity in the bark substrate (micro environment). The micro environment can be manipulated by applying S. feltiae with higher volumes of water. A surfactant-polymer-formulation significantly increased nematode efficacy and can buffer detrimental environmental effects.

Characterization of Microencapsulated Pear Ester, (2E,4Z)-Ethyl-2,4-decadienoate, a Kairomonal Spray Adjuvant against Neonate Codling Moth Larvae

Codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is the key pest of apples, pears, and walnuts worldwide. The pear-derived kairomone, ethyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate, the pear ester (PE), evokes attraction and arrestment of CM larvae. Microencapsulated PE formulation (PE-MEC) enhances the control efficacy of insecticides when used as a spray adjuvant. Characterization of the microencapsulated kairomone, including microcapsule size, concentrations, emission rates, and larval response, was performed. Microcapsule diameter ranged from 2 to 14 mum, with 68% of capsules being 2-3 mum, and the concentration of microcapsules averaged 25.9 x 10(4) capsules per mL of field spray solution. Headspace collections showed emission of PE was related to PE-MEC concentration and was best described as first-order power decay. Neonate larvae responded to PE-MEC applications aged through 14 days. These results demonstrated that application of PE-MEC concurrent with insecticides may increase neonate foliar wandering, thereby disrupting host location and enhancing mortality by prolonging its exposure to insecticide.

Post-application of anti-desiccant agents improves efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes in formulated host cadavers or aqueous suspension against diapausing codling moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.) is the most serious pest of apple and other pome fruit worldwide. In temperate climates, diapausing cocooned larvae make up 100% of the population. Control of this stage would reduce or eliminate damage by first generation CM in late spring and early summer. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are good candidates for control of CM in the cryptic habitats where the larvae overwinter. The two predominant limiting factors for EPNs are adequate moisture and temperatures below 15°C. Formulation that maintains moisture and enables survival of EPN infective juveniles (IJs) until they can infect overwintering larvae would significantly improve their utility for protection of apple, pear and walnut. In laboratory studies conducted in moist mulch (consisting of apple and conifer wood), Galleria mellonella (L.) larvae infected with Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), S. feltiae (Filipjev), or Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and coated with starch and clay, produced mean mortalities of 42, 88, and 24%, respectively in CM larvae. Mulched field plots treated with formulated S. carpocapsae- or S. feltiae-infected G. mellonella larvae, then followed by an application of wood flour foam as an anti-desiccant, resulted in 56 and 86% mortality, respectively. Comparative tests of aqueous suspensions of S. carpocapsae IJs applied to cardboard bands on apple tree trunks followed by water, fire retardant gel or foam resulted in 11, 35, and 85% respective mortalities. Identical tests with S. feltiae resulted in 20, 19, and 97% respective mortalities. Our research with cadaver formulations of EPNs in mulch and aqueous suspensions on tree trunks combined with anti-desiccant agents, demonstrated significant improvement in larvicidal activity for diapausing cocooned CM larvae.

Key elements in the successful control of diapausing codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in wooden fruit bins with a South African isolate of Heterorhabditis zealandica (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae)

The non-insecticidal control strategies currently being implemented in South African orchards for the control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) may be hampered by wooden fruit bins being infested with diapausing codling moth larvae, acting as a potential source of re-infestation. Key factors contributing to the success or failure of an entomopathogenic nematode application were investigated using the SF 41 isolate of Heterorhabditis zealandica in laboratory bioassays with wooden minibins. Under operational conditions, an application rate of 100 IJs/mL (LD90=102 IJs/mL) effectively controlled codling moth larvae in these bins, and for further laboratory bioassays, the LD50 value of 18 IJs/mL (≈25 IJs/mL) was identified as the discriminating dosage. Maximum mortality was attained when bins were pre-wet for at least 1 min (>90% RH) and maintained at maximum humidity (>95% RH) post-treatment for at least 3 days (LT90=73 h), to ensure nematode survival and subsequent satisfactory infection of diapausing codling moth larvae. Tarping bins achieved the desired high level of humidity required. Furthermore, adjuvants (specifically Reverseal 10™) also improved an application. The study conclusively illustrated that if all the above-mentioned conditions are met, H. zealandica has the potential to successfully disinfest wooden fruit bins of codling moth.

Control of Codling Moth in Bulgaria with a Combination of Isomate C Plus Dispensers and the Baculovirus Product Madex®

In the years 2007-2009, trials on control of codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.), were carried out in apple orchards of South-East Bulgaria, where the pressure of the pest was very high. Mating disruption with Isomate C plus dispensers was applied in combination with sprays of the virus product Madex ® . With a single installation of Isomate C plus dispensers per season + 4 treat- ments of Madex ® at 100 ml per ha against the first and 6 treatments against the second generation, fruit damage at harvest and popula- tion density of codling moth were kept at a low level. At the same time fruit damage and population density of the pest, as estimated by the hibernating CM larvae population, was very high in the conventionally treated orchard serving as a reference. Using Isomate C plus dispensers and the baculovirus product Madex ® may be a promising alternative to traditional programmes trying to control high initial infestation of codling moth. For Bulgaria, the combined tested strategies of mating disruption and virus control are suggested for control of codling moth in the orchards with CM population density of more than 3 larvae per tree or more than 5% fruit damage in the previous year.

Response of Postharvest Tree Nut Lepidopteran Pests to Vacuum Treatments

Industry concerns over insect resistance, regulatory action, and the needs of organic processors have renewed interest in nonchemical alternative postharvest treatments to fumigants used for California tree nuts. The development of inexpensive polyvinyl chloride containers capable of holding low pressures has increased the practicality of vacuum treatments for durable commodities such as tree nuts. To develop vacuum treatment protocols, we determined the relative tolerance to vacuum (50 mmHg) at 25 and 30 degrees C of different life stages of three postharvest pests of tree nuts: codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), and Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). At both temperatures, nondiapausing codling moth larvae were the least tolerant stage tested. LT95 values for diapausing Indianmeal moth larvae were similar to Indianmeal moth eggs at both temperatures. Indianmeal moth diapausing larvae and eggs were the most tolerant at 25 degrees C, whereas navel orangeworm eggs were most tolerant at 30 degrees C. Field tests using GrainPro Cocoons (GrainPro, Inc., Concord, MA) to treat shelled almonds, Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb, in bins at vacuum levels of 18-43 mmHg at average winter temperatures (6-10 degrees C) showed that diapausing codling moth larvae were the most tolerant under these conditions and that exposures of 7-13 d provided incomplete control. Summer field tests treating in-shell almonds in bags at average temperatures of 25-30 degrees C provided complete control with 48 h exposure to average vacuum levels of 50 mmHg, and navel orangeworm eggs were the most tolerant stage.

Cocoon‐spinning larvae of Oriental fruit moth and Indianmeal moth do not produce aggregation pheromone

Abstract1 Mature larvae of the Oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the Indianmeal moth (IMM) Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) leave their food source in search of suitable pupation sites in which to spin cocoons. These sites are typically well‐concealed cracks and crevices within the environment. Such cocooning behaviour is also observed in larvae of the codling moth (CM) Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), which aggregate prior to pupation in response to a pheromone blend produced by cocoon‐spinning conspecific larvae.2 In laboratory experiments, we tested whether cocoon‐spinning OFM and IMM larvae produce aggregation pheromones and whether CM larvae are cross‐attracted to closely‐related OFM larvae.3 Fifth‐instar OFM and IMM larvae were not attracted to, or arrested by, cocoon‐spinning conspecifics. Moreover, fifth‐instar CM larvae were not cross‐attracted to either cocoon‐spinning OFM or IMM larvae.4 Analyses of volatiles released from cocoon‐spinning OFM and IMM larvae revealed that both OFM and IMM lack components that are present in the aggregation pheromone of CM larvae. This information may help explain why CM larvae are not cross‐attracted to cocooning OFM or IMM larvae.

Does aggregation behavior of codling moth larvae, Cydia pomonella, increase the risk of parasitism by Mastrus ridibundus?

Mastrus ridibundus is a specialist hymenopteran parasitoid that parasitizes last-instar larvae or prepupae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Foraging females eavesdrop on an aggregation pheromone produced by cocooning larvae. We investigated whether larvae that cocoon in aggregation experience a greater rate of parasitism than larvae that cocoon in isolation. In wind tunnel experiments, 10 larvae in aggregations were more readily located by female M. ridibundus than 10 larvae well separated from each other. Similarly, aggregations of 30 larvae were more attractive to female M. ridibundus than those of 3 larvae. In cage experiments, larval cocooning in aggregation or isolation had no effect on the mean rate of parasitism and the mean number of eggs deposited per parasitized host. In Petri-dish experiments, the location of larvae within an aggregation significantly affected their rate of parasitism, with those in the center of an aggregation completely shielded from parasitism. Our data suggest that aggregation behavior by C. pomonella larvae does not appear to increase the rate of parasitism. The increased risk of aggregated larvae to be detected by M. ridibundus is likely offset by diluted parasitism risk and structural refugia effects that larvae in aggregation experience. As an egg-limited parasitoid, female M. ridibundus can parasitize on average only one larva in an aggregation, with the likelihood of parasitism for each larva being inversely proportional to the number of larvae in that aggregation.

Diversity and evolution of the Cydia pomonella granulovirus

Eight new field isolates of Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) originating in Iran and Georgia and one English CpGV isolate were analysed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and by partial genome amplification and sequencing. According to the observed RFLPs, most of the predominant genotypes of these isolates could be assigned to those present in previously found isolates originating from Mexico (CpGV-M), England (CpGV-E) and Russia (CpGV-R). We suggest that these isolates should be designated genome A, B and C types, respectively. A fourth genome type was identified in three isolates and is designated D type. The isolates with A, B and D type genomes contained four open reading frames (ORFs) (ORF63-ORF66) not present in C type genomes. The lack of these ORFs in other granuloviruses suggests that the C type genome is evolutionarily ancestral to the other genome types. The B and D type genomes contained an additional insertion of a non-protein coding region of 0.7 kb, which was at different genome locations. Analysis of the partial gene sequences of late expression factor 8 (lef-8), lef-9 and polyhedrin/granulin (polh/gran) genes revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that corresponded to the RFLP types. Phylogenetic analyses based on these SNPs corroborated the proposed ancestry of the C type genome. C type viruses were also less virulent to neonate codling moth larvae than the other virus types. In conclusion, the known diversity of CpGV isolates can be described by four major genome types, which appear to exist in different isolates as genotype mixtures.

Efficacy of the Biofumigant Fungus <I>Muscodor albus</I> (Ascomycota: Xylariales) for Control of Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Simulated Storage Conditions

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a serious pest of pome fruit, is a threat to exportation of apples (Malus spp.) because of the possibility of shipping infested fruit. The need for alternatives to fumigants such as methyl bromide for quarantine security of exported fruit has encouraged the development of effective fumigants with reduced side effects. The endophytic fungus Muscodor albus Worapong, Strobel and Hess (Ascomycota: Xylariales) produces volatile compounds that are biocidal for several pest organisms, including plant pathogens and insect pests. The objectives of our research were to determine the effects of M. albus volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on codling moth adults, neonate larvae, larvae in infested apples, and diapausing cocooned larvae in simulated storage conditions. Fumigation of adult codling moth with VOCs produced by M. albus for 3 d and incubating in fresh air for 24 h at 25 degrees C resulted in 81% corrected mortality. Four- and 5-d exposures resulted in higher mortality (84 and 100%, respectively), but control mortality was also high due to the short life span of the moths. Exposure of neonate larvae to VOCs for 3 d on apples and incubating for 7 d resulted in 86% corrected mortality. Treated larvae were predominantly first instars, whereas 85% of control larvae developed to second and third instars. Exposure of apples that had been infested for 5 d, fumigated with M. albus VOCs for 3 d, and incubated as described above resulted in 71% corrected larval mortality. Exposure of diapausing cocooned codling moth larvae to VOCs for 7 or 14 d resulted in 31 and 100% mortality, respectively, with negligible control mortality. Our data on treatment of several stages of codling moth with M. albus VOCs indicate that the fungus could provide an alternative to broad spectrum chemical fumigants for codling moth control in storage and contribute to the systems approach to achieve quarantine security of exported apples.

Evidence for the non-pest status of codling moth on commercial fresh sweet cherries intended for export

Before accepting a systems approach as an alternative to methyl bromide fumigation for U.S. fresh sweet cherries, Prunus avium (L.) L., exported to Japan, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan required additional evidence that sweet cherries are poor or non-hosts for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Evidence was collected through field trapping and fruit evaluations in Washington state and California. During the 2006 cherry season, pheromone traps were placed in six commercial cherry orchards within the Yakima Valley in Washington, and in four commercial orchards in the San Joaquin Valley in California. All cherry orchards were adjacent or near to walnuts, apples, or pear orchards. No pest control measures that might affect codling moth were used in the cherry orchards. The maximum weekly trap catch in California was 5.5 codling moth adults per trap, whereas in Washington an organic orchard had the maximum weekly trap catch of 36.5 moths per trap and the highest weekly average catch of 11.0 moths per trap. At least 10,000 harvested cherries from each of three of the commercial Washington orchards, and all four California orchards were examined under a dissecting microscope for the presence of codling moth larvae. A total of 78,701 fruits were examined, yet no codling moth larvae were found. These results suggest that cherries are not preferred hosts for codling moth, even in areas with high adult populations. This information supports the system approach for quarantine security for domestic cherries exported to Japan.

Wastewater sludges as novel growth substrates for rearing codling moth larvae

Codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L) is a pest of numerous fruit species and is also used as a host for baculovirus (granulovirus) and hence the high rate production of CM is important for their biological control. In this research, different wastewater residues from cheese industry, starch industry and municipal wastes (eight different types of larval diets) were investigated as potential substitutes for protein ingredient (principal component) of insect diet. CM larvae were produced with 65–75% survival rate and were healthy as observed under the microscope. Hence, use of cheaper alternatives in the diet derived from agriculture and/or municipal wastes was feasible. Moreover, the preparation steps involved, sterilization, mixing and homogenization and hence the simplicity of these steps makes it practical to scale-up the diet to industrial scale in future. There was no contamination all during the process development. Dryness of all larval diets increased with time, however, even after 26 days, the dryness was ≤18% which is an acceptable norm. Weight, length and diameter of CM larvae was higher when 50% of protein was replaced by cheese industry sludge and corresponded to 145 ± 5, 174 ± 5, and 103 ± 3% increase, respectively. Cheese industry sludge gave highest fecundity of 340 eggs/adult/g of larval diet and the values were higher for other alternative larval diets too. Hence, CM insect diet can be developed using alternative protein substitutes (wastewater residues) is feasible, by adopting simplified scheme with scope for industrial scale-up.

USE OF CARPOVIRUSINE FOR CONTROL OF CODLING MOTH, CYDIAPOMONELLA L. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN BULGARIA PROGRESS REPORT

ABSTRACT The trials were carried out in Central-South Bulgaria in 2006 and 2007. In a conventionally managed reference orchard, sixteen chemical treatments were applied during the season. Fifteen of them could act against codling moth larvae. In spite of that, fruit damage by CM reached at harvest 6.8 in 2006 and 18.7 in 2007. At the same time damage in the plot, treated twelve times with GpGV, was only 0.05% in 2006 and 0.4% in 2007. The overwintering population in the plot treated with GpGV was 0.125 larvae per tree in autumn 2006 and 0.175 larvae per tree in 2007, whereas in the reference orchard 3.32 larvae per tree in autumn 2006 and 7.97 in 2007. The high fruit damage and overwintering CM indicate the population to be resistant tothe organophosphates used. Positive results obtained with Carpovirusine show that it may be effective as a means of biocontrol of CM in Bulgaria.

Molecular and biological characterization of new isolates of Cydia pomonella granulovirus from Iran

The Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is a very effective biological control agent of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lep.: Tortricidae). Only a few CpGV isolates originating from Mexico (M), England (E), and Russia (R) have been described so far. In a field survey at different locations in Iran, CpGV isolates were collected from single or pooled codling moth larvae. The isolates, designated I1, I7, I8, I15, I22, I28, I30, I66, I67, I68, and I70 showed genetic (DNA restriction endonuclease profiles) and biological (bioassays) differences. Most isolates could be attributed to genome types similar to those found in CpGV-M, -E, and -R. Some of them were clear mixtures of different genotypes. Thus, the CpGV isolates found in the North–West of Iran make an important contribution to the known diversity of CpGV. The occurrence of novel, naturally occurring CpGV isolates emphasize the necessity of further studies towards the diversity and evolution of CpGV.

Control of codling moth (Cydia pomonella L., Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by the “attract and kill” strategy

The “attract and kill” strategy against the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) was tested in a six-year field trial in three localities in Central and Eastern Bohemia. From 1999 to 2004, we evaluated the efficacy of two products, Appeal (Bayer AG) and LastCall™ (IPM Technologies), both of which are based on a combination of pheromone and insecticide. This was done on plots of different size and population density of codling moth. From 1999 to 2004, fruit injury caused by codling moth larvae as well as the population density of codling moth was considerably reduced. The biological efficacy of the “attract and kill” strategy on the reduction of fruit injury at harvest ranged from 76.3% to 100%. Based on the results obtained in field experiments, the “attract and kill” strategy can be used successfully on large, medium, and small-sized plots.

Does larval aggregation pheromone of codling moth,Cydia pomonella, induce attraction or arrestment of receivers?

Cocoon-spinning larvae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, emit a pheromone that mediates aggregation by pupation site-seeking fifth-instar larvae. It was unknown and, thus, we tested whether the aggregation pheromone induces arrestment or attraction responses. In paired straight-tube experiment 1, fifth-instars moved faster and farther upwind toward cospecific cocoons compared to blank controls. In still-air cage experiment 2, fifth-instars selected more often as first and final choices of pupation sites those with cocooning conspecifics than those without. Finally, in Y-tube olfactometer experiment 3, fifth-instars anemotactically responded to, and preferred, side arms with cocooning conspecifics to those without. Our data provide evidence that codling moth larvae are attracted to, rather than merely arrested by, larval aggregation pheromone. These results help explain reported aggregations or clumped distributions of larvae on tree trunks, which would likely not occur if they were based merely on chance encounter of cocoon-spinning larvae by foraging larvae.

Infrared Detection of Internal Feeders of Deciduous Tree Fruits

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a worldwide pest of apple and pear. Due to the severity of codling moth in agroecosystems, it is a quarantine pest in countries where it is not considered an established species. Detection of codling moth infestations in exports intended for these countries is crucial to the U.S. apple industry. Tests were conducted on infrared thermoimaging that demonstrate detection of infestation by codling moth larva in apples. The system is dependent on subtle but significant differences in surface temperature between infested or entry sites and nearby uninfested sites. Because the imaging data are digital, computer programs can be used to rapidly and effectively sort infested fruits from the packing line.

Potential for High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing to Control Quarantine Insects in Fruit

Tests were conducted to determine the potential for high hydrostatic pressure (HPP) to control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran. Apples (Malus spp.) with codling moth larvae or eggs were treated at 24 and 72 h, respectively, after infestation at a series of pressures between 14,000 and 26,000 pounds per inch2 (psi). Survivorship was determined the next day for larvae and after 10 d for eggs. Codling moth eggs were more tolerant of HPP treatment than larvae. Mortality of larvae was 97% at 22,000 psi, whereas mortality of eggs at this dose was 29% and not significantly different from the untreated controls. In a second study, no codling moth eggs hatched at any high pressure treatment between 30,000 and 80,000 psi, indicating these pressures were lethal. Various stages of western cherry fruit fly were treated at pressures from 10,000 to 45,000 psi, and survivorship was determined after 24 h. Eggs and third instars were more tolerant of HPP than the first and second instars. Mortality was 100% in western cherry fruit fly eggs and larvae at pressures > or =25,000 psi. Apple and sweet cherry quality after high pressure treatment was poor, but high pressure may have applications to control quarantine pests in other fruits.