This work reports the use of coconut shell powder filler with polyester resin for the development of Nylon 6.6 fabric reinforced composite panels. The impact resistance of the prepared composites against 0.22 caliber projectile has been studied at four different weight proportions (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) of coconut shell powder filler. With an increase in filler proportion, the depth created on the clay backing after ballistic impact is found to decrease from 7.62 cm to 4.60 cm in the 25 m range and from 7.62 cm to 2.39 cm in the 30 m range. Consequently, the area involved in impact energy absorption is also found to increase from 0.44 cm 2 to 2.27 cm 2 in the 25 m range and from 1.86 cm 2 to 4.9 cm 2 in the 30 m range. The increase in the area due to the absorption of impact energy ensures effective distribution of the impact energy over the panels. Coconut shell powder filler added with resin has a significant effect in improving the impact resistance of the composite panels due to the changes in the inter-yarn frictional force of the reinforced fabrics. Further, the impact test results are based on the findings of tensile strength test and Rockwell hardness test. There is an increase in tensile strength by 25% and hardness by 41.6% as compared to the control sample.

A review of synthesis graphene oxide from natural carbon based coconut waste by Hummer’s method

Metagenomic insights into feasibility of agricultural wastes on optimizing water quality and natural bait by regulating microbial loop

The main objective of this study is that, to develop the possibility of exploration on the usage of coconut shell (CS) and its derivative of natural activated carbon (AC) filler material, in the motive to fabricate the natural filler reinforced hybrid composite. In this particular study, E-Glass fiber has been chosen as the primary reinforcement and various proportions of CS and AC powder have been selected as the filler components along with the epoxy resin (matrix). Six variants of laminates have been fabricated (GFE, 3% CS, 6% CS, 3% AC, 6% AC and 6% CS/AC) by keeping the E-glass fiber and epoxy as the constant mixture. Besides that, to validate the physical and thermal stability of the composites tests like, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscope, Tensile, Flexural, Impact, Heat Deflection Test (HDT), Thermal conductivity and Moisture absorption tests have been conducted on all combinations. During the tests, it has been observed that tensile (3% AC—384 MPa), flexural (3% AC—435 MPa), impact (3% AC—19.5 kJ/m 2 ), HDT and moisture values (0% Particulate—0.475%) have shown a significant surge in hybrid composites by slightly compromising the fall of value in moisture absorption on AC composites. Simultaneously, thermal conductivity (6% AC—2.67 W/mK), and TGA (of 6% AC—440°C) values have been found higher in AC epoxy compounds out of all combinations.

Biosorption of cadmium ions from aqueous solution onto alkaline-treated coconut shell powder: kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamics studies

In Malaysia, approximately 80,000 tons of coconut waste are dumped annually which is 6.7% of total agricultural waste. Not only these wastes are unsightly and putrid, but also are breeding ground for pests which may lead to health issues. In this study, investigation on mycoremediation of coconut shell was conducted through the exploitation of Ganoderma lucidum; a basidiomycete that secretes wood-degradative enzymes like Manganese Peroxidase (MnP), Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) and Laccase (Lac). The investigation on the degradation of Coconut Shell Powder (CSP) was conducted under Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) where the enzyme activity was found at 333.70 U/ml, 331.83 U/ml, 96.86 U/ml and 49.78 U/ml for 7 ml, 4 ml, 1 ml and 0 ml of spore solution, respectively. For the degradation percentage of CSP, 1 g of CSP showed the most efficient degradation by using 4 ml of spore solution as 88.04% reduction of mass was observed followed by 3g (35.01%) and 5 g (16.84%). Ligninolytic enzymes produced by G. lucidum pose potential in agrowaste management while reducing environmental issues.

Development of an eco-friendly acetosolv protocol for tuning the acetylation of coconut shell lignin: Structural, antioxidant, solubility and UV-blocking properties

Composite materials are materials that are widely developed and their use has been widespread in various industrial and household sectors. Epoxy composites filled with coconut shell charcoal powder have been tested for their thermal conductivity properties using the one-dimensional conduction method. The tested specimens had dimensions of 50 mm x 50 mm x 5 mm made of epoxy and coconut shell powder with a percentage of charcoal weight of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The specimen is inserted into a thermal conductivity measuring instrument made of solid aluminum which is insulated around it. The heater is mounted on the aluminum as a heat source, while the other end is left open to the free air in the room. The results showed that the highest average thermal conductivity was a 30% variation of 0.5003 W/m°C, then a 20% variation of 0.3738 W/m°C, a 10% variation of 0.3487 W/m°C. and the lowest at 0% variation without using coconut shell charcoal powder at 0.1364 W/m°C.

Demand for particleboards keeps increasing and as such more trees are fell for its production, engendering deforestation. For the purpose of reducing falling of trees, this study, focused on recycling of waste paper in the development of paperboard as alternative to particleboards used for furniture and interior household applications. Kenaf fiber (KF) was blended at varying proportions of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt.% with 20 wt.% constant cement and 20 wt.% constant coconut shell powder while the remaining was paper pulp. Board specimen developed were cured for 14, 28, and 90days and mechanical properties were examined. Results obtained showed that fiber dosage improved bond strength and screw holding strengths as compared with the control mix. Similarly, modulus of rupture was enhanced with KF loading as compared with control mix while 1 to 3 wt.% KF spawned enhancement of modulus of elasticity. However, 4 and 5 wt.% KF led to a reduction in the modulus. Infusion of the fiber enhanced tensile strength from 1 to 3 wt.% content. 14-day and 28-day curing periods were observed to improve properties while the 90-day curing period is detrimental to all properties. Optimization via signal-to-noise ratio revealed an optimum mix of 2 wt.% obtained for fiber and an optimum curing duration of 28days.

The efficacy of using coconut shell powder (CSP) and dog conch shell powder (DCSP) as an alternative carburizing media for SCM 420 steel pack carburization was investigated. The effective case depth and wear resistance of quenched specimens prepared using various CSP–DCSP ratios and carburizing times were determined and compared. The effective case depth was measured from the microhardness profile obtained using a Vickers hardness testing machine. A CSP–DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburization time of 12 h were found to increase the effective case depth of SCM 420 quenched specimens to 2340 µm. The results clearly showed that the effective case depth increased by increasing carburization time and DCSP concentrations from 0% to 40% as a carburizing media and decreased by further increasing DCSP concentrations to 50%. Moreover, the wear resistance of quenched specimens increased approximately two times as DCSP concentrations were increased from 0% to 40% for a carburization time of 12 h.

<p>Electrochemical Machiningplayed a vital role in the aircraft, atomic, and healthcare industries via electrochemical machining (ECM). Even with difficult-to-machine materials. ECM has generally preferred to machine Nickel-based alloys compared to other non-conventional and conventional machining tools. During machining with ECM, the Nickel-based alloys discharge toxic nickel hydroxides in sludge, which is very harmful to the environment. Therefore, in this work, investigations have been made to analyze the amount of nickel content discharges into the electrolyte and develop an eco-friendly filtering mechanism for nickel discharges to attain sustainable manufacturing. Bio-degradable coconut shell powder and wood dust powder were used in the filtration setup to filter the sludge. Thus, Eco-Friendly Electrochemical Machining (EECM) was developed and investigated the machining on Monel 400 alloys. Measurements including applied voltage (V), flow rate (U), and electrolyte concentration were commonly used to compare the amount of material removalrate (MRR) and the amount of nickel in the electrolyte before and after filtering. The contour plots were designed to show the impact of cycle boundaries on nickel particle releases and their collaboration. Researchers found that natural environmental debris, including coconut shell powder, wood dust powder, and bagasse, were excellent at filtering out nickel levels from the electrolyte.</p>

In the past few years, researchers have turned away from previous metals and minerals and more towards lightweight materials throughout addition to creating lightweight, better effective composites for special tasks. The composite materials were created by employing the most advantageous hand layup approach. To attain the aforementioned goals, the following limitations were implemented: at various levels, (i) coconut shell powder, (ii) walnut powder, and (iii) cryogenic treatment hours are all accessible. At 77 K, the laminated composite was put in a cryogenic chamber. Tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear strengths were all tested mechanically. In comparison to 100 μm coconut shell powder‐based particle composites, 80 μm walnut shell composites gave the maximum mechanical strength, while 10 wt% coconut shell powder and walnut and 80 wt% polyester also had a beneficial impact. The morphological behaviour of the particulate material was detected using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the mosquito-repellent property of marigold flower based cakes using natural binders. Marigold flower cakes were prepared using different natural binders such as neem powder, wood powder, coconut shell powder and cow dung and were impregnated with extracted marigold flower oil of different concentrations, i.e. 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% using methanol as a carrier alcohol. The evaluation of mosquito repellent activity was carried out based on 3 parameters – flammability, burning efficiency with respect to burning time and mosquito repellent activity of the cakes. The results showed that marigold flower cakes with neem powder as a binder; impregnated with 15% marigold oil has the most effective repellence activity. From the present study it can be concluded that marigold flower-based cakes can be used as potential repellent against mosquitoes.

Experimental Investigation into Mechanical Properties of Coconut Shell Powder Modified Epoxy/ 3d E-Glass Composites

The purpose of the study is to determine the best composition variation of the fifth variation of the composition of the composite material against the wear test, hardness test, tensile test comparing values with the safety standards of the brake lining composite SAEJ 661. Making the specimens was performed by mixing the ingredients with a mixer for 15 minutes and then do the process of compaction, with a load of 4 tons and detained achieve holding time is desired, then dies (mould) are placed in the oven and do the sintering process at a temperature of 150⁰ C for 180 minutes and specimens removed from the mould, the process of finishing and testing. These test results show that the composition of the material that is on variation V best price obtained 96.575 HBN hardness, wear rates of 1,29x10^-6 gr / (mm².detik), and a tensile strength of 0.842 MPa, but the brake friction material not meet safety standards SAEJ brake 661.

The purpose of the study is to determine the best composition variation of the fifth variation of the composition of the composite material against the wear test, hardness test, tensile test comparing values ​​ with the safety standards of the brake lining composite SAEJ 661. Making the specimens was performed by mixing the ingredients with a mixer for 15 minutes and then do the process of compaction, with a load of 4 tons and detained achieve holding time is desired, then dies (mould) are placed in the oven and do the sintering process at a temperature of 1500 C for 180 minutes and specimens removed from the mould, the process of finishing and testing. These test results show that the composition of the material that is on variation V best price obtained 96.575 HBN hardness, wear rates of 1,29x10-6 gr / (mm2.detik), and a tensile strength of 0.842 MPa, but the brake friction material not meet safety standards SAEJ brake 661.

Hydrochars from hydrothermal carbonization of different biowaste materials (dried dandelion, sawdust, coconut shell powder) formed in the presence of aqueous salt solutions were compared to those obtained by the common method in pure water. Hydrochars with increased carbon contents, pore volume and surface areas were specifically obtained from coconut shell powder in the presence of zinc chloride. Compositional and structural changes within the hydrochar products caused by the process conditions and/or the additive were characterized by solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy, proving that cellulose and, in particular, lignin units in the biomass are more easily attacked in the presence of the salt. Under saline conditions, a distinct particle break-up led to the creation of mesoporosity, as observable from hysteresis loops in nitrogen adsorption isotherms, which were indicative of the presence of pores with diameters of about 3 to 10 nm. The obtained hydrochars were still rich in functional groups which, together with the mesoporosity, indicates the compounds have a high potential for pollutant removal. This was documented by adsorption capacities for the methylene blue and methyl orange dyes, which exceeded the values obtained for other hydrochar-based adsorbers. A subsequent physical activation of the mesoporous hydrochars in steam at different temperatures and times resulted in a further drastic increase in the surface areas, of up to about 750 m2/g; however, this increase is mainly due to micropore formation coupled with a loss of surface functionality. Consequently, the adsorption capacity for the quite large dyes does not provide any further benefit, but the uptake of smaller gas molecules is favored.

Biodegradable nano composite reinforced with cellulose nano fiber from coconut industry waste for replacing synthetic plastic food packaging

Abstract A new bio‐based epoxy resin (BER) is produced by the esterification reaction between sebacic acid (SAc) as bio‐based acid and epichlorohydrin (ECH). The epoxy resin (ER) is modified with the BER. The biocomposites are prepared using untreated coconut shell powder (CSP), modified coconut shell powder (MCSP), and MER. The CSP and MCSP particles are mixed with MER in varied compositions (10–50 wt%) for preparation of the MER/CSP and MER/MCSP biocomposites. The influences of CSP and MCSP bio‐fillers amounts on the physical properties (density, elastic constants, acoustic impedance, ultrasonic micro‐hardness, and attenuation coefficient) of biocomposites are investigated using the ultrasonic pulse‐echo overlap method (PEOM). It was seen that the densities, both ultrasonic longitudinal and shear waves' velocity values of obtained biocomposites were higher than those of the MER. All elastic moduli of the MER/MCSP biocomposites have higher values than of the neat MER and MER/CSP biocomposites.

Abstract A comparative evaluation is presented of physical and chemical treatments performed on coconut shell powder, in relation to the adsorption capacity of Cu2+/Cd2+ ions. The chemical treatment consisted of impregnation with monoethanolamine (mass ratio of 1:1) or a microemulsion (composed of 10 wt % sodium octanoate). The physical treatment was through steam explosion (P = 5 bar, T = 210 °C). Treatment efficiency was assessed using physical characterization of the adsorber material. Assessment of the ion adsorption capacity was performed in batch mode. The comparative investigation was carried out based on the Langmuir model constants, kinetic constants, and thermodynamic parameters. The efficiency of the modifications was also evaluated through adsorption‐desorption cycles.